NOTES
- 1981 . Nineveh and its Remains London : Macmillan . A. H. Layard, (New York: G. P. Putnam, 1849). In its first year, 8,000 copies were sold, which Layard wrote ‘will place it side by side with Mrs. Rundell's Cooker.’. An abridged edition was prepared in 1851, specifically for the lay reader. See K. Hudson, A Social History of Archaeology: The British Experience, 73. Layard followed up with Discoveries in the Ruins of Nineveh and Babylon (London: John Murray, 1853).
- 2002 . Trojanische Althertümer Boston : Archaeological Institute of America . H. Schliemann, (Leipzig: F. A. Brockhaus, 1874). Although this book sold only around 2000 copies counting both the German and English first editions, Schliemann kept Troy in the public eye through letters to newspapers like The Guardian, and with subsequent publications such as Troia und seine Ruinen (Waren: C. Quant, 1875); Engl. ed., Troy and its Remains, trans. D. Schmitz (London: John Murray, 1875). See C. N. Runnels, The Archaeology of Heinrich Schliemann: An annotated bibliographic handlist.
- 1993 . IIios: The City and Country of the Trojans Atlanta : Scholars Press . H. Schliemann, (London: John Murray, 1880), 4041. The accuracy of Schliemann's account is widely doubted. Certain details are demonstrably false, generally credited as a consequence of his tendency to elaborate his record of events to improve the story. Schliemann planned, executed and documented his excavations with a view to the narrative they made possible. See D. Traill, Excavating Schliemann.
- 2001 . A Hundred Years of Archaeology London : Routledge . G. Daniel, (London: Gerald Duckworth & Co., 1950), 288. Earlier on Daniel writes: ‘The essence of the archaeologist, as we interpret his function today, is that he is an historian, and his aim is the writing of history by the methodical study of all objects—beautiful or ugly, important or trivial—that survive from the prehistoric past‘(10). The modern archaeologist could not allow aesthetic interest to colour his or her approach. Writing in 1887, Pitt-Rivers marks the shift from personal accounts to the collection of data by stating:.’ It ought at all times to be the chief object of an excavator to reduce his own personal equation to the minimum.’—quoted in G. Lucas, Critical Approaches to Fieldwork, 22. For an example of an early ‘moder.’ archaeological report, see W. M. F. Petrie, Naukratis (London: Truebner, 1886–88). In the twentieth-century, see C. Blegen, Troy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1950–58).
- 1994 . Back to the Front: Tourisms of War Caen : FRAC Basse-Normandie . Diller+Scofidio, 12–13
- 1988 . Architectureproduction New York : Princeton Architectural Press . B. Colomina, ed., 9–10.
- 1998 . “Inventing Assyria: Exoticism and Reception in Nineteenth-Century England and France,” . In The Art Bulletin See F. N. Bohrer, 80, no. 2: 336–56.
- Nineveh and its Remains Layard repeatedly draws attention to the meaninglessness of the excavated remains to the local inhabitants: ‘tell me, O Bey, what you are going to do with those stones. So many thousands of purses spent on such things.’—Layard, 315.
- Layard . Discoveries in the Ruins of Nineveh and Babylon 123
- Schliemann . Troy and its Remains 61 – 62 . Schliemann, operating on the presumption that Homeric Troy would be the lowest level of inhabitation on the site, cut a trench through the entire mound. Subsequent study has suggested that the Troy Schliemann sought was actually the seventh city on the site, corresponding to the stones which he displaced, still lying in the plains around the site. See Blegen, Troy.
- Layard . Nineveh and its Remains 84 ‘I was much troubled, however, with scorpions and other reptiles, which issued from the earth forming the walls of my apartment.’
- Layard . Nineveh and its Remains 85
- Layard . Discoveries in the Ruins of Nineveh and Babylon 168 – 69 .
- Layard . Discoveries in the Ruins of Nineveh and Babylon 34
- Layard . Discoveries in the Ruins of Nineveh and Babylon 252
- At one point . Discoveries in the Ruins of Nineveh and Babylon for instance, Layard describes the contemporary inhabitants of an historical site as ‘a degenerate race, utterly unmindful of the glories of their ancestors.’—Layard, 26. His consistent position was that the remains of Nineveh and Babylon were solely relevant to Europe and not to the current occupants of the region. In this way he justified his substantial expropriation of artefacts as a British inheritance. I have not addressed the wider discussion of archaeology's utility to political ideology.
- Layard . Discoveries in the Ruins of Nineveh and Babylon 66 The images is a wood engraving serving as the header for Chapter IV. Images elsewhere in the volume are credited to the drafter, and Layard himself made many of the drawings. Since this image is uncredited, it seems credible that the original drawing was by Layard. The engraver, probably employed directly by the publisher, is uncredited.
