Partial architectures: post World War II New Zealand government housing

Notes

• This is perhaps most recently evidenced in Australasia with the selection of ‘Additions’ as the theme of the 2002 SAHANZ conference.
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• Thomson , Jane . ‘The Policy of Land Sales Control: Sharing the Sacrifice’ . The New Zealand Journal of History , 25 1, (April 1991): 17. Prior to the election of this National Government, New Zealand's first Labour government had been in power (1935–1949). Labour had initiated a new state rental housing programme which “made the state the single most important player in the home-ownership and rental markets.” The Labour government built 32,238 state houses from 1937–1949. In contrast National's housing policy emphasised home-ownership and a generous state lending scheme. Gael Ferguson, Building the New Zealand Dream Palmerston North: Dunmore Press, 1994, pp 174, 177.
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• Thomson . ‘The Policy of Land Sales Control’ 4
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• Thomson . ‘The Policy of Land Sales Control’ 13
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• The Farming Sub-Committees were part of the Rehabilitation Department.
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• Norma Evans quoted in Marj Griffins and Allison Schuler (eds), Mud Ash and Pumice: A Chronicle of Rerewhakaaitu and Districts Settlement, Rerewhakaaitu and Districts Reunion Committee, 1993, p 50.
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• Departmental Circular 1952/7, Department of Land and Surveys, BBHQ A1091/5b Reference Chart, Archives New Zealand, Auckland.
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• “‘Complete’ House: It will be expected that the house will be a finished house complete with all normal amenities and requirements…Officers…in particular the Field Staff, should carefully scrutinise the proposal to ensure that provision is made for a complete house in the normal significance of that expression.” State Advances Corporation of New Zealand, Circular 6/1950 (28 March 1950), p 3, BBHQ A1091/4e, Archives New Zealand, Auckland.
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• “The Rehabilitation Board and the Lands Department began looking at the possibility of pre-fabricated houses in 1947 and except on dairy farms temporary accommodation was sometimes allowed during the Labour era.” Jane M R Thomson, ‘The Rehabilitation of Servicemen to WWII in New Zealand 1940–1954’, PhD thesis, Victoria University, Wellington, 1983, pp 243–244.
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• “The Rotorua Conference, however, passed the following resolution requiring the consideration of the Sub-Committee: ‘That in view of the need for speeding up settlement and provided permanent houses cannot be erected to fit in with the rest of the development progress, temporary housing should be utilised in order to get the property settled quickly. The land settlement board is recommended to look further into the question of prefabricated houses’” Report to Sub-Committee of Farms Advisory Committee (30 June 1950) Survey of Land for Development and Settlement of Ex-Servicemen and the Difficulties Confronting Acceleration pp 9–10, § 18, AATL 6130 78B 27/25, Archives New Zealand, Wellington.
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• Land Settlement Board Minutes 1950–54, (13 June 1951), p 1, AATL 6130 36B 8/1/35 pt 1, General, Archives New Zealand, Wellington also “The Board was reminded of the offering of 22 partly improved sections in Mihi Farm Settlement in accordance with the recent policy adopted in an endeavour to speed up the settlement of ex-servicemen who had finance and the ability to complete the development of their selections. District have advised that only nine applicants have been received.” Land Settlement Board Minutes 1950–54, (8 August 1951), General ‘Offering of Partly Improved Sections, Mihi Farm Settlement’, p 4.
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• “That Farming Sub-Committees be asked to approach the ex-servicemen settlers and advise them that the Board cannot accept the tender received for dwellings and outbuildings and that as there may be a considerable delay in obtaining and [sic] acceptable price, perhaps two or three years, that the ex- servicemen may desire to erect their own buildings with the help of Rehabilitation finance which would be made available. In the event of the settlers deciding to erect their own houses and outbuildings charges as fixed would be reduced by the Crown to allow for such erections in the purchase price.” Land Settlement Board Minutes 1950–54 (Wednesday 27 September 1950) 36/1760 Case No. 1698 Building Programme, pp 2–3.
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• Brown paraphrased, Minutes, Meeting of Departmental Representatives, Hamilton Courthouse (17 August 1949), p 2, BAHT 1586/24a 2/30, Archives New Zealand, Auckland.
