766
Views
4
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

‘The idle and the drunken won't do there’: Poverty, the new poor law and nineteenth‐century government‐assisted emigration to Australia from the United KingdomFootnote

Pages 1-21 | Published online: 29 Sep 2008

  • Jupp , James , ed. 1988 . The Australian People: An Encyclopedia of the Nation, its People and their Origins , Sydney : Angus & Robertson .
  • Richards , Eric , ed. 1986 . The Flinders History of South Australia: Social History , Adelaide : Wakefield Press .
  • Broome , Richard . 1984 . The Victorians: Arriving , Sydney : Fairfax, Syme & Weldon .
  • Hardy , John , ed. 1988 . Stories of Australian Migration , Sydney : New South Wales University Press .
  • Richards , Eric and Fitzpatrick , David . 1989–96 . Visible Immigrants , Canberra : Highland Press .
  • Fitzpatrick , David . 1994 . Oceans of Consolation: Personal Accounts of Irish Migration to Australia , Cork : Cork University Press .
  • O'Farrell , Patrick . 1986 . The Irish in Australia , Sydney : New South Wales University Press .
  • Haines , Robin . Emigration and the Labouring Poor: Australian Recruitment in Britain and Ireland 1831–1861 , London : Macmillan .
  • Woolcock , Helen . 1986 . Rights of Passage: Emigration to Australia in the Nineteenth Century , London : Tavistock Press .
  • 1994 . Sailing to Australia: Shipboard Diaries by Nineteenth Century British Emigrants , Manchester : Manchester University Press .
  • 1995 . No Privacy for Writing: Shipboard Diaries 1852–1879 , Melbourne : Melbourne University Press .
  • Blainey , Geoffrey . 1994 . A Shorter History of Australia , 52 53 Melbourne : Heinemann .
  • Dickey , Brian . 1992 . ‘Why Were There No Poor Laws in Australia’ . Journal of Policy History , 4 ( 2 ) : 111 – 33 .
  • Madgwick , R.B. 1969 . Immigration into Eastern Australia 1788–1851 , 249 Sydney : Sydney University Press . (1937)
  • Butlin , N.G. 1994 . Forming a Colonial Economy: Australia 1810–1850 , 9 18 – 19 . 26 – 7 . Melbourne : Cambridge University Press .
  • Crawford , R.M. 1979 . Australia , London : Hutchinson . (1952)
  • Crowley , F. K. 1951 . “ British Migration to Australia: 1860–1914 ” . Oxford University . D.Phil. thesis
  • July 1954 . “ ‘The British Contribution to the Australian Population 1860–1919’ ” . In University Studies in History and Economics , July , 55 – 88 . University of Western Australia .
  • Shultz , R.J. 1971 . “ Assisted Immigration into New South Wales and the Port Phillip District 1837–1850 ” . Australian National University . PhD thesis
  • 1970 . ‘Immigration into Eastern Australia, 1788–1851’ . Historical Studies , 14 ( 54 ) April : 273 – 82 .
  • 1964 . British Emigration to Australia , 211 – 12 . 144 – 6 . Canberra : Australian National University .
  • Ray , Alison and Segal , Allan . 1988 . The Ten Pound Immigrants , 17 51 – 4 . London : Boxtree Press .
  • Shultz . Assisted Immigration into New South Wales . 119
  • Crowley . British Migration to Australia . v
  • Haines , Robin . 1994 . ‘Indigent Misfits or Shrewd Operators? Government‐assisted Emigrants from the United Kingdom to Australia 1831–1860’ . Population Studies , 48 ( 2 ) July : 223–47
  • Holt , Colin S. 1987 . “ Family, Kinship, Community and Friendship Ties in Assisted Emigration from Cambridgeshire to the Port Phillip District and Victoria. 1840–1867 ” . LaTrobe University . MA thesis
  • Haines . ‘Indigent Misfits or Shrewd Operators?’ . 231 – 4 .
