- Foucault , Michel . 1980 . “ The History of Sexuality ” . In Volume 1: An Introduction, , Edited by: Hurley , Robert . 43 – 43 . New York : Vintage . trans. by
- Ellis , Havelock . 1933 . Psychology of Sex: A Manual for Students , 129 – 129 . London : William Heinemann .
- Freud , Sigmund . 1905, 1977 . “ Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality ” . In The Pelican Freud Library , Vol. 7 , 60 – 60 . Harmondsworth : Penguin . On Sexuality, To quote him in full: ‘cases in which sexually immature persons (children) are chosen as sexual objects are instantly judged as sporadic aberrations. It is only exceptionally that children are the exclusive sexual objects in such a case. They usually come to play that part when someone who is cowardly or has become impotent adopts them as a substitute, or when an urgent instinct (one which will not allow of postponement) cannot at the moment get possession of any more appropriate object’
- Kincaid , James . 1992 . Child-Loving: The Erotic Child and Victorian Culture , New York : Routledge . Philip Jenkins, Moral Panic: Changing Concepts of the Child Molester in Modern America (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998); Steven Angelides, ‘Historicizing Affect, Psychoanalyzing History: Pedophilia and the Discourse of Child Sexuality’, Journal of Homosexuality 46, nos. 1/2 (2003): 79-109
- von Krafft-Ebing , Richard . 1998 . Psychopathia Sexualis: With Especial Reference to the Antipathic Sexual Instinct. A Medico Forensic Study , 369 – 369 . New York : Arcade .
- Davidson , Arnold . 1990 . “ ‘Closing Up the Corpses: Diseases of Sexuality and the Emergence of the Psychiatric Style of Reasoning’ ” . In Meaning and Method: Essays in Honor of Hilary Putnam , Edited by: Boolos , George . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . in
- 1990 . Epistemology of the Closet , 10 – 11 . Berkeley : University of California Press . I am indebted here to Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick's discussion of modern homo/heterosexual definition in
- Foucault . 1989 . History of Sexuality , 101 – 101 . London : GMP . On the reverse discourse of homosexuality, see, I agree with historians who have challenged the primacy accorded to the medical model of homosexuality. That is, I agree with Frederick Silverstolpe and Randolph Trumbach that medical discourses were not in any straightforward way responsible for the invention of the category of the ‘homosexual’, but that these discourses were themselves shaped by the self-representations and behaviors of those engaged in homosexuality. Frederic Silverstolpe, ‘Benkert was not a Doctor: On the Non Medical Origins of the Homosexual Category in the Nineteenth Century’, in Homosexuality, Which Homosexuality?, International Conference on Gay and Lesbian Studies, Vol. 1 (Amsterdam: Free University, 1987); Randolph Trumbach, ‘Gender and the Homosexual Role in Modern Western Culture: The 18th and 19th Centuries Compared’, in Which Homosexuality? Essays From the International Scientific Conference on Lesbian and Gay Studies, ed. Dennis Altman et al.
- Karpman , Benjamin . 1954 . The Sexual Offender and His Offenses , 239 – 239 . New York : Julilan .
- American Psychiatric Association . 1994 . Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , Washington, DC : Author . Of course, it is certainly the case today that paedophilia, in clinical terms, is subsumed by the generic category of ‘paraphilia’, which includes such things as exhibitionism, fetishism, sadism, masochism, transvestism, frotteurism and voyeurism. See, 4th ed., However, psycho-medical research has singled out paedophilia from these other paraphilias and the amount of material on the subject has burgeoned. Moreover, that clinicians view paedophilia as dangerous and the other paraphilias as innocuous represents a reversal of the scenario in the 1950s with the category of the sex psychopath
- Quoted in Jenkins . 102 – 102 .
- Revitch , Eugene and Weiss , Rosalee . 1962 . ‘The Pedophilic Offender’ . Diseases of the Nervous System , February : 73 – 73 .
- Jenkins . 102 – 102 .
- Revitch and Weiss . 75 – 75 .
- Angelides , Steven . 2004 . ‘Feminism, Child Sexual Abuse, and the Erasure of Child Sexuality’ . GLQ , 10 ( 2 ) : 141 – 77 .
- Revitch and Weiss . 78 – 78 .
- Salter , Anna . 1988 . Treating Child Sex Offenders and Victims: A Practical Guide , Newbury Park, CA : Sage . See, Linda Gordon, ‘The Politics of Child Sexual Abuse: Notes from American History’, Feminist Review, no.28 (January 1988): 56-64; Estelle B. Freedman, ‘Uncontrolled Desires: The Response to the Sexual Psychopath, 1920–1960’, Journal of American History, 74 (1987): 83-106
- Revitch and Weiss . 74 – 74 .