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• Minutes, Meeting of Departmental Representatives, p 2.
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• Greig paraphrased, Conference of Chairmen or Farming Sub-Committees and Departmental Officers from Nelson, Marlborough, West Coast and Canterbury Land Districts, held in RSA Social Lounge, Christchurch (9th June 1950), p 12, held BAHT 1586/24a 2/30, Archives New Zealand, Auckland.
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• Greig paraphrased, Conference of Chairmen, p 12.
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• Conference of Chairmen, p 13.
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• Minutes of Combined General Meeting of the Rotorua and Eastern Bay of Plenty Farm subcommittees held in Rehabilitation Office, Rotorua at 1.15pm on 28/3/50, Minutes of Committee Land Settlement and Rehabilitation 1949–53, p 3, BAHT 1586/24a 2/30, Archives New Zealand, Auckland.
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• Greig paraphrased, Conference of Chairmen, p 13.
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• Departmental Circular 1950/27 (Department of Land and Surveys), p 1, BBHQ A1091/5a, Archives New Zealand, Auckland.
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• Departmental Circular 1950/27, p 1.
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• A J Baxter, (District Appraiser, State Advances Corporation of New Zealand, Tauranga) Memorandum to The Rehabilitation Officer, Rotorua (21 May 1951), p 1, BAHT 1586/24a 2/30, Archives New Zealand, Auckland.
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• Thompson , Paul . The Bach Wellington : Government Printers . 1985; Wood argues for a different interpretation regarding the bach's relation to domesticity: “it is that the bach threatens to reveal the suppressed violence of everyday domesticity that makes it so subversive, it is a bastion against violence.” Peter Wood, ‘The Bach: The Cultural History of a Local Typology’, Fabrications, 11, 1 (July 2000): 48.
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• J D R Wood, (Acting General Manager, State Advances Corporation of New Zealand), Circular Memorandum to All Managers and Resident Officers (8 August 1952), p 1, BBHQ A1091/5b, Archives New Zealand, Auckland.
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• “Members [of the Rehabilitation Board] expressed great concern over the inability of ex-servicemen to solve what for them is the first and most essential Rehabilitation need, namely satisfactory housing.” Matter for Consideration by the Rehabilitation Board—Housing for ex-servicemen—recommendations of the National Rehabilitation Council 2027/9418 (13 September 1951) Minutes Rehabilitation Board 23/2/50–29/11/51, p 1, AADK 6133 9, Archives New Zealand, Wellington.
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• Rehabilitation Board, War History of Rehabilitation in New Zealand 1939 to 1965, p 159, Wellington: Rehabilitation Board, 1965.
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• Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives of New Zealand Wellington : R E Owen . Report of the Farms Advisory Committee [as at 30/6/52], Minutes of Committee Land Settlement and Rehabilitation 1949–53, p 2, BAHT 1586/24a 2/30, Archives New Zealand, Auckland; J K McAlpine (for Minister of Lands), letter to The General Secretary, Federated Farmers of New Zealand (18 November 1955), p 1, BAHT 1586/23a 2/32, Archives New Zealand, Auckland; E Corbett (Minister of Lands), letter to A P O'Shea (General Secretary, Federated Farmers of New Zealand) (2 May 1956), p 1, BAHT 1586/23a 2/32, Archives New Zealand, Auckland. In contrast to these, use of a similar house was noted in the 1953 AJHR: “These houses are being erected in the Rotorua district, and the annual output is about 80 units. In Hawke's Bay a similar type of dwelling has been developed and used extensively” Session 1953, Government Printer, 1954, III, C-1, p 5.
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• Galbreath , Ross . DSIR: Making Science Work for New Zealand: Themes from the History of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, 1926–1992 Wellington : Victoria University Press . in association with the Historical Branch, Department of Internal Affairs, 1998, p 32.
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• Galbreath DSIR, p 32.
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• Paradise Reforged: A History of New Zealanders: from the 1880s to the Year 2000 Auckland : Allen Lane . Belich also notes that “Optimal strains of grass and clover were developed further, and powerful new insecticides were employed against pests from the 1950s. Above all, aerial topdressing, pioneered in the 1940s and taking off in the 1950s, often with war-surplus planes and pilots, took fertiliser to the backblocks, greatly boasting the capacity of land to carry stock.” James Belich, The Penguin Press, 2001, p 309.