  • Haines , Robin . 1995 . ‘Nineteenth Century Government‐assisted Immigrants from the United Kingdom to Australia: Schemes. Regulations and Arrivals 1831–1900, and some Vital Statistics 1834–1860’ . Flinders University Occasional Papers in Economic History , September
  • Haines . ‘Indigent Misfits or Shrewd Operators?’ . 232 – 7 .
  • Erickson , Charlotte . 1994 . Leaving England: Essays on British Emigration in the Nineteenth Century , 191 Ithaca : Cornell University Press .
  • Fizpatrick . 1986 . “ ‘Irish Emigration to Nineteenth Century Australia’ ” . In Australia and Ireland 1788–1988 , Edited by: Kiernan , Colm . 142 Dublin : Gill & Macmillan .
  • Fitzpatrick . 1985 . Irish Emigration 1801–1921 , Dublin : Dundalgen Press .
  • 1989 . ‘Irish Immigration to Australia, 1840–1914’ . Bulletin for the Centre of Tasmanian Historical Studies , 2 ( 3 ) : 51 – 67 .
  • Haines , Robin and Shlomowitz , Ralph . 1996 . ‘Maritime Mortality Revisited’ . International Journal of Maritime History , VIII ( 1 ) June : 133 – 72 .
  • Haines , Robin . 1996 . “ ‘Workhouse to Gangplank: The Mobilization of Irish Women and Girls Bound for Australia c.1850’ ” . In Irish Australian Studies 8: Proceedings of the Eighth Irish‐Australian History Conference , Edited by: Davis , Richard and Livett , Jennifer . Sydney : Crossing Press .
  • Pike , Douglas . 1967 . Paradise of Dissent: South Australia 1829–1957 , 309 – 18 . Melbourne : Melbourne University Press .
  • Hammerton , A. James . 1975 . “Without Natural Protectors”: Female Immigration to Australia, 1832–36’ . Historical Studies , 16 ( 65 ) October : 539 – 66 .
  • Hamilton , Paula . 1991 . “The Servant Class”: Poor Female Emigration to Australia in the Nineteenth Century’ ” . In Poor Australian Immigrants in the Nineteenth Century: Visible Immigrants Two , Edited by: Richards , Eric . 117 – 31 . Canberra : Highland Press .
  • Campbell , Hugh . 1988 . ‘A Proper Class of Female Emigrants: The Boadicea Women, 1834–36’ . Tasmanian Historical Research Association Papers and Proceedings , 35 ( 2 ) June : 58 – 78 .
  • Gothard , Janice . 1989 . ‘“Radically Unsound and Mischievous”: Female Migration to Tasmania 1856–1863’ . Historical Studies , 23 ( 93 ) October : 386 – 404 .
  • Kleinig , Margrette . 1995 . “ ‘Independent Women: South Australian Assisted Immigrants 1872–1939’ ” . In Visible Women: Female Immigrants in Colonial Australia: Visible Immigrants Four , Edited by: Richards , Eric . 112 – 44 . Canberra : Highland Press .
  • Oxley , Deborah . 1996 . Convict Maids , Melbourne : Cambridge University Press .
  • 1834 . Strathfieldsay , 16 August to 22 September (enclosure no. 2).
  • 1834 . British Parliamentary Papers . BPP , XXXIX : 33 – 7 . hereafter (87)
  • 1836 . BPP , XL : 39 – 42 . (76)
  • Richards , Eric . 1991 . “ ‘The Importance of Being Irish in Colonial South Australia’ ” . In The Irish Emigrant Experience in Australia , Edited by: O'Brien , John and Travers , Pauric . 75 Dublin : Poolbeg Press .
  • 1834 . Dispatch from Arthur to Spring Rice . BPP , XL 26 February : 39 1836 (76)
  • 1837–38 . BPP , XXII : 89 – 93 . (669)
  • O'Mahoney , Christopher and Thompson , Valerie . 1994 . Poverty to Promise: The Monteagle Emigrants 1838–58 , Sydney : Crossing Press .