- Discoveries in the Ruins of Nineveh and Babylon The vase sits deep within the image, and like the tools in the foreground, might easily be overlooked without a close examination. At first it seems to belong to the image as a representative artefact contained within the excavated space. Yet Layard does not mention the recovery of any unbroken vessels of this size amongst the excavated pottery shards. In other images of life on the site, similar vases are shown being used by the workers, suggesting that in fact the vase might be included amongst the equipment of the excavators.—compare Layard, 218.
- Layard . Discoveries in the Ruins of Nineveh and Babylon 69
- 1990 . Reading Material Culture Oxford : Blackwell . It is a common trope in archaeology that the site is a document to be read. For criticism along these lines, see C. Tilley,). This paper approaches the problem as figural rather than textual.
- Evans , A. 1921–36 . The Palace of Minos at Knossos London : Macmillan .
- 1927 . “Work of Reconstitution in the Palace of Knossos,” . In Antiquaries Journal A. Evans, 7, 258–59.
- 1930 . Fyfe (1875–1945) was employed from 1900–04 and maintained an ongoing working interest in the site. Returning to practice in England, he later held positions as the Director of Excavations at Glastonbury and Director of the University of Cambridge Department of Architecture. He was succeeded by Christian Doll (1880–1955), who managed what became a very extensive programme of reconstruction in reinforced concrete. Doll also designed a house for Evans, informed by the discoveries and overlooking the site, before being succeeded in turn by Piet de Jong, who continued Evans's reconstructions until
- 1995 . The Conservation of Archaeological Sites in the Mediterranean Region Los Angeles : Getty Conservation Institute . For a summary and brief criticism of Evans's controversial reconstructions, see J. K. Papadopolous, “Knossos” in M. de la Torre, ed., 88–124.
- 2000 . Minotaur: Sir Arthur Evans and the Archaeology of the Minoan Myth London : Jonathan Cape . J. A. MacGillivray, 21
- 1903 . “The Palace of Knossos” . In Annual of the British School at Athens A. Evans, 8 (1902); “A Bird's-Eye View of the Minoan Palace of Knossos, Crete,” Journal of the Royal Institute of British Architects (December).
- 1981 . The Bronze Age Palace at Knossos: Plan and Sections London : Thames and Hudson . See S. Hood and W. Taylor, 6
- Evans . “A Bird's-Eye View of the Minoan Palace of Knossos, Crete,” . 105
- 1902 . The Bronze Age Palace at Knossos A comparison with the 1978 survey plan accompanying Hood and Taylor, highlights the realignments and approximations of Fyfe's plan.
- 1887 . Through Bosnia and Herzegovina on Foot, During the Insurrection, August and September 1875, with a Historical Review of Bosnia and a Glimpse at the Croats, Slavonians, and the Ancient Republic of Ragusa London : John Murray . A. Evans, (London: Longmans Green and Co., 1876); A. H. Layard, Early Adventures in Persia, Susiana and Babylon, including a residence among the Bakhtiyari and othe wild tribes before the discovery of Nineveh.
- Evans held the position of Keeper at the Ashmolean Museum from 1884 until his death in 1941, but he was financially independent.
- Dörpfeld studied under Friedrich Adler, who was one of the leaders of the excavations at Olympia. In the nineteenth century there were close links between archaeology and the teaching of architectural history.
- Dörpfeld (1853–1940) is widely credited with tempering Schliemann's aggressive excavation methods.
- 1896 . Das Griechische Theater Athens : Scientia Verlag Aalen . W. Dörpfeld and E. Reisch,.
- 1992 . Re-Constructing Archaeology: Theory and Practice London : Routledge . Much of this kind of criticism has arisen from the “post-processual” school of archaeological theory. For arguments regarding this archaeologist's investment in the site, see for example M. Shanks and C. Tilley, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987) and I. Hodder, Theory and Practice in Archaeology.
- 1993 . “ ‘The Politics of Vision and Archaeologies of Landscap.’ ” . In Landscape. Politics and Perspectives Providence : Berg . J. Thomas, B. Bender ed., 25. Thomas continues: ‘this way we have of looking down on the past as a map laid out for simultaneous perception is only one among many ways of looking. Distanced, geometrical, “outsider's” approaches to space can claim no priority over the social and experiential, and the one perspective which they offer may be that of a dominant grou.’ (27–29).
- 1991 . Architecture and the Burdens of Linearity C. Ingraham, (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998), 85. Elsewhere, Ingraham writes that the line is never just a line: ‘It organizes structure, resolves the play of forces, inscribes the design, upholds a system of meaning and ontology in the profession, defines an arena of composition and aesthetics, and exhibits the skill of the architect.’—”Animals 2: The problem of Distinction,” Assemblage 14, 14.