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• 1990 . A History of our Area Rotorua : Rotorua District Federation of Country Women's Institutes . Rotorua District Federation of Country Women's Institutes, unpaginated.
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• Christchurch Returned Services' Association (Inc), Report by J E Horrell on Visit to Northland and Rotorua-Taupo Districts During Period 12th January to 22nd January, 1953. Presented in Skeleton Form to Christchurch R S A Lands Committee (4 February 1953), Minutes of Committee Land Settlement and Rehabilitation 1949–53, p 3, BAHT 1586/24a 2/30, Archives New Zealand, Auckland.
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• Mihi Block—buildings 1950–57, BAHT 1586/38c 1/13/8, Archives New Zealand, Auckland.
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• Tenders Received for 1955 Settlement Buildings, Settlement buildings 1954–56, BAHT 1586/23a 2/32, Archives New Zealand, Auckland.
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• “The new National Government…believed that private industry could and should deliver the houses that were so badly needed…National emphasised home-ownership as a worthy end in itself, and the pre-eminent aspiration of all New Zealanders;” “Public housing became much less important under the National Government, which both cut back on building state houses and began selling them in 1950.” in Ferguson, Building the New Zealand Dream, pp 177, 179.
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• Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939–1945: The Home Front Wellington : Historical Publication Branch . “The State Advances Corporation, which handled all Rehabilitation loans, had numerous plans for houses, their cost not too far in advance of the loans available. These plans were designed for a variety of sections and some provided for extra rooms being built on later. They ranged from 750 square feet [69.7 sq m], with two bedrooms, to 1090 square feet [101.3 sq m] which was supposed to serve a family of six. Some private architects, co-operating with the Department, specialised in houses for ex-soldiers, but the latter were free to choose their own architects or builders.” Nancy M Taylor, Department of Internal Affairs, V R Ward Government Printer, 1986, v. II, p 1280.
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• Griffins & Schuler, Mud Ash and Pumice, pp 40, 50; £500 in 1953 equates to $NZ 20,415 (2002); £1000 to $NZ 37,965 (2002).
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• The Dictionary of New Zealand Biography Auckland : Auckland University Press; Wellington: Department of Internal Affairs . Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives of New Zealand, Session 1952, Wellington: R. E. Owen, Government Printer, 1952, v. II, C-1, p 5. In 1943 the Rehabilitation Board held a competition for Pre-fabricated Housing. The winning design was by R S Walker and Paul Pascoe. The most experimental house ‘G’ combined the kitchen and dining space. ‘Eight Prefabricated Houses in Christchurch’, New Zealand Home & Building, VIII, 2 (June 1945): 12–13. Walker is not a well known architect in New Zealand architectural histories, but Pascoe is renowned for being an advocate of modernism. He worked initially in New Zealand, and then spent three years in England, including working at the Architectural Press. He became prominent in Christchurch domestic architecture and designed airport terminals for Christchurch, Wellington and Rarotonga. Ana Robertson, ‘Pascoe, Arnold Paul’, 2000, v. 5, pp 399–400.
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• Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives of New Zealand, III, C-1 (Session 1953), p 5.
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• Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives of New Zealand, II, C-1 (Session 1952), p 5.
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• Rehabilitation Board, War History, p 159; c.f. “The initial building covers a settler's basic needs and can be added to as required in four different ways” Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives of New Zealand, Session 1952, v. II, C-1, p 5.
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• Corbett . The Pumice Land Story Hamilton : R. G. . letter to O'Shea p 1; see also: McAlpine, letter to The General Secretary, Federated Farmers of New Zealand p 1; A A Coates, Coates, 1993, p 74; F. Hickey et al (eds), The Wilderness Conquered: the history of the Reporoa District, Reporoa, New Zealand: New Zealand Co-op Dairy Co., c.1984, p 147.
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• Wood , Peter . ‘The Stamp of Architecture: post-marking the architectural drawing’ . Interstices , 4 (1995/6) CD ROM.
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• Derrida , Jacques . Of Grammatology trans Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, London & Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1976; first published 1967, p 149.
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• Bakhtin , Mikhail . Rabelais and His World trans Helene Iswolsky, Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 1968, p 24.