  • O'Farrell , Patrick . 1984 . Letters from Irish Australia, 1825–1929 , Sydney : New South Wales University Press .
  • 1837–38 . BPP , XL : 8 (388)
  • McDonald , John and Shlomowitz , Ralph . 1991 . ‘Passenger Fares on Sailing Vessels to Australia in the Nineteenth Century’ . Explorations in Economic History , 28 ( 2 ) April : 192 – 207 .
  • 1847–48 . BPP , XLVI : 83 (986)
  • 1849 . Ninth General Report of the CLEC . BPP , XXII : 3 – 4 . (1082)
  • Haines , Robin and Shlomowitz , Ralph . 1992 . ‘Immigration from the United Kingdom to Colonial Australia: A Statistical Analysis’ . Journal of Australian Studies , September : 43 – 52 .
  • Haines , Robin and Shlomowitz , Ralph . 1991 . ‘Nineteenth Century Government‐assisted and Total Immigration from the United Kingdom to Australia: Quinquennial Estimates by Colony’ . Journal of the Australian Population Association , 8 ( 1 ) : 50 – 61 .
  • Baker , Mark . 1986 . ‘A Migration of Wiltshire Agricultural Labourers to Australia in 1851’ . Journal of the Historical Society of South Australia , 14 : 74
  • Haines . ‘Nineteenth Century Government‐assisted Immigrants’ . 51 148 – 68 . tables 2 and 83–102
  • Crowther , M.A. 1981 . The Workhouse System 1834–1929 , 34 London : Batsford Academic .
  • Brundage , Anthony . 1978 . The Making of the New Poor Law , 105 London : Hutchinson .
  • MacDonagh , Oliver . 1977 . Early Victorian Government, 1830–1877 , 96 London : Weidenfeld & Nicolson .
  • Digby , Anne . 1978 . Pauper Palaces , London : Routledge .
  • Brundage , Anthony , Eastwood , David and Mandler , Peter . 1990 . ‘Debate: The Making of the New Poor Law Redivivus’ . Past and Present , 127 May : 183 – 201 .
  • MacDonagh , Oliver . Early Victorian Government , 101 definition of the ‘less eligibility’ principle
  • Haines . ‘Nineteenth Century Government‐assisted Immigrants’ . 156 table 90
  • Kussmaul , Anne . 1981 . Servants in Husbandry in Early Modern England , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
  • Snell , K.D.M. 1987 . Annals of the Labouring Poor: Social Change and Agrarian England 1660–1900 , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
  • Rule , John . 1986 . The Labouring Classes in Early Industrial England 1750–1850 , London : Longman .
  • Hudson , Pat . 1992 . The Industrial Revolution , London : Edward Arnold .
  • Howkins , Alun . 1991 . Reshaping Rural England , London : Harper Collins .
  • Haines and Burnett , John . 1989 . “ Emigration and the Labouring Poor ” . In Plenty and Want: A Social History of Food in England from 1815 to the Present Day , 140 – 2 . London : Routledge .
  • 1839 . Elliot to Hodges . 6 March : 224 – 6 . CO 397/22, PRO, Kew.
  • MacDonagh , Oliver . Early Victorian Government , 96
  • Broeze , Frank . 1982 . ‘Private Enterprise and the Peopling of Australia 1833–1850’ . Economic History Review , 25 ( 2 ) : 235 – 53 .
  • Haines . ‘Nineteenth Century Government‐assisted Immigrants’ . 167 – 8 . tables 101–2
  • 1838 . Elliot to Poor Law Commissioner E.C. Tufnell . 6 March : 200 CO 386/21, , PRO, Kew
  • ∗ Thanks to members of the Economic History Seminar at the University of New South Wales and the History Seminar at Flinders University for their constructive criticisms of earlier versions of this paper; to Ralph Shlomowitz for his detailed responses: to the Australian Research Council for funding the research and writing; and to two anonymous referees whose criticisms led to a radical reshaping of the article.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.