Diminished ambiguity: the transformation of masculinity from Chinese videogames to their fan-fiction

References

• AlibabaPictures , and BeijingChengxiang. 2015. Gujianqitan 2 (古剑奇谭2).
   Google Scholar
• Anonymity. 2019. Why is the Pair of Li Bai and Han Xin so Popular? Zhihu.
   Google Scholar
• Aurogon Info & Tech (Shanghai). 2010. Gujianqitan 1 (古剑奇谭1). Windows.
   Google Scholar
• Aurogon Info & Tech (Shanghai). 2013. Gujianqitan 2 (古剑奇谭2). Windows.
   Google Scholar
• Aurogon Info & Tech (Shanghai). 2018. Gujianqitan 3 (古剑奇谭3). Windows.
   Google Scholar
• Beijing Broadcast Department Official Account in Baidu, 2022. The Report of Beijing Broadcast Department in Its Annual Meeting in 2022 (北京市广播电视局在2022年全国广播电视工作会议上交流发言) [Online]. Available from: [Accessed June 17, 2023] https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1721209208781833361&wfr=spider&for=pc.
   Google Scholar
• Bengry, J. 2009. “Courting the Pink Pound: Men Only and the Queer Consumer, 1935–39.” History Workshop Journal 68 (1): 122–148. https://doi.org/10.1093/hwj/dbp006.
   Google Scholar
• Boretz, A. 2011. Gods, Ghosts, and Gangsters: Ritual Violence, Martial Arts, and Masculinity on the Margins of Chinese Society. University of Hawaiʻi Press. https://doi.org/10.21313/hawaii/9780824833770.001.0001.
   Google Scholar
• Bulut, E. 2021. “White Masculinity, Creative Desires, and Production Ideology in Video Game Development.” Games and Culture 16 (3): 317–328. https://doi.org/10.1177/1555412020939873.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burn, A. 2006. “Re-Working the Text: Online Fandom.“ In Computer Games: Text, Narrative and Play, edited by Diane Carr, David Buckingham, Andrew Burn, and Gareth Schott, 88–102. Cambridge; Malden, MA: Polity Press.
   Google Scholar
• Busse, K., and K. Hellekson. 2012. “Identity, Ethics, and Fan Privacy Kristina Busse and Karen Hellekson.” In Fan Culture: Theory/practice, edited by K. Larsen and L. Zubernis, 38–56. Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• CiwenYingshi, Youku. 2021. Word of Honor (山河令).
   Google Scholar
• Coconut Island. 2020. The Scroller of Hundreds of Scenes in Jiangnan (江南百景图).
   Google Scholar
• Connell, R. W. 2005. Masculinities. 2nd ed. California: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Connell, R. W., and J. W. Messerschmidt. 2005. “Hegemonic Masculinity: Rethinking the Concept.” Gender & Society 19 (6): 829–859. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243205278639.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dietz, T. L. 1998. “An Examination of Violence and Gender Role Portrayals in Video Games: Implications for Gender Socialization and Aggressive Behavor.” Sex Roles 38 (5–6): 425–442. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1018709905920.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dill, K. E., D. A. Gentile, W. A. Richter, and J. C. Dill. 2005. “Violence, Sex, Race, and Age in Popular Video Games: A Content Analysis.” In Featuring Females: Feminist Analysis of the Media, edited by E. Cole and J.H. Daniel, 115–130. Washington: American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/11213-008.
   Google Scholar
• Fish, S. E. 1976. “Interpreting the“Variorum”.” Critical Inquiry 2 (3): 465–485. https://doi.org/10.1086/447852.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fiske, J. 2010. Understanding Popular Culture. London; New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• GameLook. 2021. “Publicity Department of the Communist Party of China: New Censoring Regulations on Videogames Have Been Implemented on April 1, 2021.” GameLook. Accessed 14 April 2021 http://www.gamelook.com.cn/2021/04/437707
   Google Scholar
• Gong, J., ed. 1999. Modern Rendition of Selected Old Chinese Cl-Poems. Beijing: Shangwu YinshuGuan.
   Google Scholar
• Gui, Y. 2007. Zhenchuanxianshengji (震川先生集). Shanghai, China: Shanghai Guji Publication.
   Google Scholar
• Guo, Y. 2004. Cultural Nationalism in Contemporary China: The Search for National Identity Under Reform. London and New York: RoutledgeCurzon.
   Google Scholar
• Heeter, C., R. Egidio, P. Mishra, B. Winn, and J. Winn. 2009. “Alien Games: Do Girls Prefer Games Designed by Girls?.” Games and Culture 4 (1): 74–100. https://doi.org/10.1177/1555412008325481.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hekanaho, P. L. 2006. “A Kind of Bitter Longing: Masculine Bodies and Textual Female Masculinity.” SQS–Suomen Queer-tutkimuksen Seuran lehti 1 (2): 4–12.
   Google Scholar
• HuanruiShiji , and BeijingGuangxian. 2014. Gujianqitan 1 (古剑奇谭1).
   Google Scholar
• Kong, T. S. 2012. “Chinese male bodies: A transnational study of masculinity and sexuality.“ In Routledge Handbook of Body Studies, edited by Bryan S. Turner, 296–313. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Lamb, P., and D. Veith. 2014. “Romantic Myth, Transcendence, and Star Trek Zines.” In The Fan Fiction Studies Reader, edited by K. Hellekson and K. Busse, 97–115. Iowa: University of Iowa Press.