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• Griffins & Schuler, Mud Ash and Pumice, p 54.
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• Prosperity from Pumice Land: A history of the development of the volcanic plateau Wellington : Department of Lands and Survey . A 1975 Lands and Survey publication, 1975, noted an example of a 1953 part house in Rerewhakaaitu which was being used as a play centre.
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• Evans , Norma . personal communication (interview), Wednesday 23 January, 2002.
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• Galatea Whakatane and District Historical Society Monograph No. 5 Whakatane , , New Zealand : Whakatane and District Historical Society . A A Coates, 1985; first published 1980, p 54.
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• Coates . The Pumice Land Story 186
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• Griffins & Schuler, Mud Ash and Pumice, p 40.
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• Limbrick . quoted in Griffins & Schuler, Mud Ash and Pumice, p 41.
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• A later version of the use of owners' labour in government housing occurred in the 1980s. “The fourth Labour Government, elected in 1984, introduced…‘sweat equity,’ whereby low-income households could contribute labour as well as capital to the construction of a house as a way of reducing overall costs. Such schemes had only limited success, mainly because of the difficulty of supervising labour.” Ferguson, Building the New Zealand Dream, p 246.
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• 30 May 1951 . Land Settlement Board Minutes 1950–54 General, p 2.
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• Thomson . ‘The Rehabilitation of Servicemen’ 263 – 264 .
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• The Elegant Shed: New Zealand Architecture since 1945 Auckland : Oxford University Press . David Mitchell and Gillian Chaplin, 1984, p 28. Other writers who have made connections between the bach and modernism include: Christine McCarthy, ‘The Bach’, Interstices, 4 (1995/6) CD Rom, Nigel Cox, ‘At the Bach’, New Zealand Geographic, 25 (January/March 1995): 34–52, John Milligan, ‘A Summer Place’, New Zealand Home and Building, (October/November 1996): 138–145, Christine McCarthy, ‘A Summer Place: postcolonial retellings of the New Zealand bach’, Jouvert, 2.2 (August 1998) http://152.1.96.5/jouvert/v2i2/confour.htm and Justine Clark and Paul Walker, Looking for the Local: Architecture and the New Zealand Modern, Wellington: Victoria University Press, 2000.
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• Ferguson . Building the New Zealand Dream 181
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• Thomson . ‘The Rehabilitation of Servicemen’ 243 – 244 . see also Coates, Galatea, p 54.
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• Christchurch Returned Services' Association (Inc), Report by J E Horrell, p 3.
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• Evans quoted, Griffins & Schuler, Mud Ash and Pumice, p 51.
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• Ferguson . Building the New Zealand Dream 144
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• Land Development Branch Rotorua, Shearers Accommodation, BAHT 1586/23a 2/32, Archives New Zealand, Auckland.
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• Harden quoted, Minutes of Meeting of South Auckland Land Settlement Board Held in Rehabilitation Office, Rotorua, on Tuesday, 10th March 1953, Minutes of Committee Land Settlement and Rehabilitation 1949–53, p 21, BAHT 1586/24a 2/30, Archives New Zealand, Auckland.
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• Evans, quoted in, Griffins & Schuler, Mud Ash and Pumice, p 53.
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• 1993 . Daughters of the Land: Nga Uri Wahine a Hineahuone: A glimpse into the lives of rural women in the Rotorua region 1893–1993 Rotorua : The Bath-House Art & History Museum: Te Whare Taonga o Te Arawa . Evans, quoted in, Joan Boyd, p 52.
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• 1991 . New Zealand Architecture: from Polynesian beginnings to 1990 Auckland : Hodder and Stoughton . Early examples of domestic opening planning by architects include: Paul Pascoe's 1940 Harris House, Dunedin (which had a open living/dining space), the Architectural Centre's 1949 Demonstration House, Karori, Wellington (which had a combined laundry/bathroom), Group Construction Company's First House and Second House (both 1950, Belmont, Auckland), and Bill Wilson's 1954 Malitte House, Milford, Auckland. Shaw notes that by the late 1950s “Group Architects…even managed, after some persuasion, to get the State Advances Corporation to accept three open-planned designs as suitable for state housing loans” Peter Shaw, p 156.