- Angelides , Steven . 2001 . A History of Bisexuality , 23 – 48 . Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
- Showalter , Elaine . 1992 . Sexual Anarchy: Gender and Culture at the Fin de Siècle , London : Virago .
- Angelides . History of Bisexuality , 23 – 48 .
- Connell , Robert . 1995 . Masculinities , Sydney : Allen and Unwin .
- Kimmel , Michael . 1996 . Manhood in America: A Cultural History , 263 – 263 . New York : The Free Press . Obviously Kimmel is writing about manhood, but no doubt young hippie women were also challenging gendered norms of behaviour
- Jenkins . 1998 . : 156 – 63 . Florence Rush, Best Kept Secret: Sexual Abuse of Children, (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1980), 187-90
- Thorstad , David . 1979 . ‘A Statement to the Gay Liberation Movement on the Issue of Man/Boy Love,’ . Gay Community News , 6 January
- Mason , Gail and Chapman , Anna . March 2003 . ‘Defining Sexual Harassment: A History of the Commonwealth Legislation and its Critiques', Working Paper No.27 , March , 1 – 25 . Centre for Employment and Labour Relations Law .
- Willett , Graham . 2000 . Living Out Loud: A History of Gay and Lesbian Activism in Australia , St. Leonards : Allen & Unwin .
- Angelides . ‘Feminism, Child Sexual Abuse’ .
- Scott , Dorothy and Swain , Shurlee . 2002 . Confronting Cruelty: Historical Perspectives on Child Protection in Australia , 151 – 151 . Melbourne : Melbourne University Press . Quoted in
- Brownmiller , Susan . 1976 . Against Our Will: Men, Women and Rape , New York : Penguin . Speaking at the Rape Conference of the New York Radical Feminists, Florence Rush's remarks were typical of anti-rape movement sentiment. She argued that rape ‘is permitted because it is an unspoken but prominent factor in socializing and preparing the female to accept a subordinate role’. Quoted in Jenkins, 127. Another famous example is Susan Brownmiller's claim that, ‘Rape is nothing more or less than a conscious process of intimidation by which all men keep all women in a state of fear’. See, backcover
- Jenkins . 135 – 135 .
- Gebhard , Paul . 1965 . Sex Offenders: An Analysis of Types , 71 – 71 . New York : Harper and Row . This term is taken from the work of Paul Gebhard and his colleagues in the 1960s, who prefigured the feminist child sexual abuse movement. See
- Alliance of Revolting Feminists Manifesto . June 1984 . Melbourne Women's Liberation Newsletter June , 12 – 13 . Melbourne
- Quoted in Jenkins . 137 – 137 .
- Alliance of Revolting Feminists Manifesto . 12 – 13 .
- Harris , Margaret . 1987 . ‘Child sex cases divide British’ . Sydney Morning Herald , July : 29 – 29 . Richard West, ‘Seeing child abuse as a feminist plot’, Sydney Morning Herald, 4 July 1987, 29
- Coleman , Richard . 1987 . ‘Child abuse documentary lurched into the tabloid telly trap’ . Sydney Morning Herald , November : 82 – 82 . The same day the Sydney Morning Herald carried this piece of Coleman's, they also reported on the NSW State Government's blitz on paedophilia. The article began by detailing the Government's campaign against child sexual assault, only to dovetail into a discussion not of incest or ‘intimate danger’ but of homosexual paedophilia. This was followed three days later by another article, ‘Pedophiles: we love children’, Sydney Morning Herald, 17 November 1987, 3, which was specifically on a group of self-proclaimed homosexual paedophiles. Although I do not want to suggest that heterosexual men were consciously scapegoating homosexuals as perpetrators of child sexual abuse, the rhetorical association of homosexuality with child sexual abuse in the media seems to be inextricable from a form of male reaction to the feminist child sexual abuse movement
- Angelides . ‘Feminism, Child Sexual Abuse’ .
- Gordon and Olafson , Erna . 2002 . “ ‘When Paradigms Collide: Roland Summit and the Rediscovery of Child Sexual Abuse’ ” . In Critical Issues in Child Sexual Abuse: Historical, Legal, and Psychological Perspectives , Edited by: Conte , Jon . London : Sage . in
- Herman , Judith Lewis and Hirschman , Lisa . 1981 . Father-Daughter Incest , Cambridge : Harvard University Press . David Finkelhor, ‘What's Wrong with Sex Between Adults and Children? Ethics and the Problem of Sexual Abuse’, American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 49 (1979): 692-7; Florence Rush, The Best Kept Secret: Sexual Abuse of Children (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1980); Ann Wolbert Burgess and Nicholas Groth, ‘Sexual Victimization of Children’, in The Maltreatment of the School-Aged Child, ed. Richard Volpe et al. (Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books, 1980)
- Summit , Roland . 1983 . ‘The Child Sexual Abuse Accommodation Syndrome’ . Child Abuse and Neglect , 7 : 182 – 182 .