   Google Scholar
• Liboriussen, B., and P. Martin. 2020. “Honour of Kings as Chinese popular heritage: Contesting authorized history in a mobile game.” China Information 34 (3): 319–341. https://doi.org/10.1177/0920203X20908120.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, T. 2009. “Conflicting Discourses on Boys’ Love and Subcultural Tactics in Mainland China and Hong Kong.” Intersections, (20). http://intersections.anu.edu.au/issue20/liu.htm.
   Google Scholar
• Louie, K. 1999. “Sexuality, Masculinity and Politics in Chinese Culture: The Case of the ‘Sanguo’ Hero Guan Yu.” Modern Asian Studies 33 (4): 835–859. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0026749X99003558.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Louie, K. 2002. Theorising Chinese Masculinity: Society and Gender in China. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Meng, L. 2021. “The prevalence of danmei fiction adapted TV programs distorts the public’s aesthetics.” Guangming Daily.
   Google Scholar
• Messerschmidt, J. W. 2012. “Engendering Gendered Knowledge: Assessing the Academic Appropriation of Hegemonic Masculinity.” Men and Masculinities 15 (1): 56–76. https://doi.org/10.1177/1097184X11428384.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NetEase, 2012. LOFTER（乐乎） [online]. Lofter. Available from: [Accessed August 27, 2022] https://www.lofter.com/front/login.
   Google Scholar
• Oh, C. 2015. “Queering spectatorship in K-pop: The androgynous male dancing body and western female fandom.” Journal of Fandom Studies 3 (1): 59–78. https://doi.org/10.1386/jfs.3.1.59_1.
   Google Scholar
• Renmin Daily, 2021. the Publicity Department of the Communist Party of China and the Department of National News Publication have Talked to Game Industries and Platforms Including Tencent and NetEase [online]. [Accessed 1 Jan 203AD].
   Google Scholar
• Rostinsky, J. N. 2001. “Conceptual models and symbolic perception in Japanese gay text.” Studia Minora Facultatis Philosophicae Universitatis Brunensis 50 (Q4): 143–149.
   Google Scholar
• Ruan, F., and Y. Tsai. 1987. “Male Homosexuality in Traditional Chinese Literature.” Journal of Homosexuality 14 (3–4): 21–34. https://doi.org/10.1300/J082v14n03_02.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russ, J. 2014. “Pornography by Women for Women, with Love.” In The Fan Fiction Studies Reader, edited by K. Hellekson and K. Busse, 82–96. Iowa: University of Iowa Press.
   Google Scholar
• Schelfhout, S., M. T. Bowers, and Y. A. Hao. 2021. “Balancing Gender Identity and Gamer Identity: Gender Issues Faced by Wang ‘BaiZe’ Xinyu at the 2017 Hearthstone Summer Championship.” Games and Culture 16 (1): 22–41. https://doi.org/10.1177/1555412019866348.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seasun Game Studio. 2009. Jianxiaqingyuuan Online (剑侠情缘网络版).
   Google Scholar
• Shin, H. 2009. “Have you ever seen the Rain? And who’ll stop the Rain?: The globalizing project of Korean pop (K-pop).” Inter-Asia Cultural Studies 10 (4): 507–523. https://doi.org/10.1080/14649370903166150.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song, G. 2004. The Fragile Scholar: Power and masculinity in Chinese culture. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Song, G. 2021. ““Little Fresh Meat”: The Politics of Sissiness and Sissyphobia in Contemporary China.” Men and Masculinities 25 (1): 68–86. 1097184X211014939. https://doi.org/10.1177/1097184X211014939.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song, G., and D. Hird. 2014. Men and Masculinities in Contemporary China. Brill. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004264915.
   Google Scholar
• Tencent. 2015. Honor of Kings (王者荣耀).
   Google Scholar
• Xiang, Y., and J. Wang. 2022. “Nationalism and heroism with Chinese Characteristics: a critical discourse analysis of Wolf Warrior II.” Continuum 36 (5): 751–762. https://doi.org/10.1080/10304312.2022.2110567.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ye, S., C. Dong, and M. Kavka. 2022. “Navigating the economy of ambivalent intimacy: gender and relational labour in China’s livestreaming industry.” Feminist Media Studies 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2022.2112736.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yin, S. n.d. Langhuanji (琅嬛记) [online]. unknown: [Accessed August 31, 2022] https://www.zhonghuadiancang.com/wenxueyishu/langxuanji/115867.html.
   Google Scholar
• Yu, Y., and H. Sui. 2022. “The Anxiety Over Soft Masculinity: A Critical Discourse Analysis of the “Prevention of Feminisation of Male teenagers” Debate in the Chinese-Language News Media.” Feminist Media Studies 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2022.2046124.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, E. Y. 2005. “Rethinking Sexual Repression in Maoist China: Ideology, Structure and the Ownership of the Body.” Body & Society 11 (3): 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1177/1357034X05056188.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, Z. 2001. 暧昧的历程: 中国古代同性恋史 (Ambiguous History: The History of Homosexuality in Traditional China). Zhengzhou: Zhongguo Guji press.
   Google Scholar
• Zheng, W., and J. Chen. 2019. The Untamed (陈情令).
   Google Scholar