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• Evans, quoted in Griffins & Schuler, Mud Ash and Pumice, p 53.
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• Evans quoted in Griffins & Schuler, Mud Ash and Pumice, pp 53–54.
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• Evans, personal communication.
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• Greig paraphrased, Conference of Chairmen, p 12.
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• Greig paraphrased, Conference of Chairmen, p 12.
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• The Dictionary of New Zealand Biography Auckland : Auckland University Press & Bridget William Books; Wellington: Department of Internal Affairs . Hammond was a town planner, as well as an architect, and was involved in drafting New Zealand's first Town Planning Act (1926). He became the Director of Housing Construction in 1949. Caroline Miller, ‘Hammond, Reginald Bedford’, 1998, v. 4, pp 220–221. Wilson worked for Gummer and Ford in Auckland before becoming chief architect of the Department of Housing Construction in 1936. Julia Gatley, ‘Wilson, Francis Gordon’, The Dictionary of New Zealand Biography, Auckland: Auckland University Press; Wellington: Department of Internal Affairs, 2000, v. 5, pp 566–567.
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• ‘Four Trial Houses to be Varied’, Dominion, Thursday 11 June 1953, p 11.
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• ‘Government Plan To Build Trial Low-Cost Houses’, Dominion, Saturday 6 June 1953, p 8; £65 in 1953 equates to $NZ 2,654 (2002); £70 to $NZ 2,858 (2002); £2000 to $NZ 81,660 (2002).
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• ‘Providing for N.Z.'s Young Families’, Dominion, Saturday 1 August 1953, p 10.
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• ‘Wellington Entry Wins Government Housing Contest: Standard Family Homes At £2200 From Winning Designs’, Dominion, Saturday 1 August 1953, p 10.
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• ‘Wellington Entry Wins Government Housing Contest’ p 10; £2000 equates to $NZ 81,660 (2002); £2200 to $NZ 89,826 (2002)
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• ‘Providing for New Zealand's Young Families’, p 10.
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• ‘Four Most Authoritative Views on Trial Houses at Taita’, Dominion, Tuesday 6 October 1953, p 7.
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• ‘Four Most Authoritative Views’, p 7; £2990 in 1953 equates to $NZ 122,082 (2002); £2920 to $NZ 119,224 (2002). The costings for these houses across the four main centres (Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch and Dunedin) varied from £3,020 in Auckland to £2,390 in Christchurch. ‘Sale Prices of State Experimental House Units: Variation For Models In Main Centres’, Otago Daily Times, Thursday 13 August 1953, p 8; £3020 in 1953 equates to $NZ 123,307; £2390 to $NZ 97,584.
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• ‘Government To Sponsor Part-built Houses For Buyers To Complete’, Dominion, 16 October 1953, p 6.
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• R B Hammond, Director of Housing Construction, Memorandum ‘(Arch.) Partly completed houses for Sale’ Housing Construction Division to District Supervisor Housing Construction Division Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch & Dunedin (16 October 1953), p 1, SAC 1 35/315 pt 1, Archives New Zealand, Wellington.
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• General Manager, Head Office, Memorandum ‘Erection by State of Partially Built Houses for Sale’ to the Secretary to the Minister of Housing (16 December 1954), p 2, SAC 1 35/315 pt 1, Archives New Zealand, Wellington.
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• General Manager, State Advances Corporation of New Zealand, Circular Memorandum No. 78/1955 to Managers and Resident Officers ‘Erection by State of Partially Built Houses For Sale’ (22 September 1955), p 1, SAC 1 35/315 pt 1, Archives New Zealand, Wellington.
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• The Fern and the Tiki: An American View of New Zealand National Character, Social Attitudes, and Race Relations New York : Holt . David P Ausubel, Rinehart & Winston, 1965, p 9.
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• State Advances Corporation of New Zealand, Paper to be presented to National Conference of Town Clerks, p 4, DAAF 8/7 1954–57, Archives New Zealand, Dunedin.
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• Goldstein , Carolyn . 1998 . Do It Yourself: Home Improvement in 20th-Century America New York : Princeton Architectural Press . pp 31–41.