- Gordon . 58 – 58 . Scott and Swain, 42, 69-71
- 1986 . ‘Hospitals report an “‘astonishing’” rise in sexual abuse of children’ . Sydney Morning Herald , July : 3 – 3 . See, for example
- 1986 . ‘Scars of sexual abuse heal slowly’ . Sydney Morning Herald , September : 8 – 8 .
- Scott and Swain . 162 – 162 .
- 1986 . ‘Campaign opens to counter sexual abuse of children’ . Sydney Morning Herald , October : 21 – 21 . Another special run on ABC Television in 1984 was ‘The Stranger's Not the Danger’, where it was noted that for every child who is sexually abused by a stranger, four more are abused by close family or friends. It should be noted that the theme of ‘stranger danger’ still operated alongside that of ‘intimate danger’. In fact, at the same time as such television campaigns were appearing, the ‘Safety House Scheme’ was also introduced. This was a scheme ‘designed to alert children to the danger behind approaches from strangers and give them an easily recognisable refuge from a potential child molester’. See ‘“Stranger danger” before your eyes'’, Sydney Morning Herald, 25 June 1986, 15. That the discourse of ‘stranger danger’ continued to flourish does not undermine but bolster my overall argument that hegemonic forms of manhood and male sexuality were being profoundly challenged
- Faludi , Susan . 1991 . Backlash: The Undeclared War Against American Women , New York : Crown .
- Kimmel . 299 – 299 .
- Quoted in Kimmel . 302 – 3 .
- 1985 . ‘The sensitive new man now wants to like himself more’ . Sydney Morning Herald , June : 39 – 39 . Anxieties about normative masculinity and the impact of feminism are palpable in the Australian media during the 1980s. For typical examples, see, ‘The trials of the sensitive new man’, Sydney Morning Herald, 20 October 1986, 13; ‘Malefactors in the issue of equality’, The Australian, 16 December 1986, 9; ‘There's more to feminism than a nice, new man’, Sydney Morning Herald, 5 January 1987, 7; ‘The men: quantity without quality’, Sydney Morning Herald, 21 January 1987, 12; ‘What women don't tell men at work’, Sydney Morning Herald, 20 November 1987, 21; ‘Are these the blokes that women blame?’ Sydney Morning Herald, 24 November 1987, 19
- Kimmel . 292 – 292 . For Australian media examples of the figure of the wimp, of ‘soft masculinity’ and the negative framing of the ‘sensitive new age guy’, see the review of the James Bond film The Living Daylights in ‘Too sensitive for seduction?’ Sydney Morning Herald, 26 November 1987, 18; ‘Differences remain, but thanks for calling’, Sydney Morning Herald, 26 November 1987, 19
- de Mause , Lloyd . 1997 . ‘The Psychogenic Theory of History’ . The Journal of Psychohistory , 25 : 154 – 154 . For a psycho-historical reading of scapegoating, see
- Angelides . ‘Historicizing Affect’
- Angelides . ‘Feminism, Child Sexual Abuse’ On the erasure of child sexuality, see
- 1985 . ‘Gays are “Scapegoats of '85”’ . Outrage , 25 June : 5 – 5 . See, for example, the comments by the Deputy Chair of the Human Rights Commission in, All of the main Australian gay newspapers and magazines were awash in the mid-1980s with articles detailing rising discrimination, homophobic violence and police harassment
- March 1982 . Quoted in New South Wales Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) March , 2231 – 2231 .
- February 1982 . Crimes (Homosexual Behaviour) Amendment Bill, Second Reading, New South Wales Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) February , 2109 – 2109 . New South Wales
- Crimes (Homosexual Behaviour) 2127 – 2127 . Amendment Bill
- Willett . Living Out Loud 224 – 224 . The Queensland legislation set the age of consent for homosexual sex other than anal sex at sixteen, but made anal sex for men and women under the age of eighteen illegal. See
- Moran , Joe . 2001 . ‘Childhood Sexuality and Education: The Case of Section 28’ . Sexualities , 4 ( 1 ) : 73 – 89 . Law Reform (Decriminalisation of Sodomy) Act, Western Australia, 1989. The new law was not proclaimed until April 1990. On the UK Section 28 of the Local Government Act, see
- February 1981 . Gay Community News February , 5 – 5 . The publication Gay Community News (hereafter GCN)
- February 1980 . ‘Sex-out of the shelter shed, into the classroom’ February , 15 – 15 .
- June 1982 . GCN June ,
- Willett , Graham . 1999 . ‘“Proud and Employed”: The Gay and Lesbian Movement and the Victorian Teachers's’ Unions in the 1970s' . Labour History: A Journal of Labour and Social History , 76 May : 78 – 94 . See
- Jaynes , Gary . ‘Young Gay and Proud—20 Years On’ unpublished and undated manuscript, held in the Australian Lesbian and Gay Archives, 2. Given the title of the article it seems that it was written some time around 1998
- Quoted in Jaynes . 4 – 4 .