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• The Agreement for Sale makes reference to ‘the purchaser's wife or husband’ and so allows for the possibility of women purchasers of ‘part houses’ but I am yet to come across any documentation which demonstrates that women applied for or bought any of the houses. State Advances Corporation of New Zealand, Agreement for Sale of Partially Built House Archives New Zealand, p 2, SAC 1 35/315 pt 1, Wellington.
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• 1992 . The Bathroom, the Kitchen and the Aesthetics of Waste: A process of elimination Cambridge , Massachusetts : MIT List Visual Arts Center . ‘For the male employee, the home became a sanctuary from the pressures of production, while for women it became an isolated site for the economically devalued yet demanding labors of consumption’ Ellen Lupton and J. Abbott Miller, p 11.
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• Secretary to Minister of Housing, Memorandum ‘Partly Built Houses For Sale’ to Commissioner of Works (11 October 1954), p 1, SAC135/315 pt 1, Archives New Zealand, Wellington.
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• Ferguson . Building the New Zealand Dream 59
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• Ferguson . Building the New Zealand Dream 117
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• ‘the purchaser will personally continuously reside and make the family home of the purchaser in the dwelling comprised in the premises.’ State Advances Corporation of New Zealand, Agreement for Sale, p 2.
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• State Advances Corporation of New Zealand, Agreement for Sale p 2, § 6(a); p 5 of the same document § 16(v) continues reference to fencing ‘the vendor shall not be bound to contribute to the cost of erection or maintenance of any boundary or dividing fence between the land comprised in this agreement and any adjoining land the property of the vendor…nothing in this clause shall preclude the vendor from serving on the purchaser any notice under the Fencing Act 1908, and requiring compliance by the purchaser with the provisions of that Act.’ c.f. General Manager, State Advances Corporation of New Zealand, Circular Memorandum No. 78/1955, pp 1–2, which footnotes the omission of fences with a note that ‘The erection of boundary fences will be arranged by the H.C.D., except in cases, if any, of isolated sections.’
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• General Manager, State Advances Corporation of New Zealand, Circular Memorandum No. 78/1955, p 2.
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• General Manager, State Advances Corporation of New Zealand, Circular Memorandum no. 78/1955, p 2; c.f. “[t]he purchaser will…within one year from the date of possession and to the satisfaction of the Corporation erect a sufficient fence on the boundaries to the said land, lay down paths and erect an adequate toolshed, letter-box and clothes line to a standard approved by the vendor…[and] will every five years during the continuance of this agreement paint in workmanlike manner the whole of the exterior.” State Advances Corporation of New Zealand, Agreement for Sale, p 2.
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• Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives of New Zealand, Session 1952, v. II, C-1, p 5; The use of the term ‘settler’ to describe the occupant makes direct connection with ideas of the colonial.
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• 1949 . State Housing in New Zealand Wellington : Ministry of Works . Cedric Firth, p 13.
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• Failure to comply with the state's notions of domestic finishing had the potential for ownership to revert to the state. State Advances Corporation of New Zealand, Agreement for Sale.
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• Ann Leighton quoted, Michael Pollan, ‘Beyond Wilderness and Lawn’, Harvard Design Magazine, (Winter/Spring 1998): 73.
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• General Manager, State Advances Corporation of New Zealand, Circular Memorandum No. 78/1955, p 2.
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• Acting General Manager, Head Office, Memorandum ‘Erection by State of Partially Built Houses for Sale’, to Manager Auckland, Christchurch, Wellington, Dunedin (5 November 1953), p 1, SAC 1 35/315 pt 1, Archives New Zealand, Wellington.
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• Minister of Housing, Memorandum ‘Partly Built Houses for Sale’ to the Commissioner of Works, (22 September 1954), p 1, SAC 1 35/315 pt 1, Archives New Zealand, Wellington.
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• R. B., Hammond, Director of Housing Construction, Wellington, to District Supervisor Housing Construction Division: Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch, Dunedin (9 November 1955) re: (Arch. Partially Complete Houses for Sale, Build your own home policy: Partially Completely Houses for Sale 8/10/53–15/7/57, p 1, HD W1521 26211, Archives New Zealand, Wellington.
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• Hammond . to District Supervisor Housing Construction Division: Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch, Dunedin re: (Arch.) Partially Complete Houses for Sale, p 1.
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• State Advances Corporation of New Zealand, Agreement for Sale, p 2, § 7.
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• State Advances Corporation of New Zealand, Agreement for Sale, p 5, § 18 (a; see also ‘Cost-cutting On Homes By Machinery’, Dominion, Friday 3 July 1953, p 8.
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• ‘‘Only Good Seaside Cottages’: Mr McMillan Describes Experimental Houses As Error Of Judgment’, Otago Daily Times, Tuesday 25 August 1953, p 5.
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• Austin , Mike . ‘The Mau Movement and the Model Villages in Samoa’, paper delivered at the ‘Loyalty and Disloyalty in the Architecture of the British Empire and Commonwealth’ 13th Annual SAHANZ conference, Auckland, 1996.
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• Wood also discusses the bach in terms of the grotesque. Wood, ‘The Bach’, p 47.
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• Bakhtin . Rabelais and His World 26 – 27 .
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• For other discussions on the bach and ideas of the unfinished see McCarthy, ‘The Bach’, and McCarthy, ‘A Summer Place.’
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• I am interested in ideas of finish and unfinish in relation to the bach because of the coinciding ideas of incompletion and time connecting the part house and the partly-built house. I am not suggesting there is an interest in an ideology of coarse detailing present in the building, coinciding with contemporary discussions about New Zealand modernism, as Clark and Walker suggest in Looking for the Local.
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• General Manager, Head Office, to The Secretary to The Minister of Housing, Wellington ‘Erection by State of Partially Built Houses for Sale’ (16 December 1954), Archives New Zealand, Wellington SAC 1 35/315 pt 1, p 1; c.f. ‘A kitchen, 7 ft, 6 in. [2.3m] by 10 ft. 2in. [3.1m], is partially separated from the dining space by a partition containing cupboards and doors running about two-thirds the length of the room.’ ‘Prototype of Titahi Bay's Pre-Cut Houses Satisfies Mr. Goosman’, Dominion, Thursday 11 June 1953, p 11.
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• Ferguson . Building the New Zealand Dream 185
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• A 1953 report on a Hammond House in Dunedin locates: “four major features in design and construction [which] can be said to be experimental for Dunedin conditions—(1 Circulation—(2 Combination living, dining & kitchen unit—(3 Lean-to ceiling effect—(4 Large expanse of draughty louvre window.” Property Supervisor's Report—Sale of State Rental Property (7 July 1953), p 2, DAAF, D26/35–41, Archives New Zealand, Wellington.
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• “By the early 1960s…a wider variety of exteriors had been introduced [to Neil Housing Houses] and open-plan ideas had begun to influence the way the semi-public, dining/living/kitchen areas were designed…Gradually Neil Housing was able to persuade its clients to accept lowered roof pitches.” Shaw, New Zealand Architecture, pp 162–163; c.f. “Designs for New Zealand houses changed scarcely at all during the 1950s and 1960s…There were some changes to its exterior. Roof lines were flattened, hip roofs increased in popularity, and brick became a common building material…The Wilson and Hammond houses, designed in 1953, sought to reduce costs through experimentation with materials. Even Hammond's open-plan layout did not seriously interfere with the relationship between rooms.” Ferguson, Building the New Zealand Dream, p 190.
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• 9 February 1955 . AGM [Assistant General Manager] Note for file 35/315 SAC 1 35/315 pt 1, Archives New Zealand, Wellington.
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• Secretary to the Minister of Housing, Memorandum ‘Erection of Partially Built Houses for Sale at Gisborne’ (11 March 1955), SAC 13 5/315 pt 1, Archives New Zealand, Wellington.
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• ‘Cost-cutting On Homes By Machinery’, p 8; ‘Could Build For £150-£200 Less’, Otago Daily Times, Thursday 6 August 1953, p 5.
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• ‘Low-Cost Houses May Not Comply With By-Laws’, Dominion, Wednesday 10 June 1953, p 11; ‘Difficulty Over Building By-Laws In Some Centres’, Dominion, Thursday 11 June 1953, p 11; ‘Low-cost Houses To Be Inspected’, Otago Daily Times, Wednesday 19 August 1953, p 7.
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• AGM [Assistant General Manager], Note for file 35/315.
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• Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives of New Zealand, Session 1953, v. II, C-1, p 5.
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