- Jaynes . 5 – 5 .
- February 1981 . GCN February , 5 – 5 .
- Australian . June 1979 . Newsletter of the 5th Homosexual Conference June , For examples of discussions in the Australian gay press, see the, the GCN forum on paedophilia, September 1981; Gary Dowsett, ‘Old Traps for New Players’, Gay Information, no. 8 (1981): 26-8; Gary Dowsett, ‘Boiled Lollies and Band-aids: Gay Men and Kids’, Gay Information, no. 11 (1982): 34-8; interview with self-identified paedophile Roger Moody in GCN, June 1982. In 1981, a workshop was devoted to paedophilia at the Brisbane National Homosexual Conference and Paul Wilson published his book The Man They Called a Monster: Sexual Experiences Between Men and Boys. There was even an article on ‘Women and Paedophilia’, which argued against the conflation of incest and paedophilia in GCN, November 1982
- August 1979 . Newsletter of the 5th National Homosexual Conference August ,
- 1978/79 . Gay Left Vol. 7 , Winter
- Dowsett . ‘Old Traps for New Players’ 26 – 26 .
- Committee to Raise Education Standards . ‘The Continuing Homosexual Offensive. Next Target: Anti-discrimination’ 1 – 7 . The pamphlet is held in the Australian Lesbian and Gay Archives
- Cozijn , John . 1983 . ‘Is Boy Love a Gay Issue?’ . Campaign , June : 12 – 13 .
- Carr , Adam . 1983/84 . ‘Delta Squad's “Child Sex Ring”’ . Outrage , Dec/Jan : 6 – 6 .
- Quoted in Carr . 6 – 6 .
- November 1983 . The Age November , 3 – 3 . These comments were reported in, For a more comprehensive treatment of the Thorne and the Australian Paedophile Support Group case, see Steven Angelides, ‘The Homosexualization of the Pedophile: The Case of Alison Thorne and the Australian Pedophile Support Group’, in Homophobias: Lust and Loathing Across Time and Space (Durham: Duke University Press, forthcoming)
- 1983 . ‘Sex talk teacher taken from class’ . The Age , November : 3 – 3 .
- 1986 . ‘Govt settles job dispute with teacher’ . Courier-Mail , December
- 1987 . ‘Teaching Deal Ends Three-year Thorne Saga’ . Outrage , 44 : 8 – 8 .
- 1986 . ‘Vic Child Sex Report Exonerates Gays, slams Pedophiles’ . Outrage , June : 7 – 7 . Quoted in
- Groth , A. N. and Birnbaum , H. J. 1978 . ‘Adult Sexual Orientation and Attraction to Underage Persons’ . Archives of Sexual Behavior , 7 : 175 – 81 . K. Howells, ‘Adult Sexual Interest in Children: Considerations Relevant to Theories of Etiology’, in Adult Sexual Interest in Children, ed. M. Cook and K. Howells (New York: Academic Press, 1981); David Finkelhor, Child Sexual Abuse: New Theory and Research (New York: The Free Press, 1984), 49; Neil McConaghy, Sexual Behaviour: Problems and Management (New York: Plenum Press, 1993), 312
- McConaghy , Neil . 1970 . ‘Penile Response Conditioning and its Relationship to Aversion Therapy in Homosexuals’ . Behaviour Therapy , 1 It is probably worth noting that McConaghy received a grant from the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia
- McConaghy . Sexual Behaviour 312 – 312 . see also Howells, 78. A ‘hebephile’ usually refers to someone with an erotic preference for adolescents between the ages of 13 and 16. I should also point, if it is not apparent already, that psycho-medical discourses of paedophilia have almost always taken the male subject as their implicit referent. For a critique of the psycho-medical construction of the category of the paedophile, see Steven Angelides, ‘Paedophilia and the Misrecognition of Desire’, Transformations 8 (July 2004): 1-20 http://transformations.cqu.edu.au/journal/issue_08/article_01.shtml
- Freund , Kurt . 1972 . ‘The Female Child as a Surrogate Object’ . Archives of Sexual Behavior , 2 ( 2 ) : 119 – 33 . Summarising Groth's account of the causal factors involved in regressed offender behaviour, Howells, 78, notes ‘the precipitating events as physical, social, sexual, marital, financial and vocational crises to which the offender fails to adapt’. See also
- Carr . 6 – 6 . At the time many gay groups, including the Australian Paedophile Support Group, argued that ‘Gays have once again been used as scapegoats to misdirect attention away from the real exploiters of children who are commonly fathers and family members’. See
Australian Historical Studies
Volume 36, 2005 - Issue 126