Prosecuting terrorism: secret courts, evidence and special advocates. The panoply of challenges facing criminal justice, the United Kingdom perspective

References

• Anti-Terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001
   Google Scholar
• Anti-Terrorism Act 2015 (C-51)
   Google Scholar
• Classified Information Procedures Act (CIPA) 18 U.S.C. App. 3
   Google Scholar
• Counter-terrorism Act 2008
   Google Scholar
• Counter-Terrorism and Security Act 2015
   Google Scholar
• Counter Terrorism and Border Security Act 2019
   Google Scholar
• Counter-Terrorism and Security Act 2015 (Amendment) Bill 2016-17
   Google Scholar
• Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994
   Google Scholar
• Criminal Justice Act 2003
   Google Scholar
• Enhanced Terrorism Prevention and Investigation Measures Bill 2012
   Google Scholar
• Explosive Substances Act 1883
   Google Scholar
• National Security Act 2017 (C-59)
   Google Scholar
• Police Act 1997
   Google Scholar
• Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984
   Google Scholar
• Prevention of Terrorism Act 2005
   Google Scholar
• Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000
   Google Scholar
• Surveillance Devices Act 2004 (Com Law)
   Google Scholar
• Terrorism Act 2000
   Google Scholar
• Terrorism Act 2006
   Google Scholar
• Terrorism Prevent Investigation Measures Act 2011
   Google Scholar
• AF (No 3) [2009] UKHL 28
   Google Scholar
• A v Secretary of State for the Home Department (No 2) [2005] UKHL 71
   Google Scholar
• Bennett v Horseferry Road Magistrates' Court [1993] UKHL 10
   Google Scholar
• Breslin v McKenna [2005] NIQB 18
   Google Scholar
• R v Bishop (Steven) [2018] (unreported)
   Google Scholar
• R v Grant [2005] 2 Cr App R 28
   Google Scholar
• Jencks v. United States, 353 U.S. 657, 671, 77 S. Ct. 1007, 1 L. Ed. 2d 1103 (1957) R v Khyam and Others [2008] All ER (D) 312
   Google Scholar
• R v Latimer ([1986] 9 NIJB 1 (trial), [1988] 11 NIJB 1 (appeal)
   Google Scholar
• R v McDonald and Others [2005] EWCA Crim 1945
   Google Scholar
• DPP v McKevitt [2009] IESC 29
   Google Scholar
• Miller v Minister of Pensions [1947] 2 All ER 372 at 373-4; [1947] WN 241
   Google Scholar
• R v Mohammed Yamin [2015] (unreported)
   Google Scholar
• R v Morrison and Others [2009] NICA 1
   Google Scholar
• Official Solicitor v K [1963] Ch 381 at 405
   Google Scholar
• Roviaro v. United States, 353 U.S. 53, 64-65, 77 S. Ct. 623, 1 L. Ed. 2d 639 (1957)
   Google Scholar
• Secretary of the Home Department v MB and AF [2007] UKHL 46
   Google Scholar
• United States v. Moussaoui (282 F. Supp. 2d 480 (E.D. Va. 2003))
   Google Scholar
• Abeyratne, R. (2011). The Beijing convention of 2010 on the suppression of unlawful acts relating to international civil aviation – An interpretative study. Journal of Transportation Security, 4, 131–143.
   Google Scholar
• Al-Lami, M. (2009). Studies of radicalisation: State of the field report. London: Department of Politics and International Relations: University of London, ESRC.
   Google Scholar
• Al-Lami, M., & O’Loughlin, B. (2009). Jihadists try to make friends on Facebook. Guardian.
   Google Scholar
• Archick, K., Rollins, J., & Woehrel, S. (2005, July 29). Islamist extremism in Europe. Congressional Research Service.
   Google Scholar
• Ashworth, A. (1977). Excluding evidence as protecting rights. Criminal Law Review, 723–735.
   Google Scholar
• Ashworth, A. (2010). Sentencing and criminal justice. London: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Barnard-Wills, D., & Wells, H. (2012). Surveillance, technology and the everyday. Criminology and Criminal Justice, 12, 227.
   Google Scholar
• Bass, G. J. (2000). Stay the hand of vengeance: The politics of war crimes tribunals. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Benjamin, D., & Simon, S. (2002). The age of sacred terror. New York: Random House.
   Google Scholar
• Benjamin, W. (2001). Critical constellations (key contemporary thinkers). Cambridge: Polity Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bhui, K., Warfa, N., & Jones, E. (2014, March 5). Is violent radicalisation associated with poverty, migration, poor self-reported health and common mental disorders? Plos One, 9(3), 1–10.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biersteker, T. J., Eckert, S. E., Romaniuk, P., Halegua, A., & Reid, N. (2001). Targeted financial sanctions: A manual for design and implementation. New York: Thomas J. Watson Jr. Institute for International Studies.
   Google Scholar
• Bigo, D., Bonelli, L., Guittet, E.-P., & Ragazzi, F. (2014). Preventing and countering youth radicalisation in the EU. In Directorate general for internal policies, policy department C: Citizens’ rights and constitutional affairs, civil liberties, justice and home affairs (pp. 1–34). Brussels: European Union.
   Google Scholar
• Binder, G. (2002, January). Punishment theory: Moral or political? Buffalo Criminal Law Review, 5(2), 321–372.
   Google Scholar
• Bizina, M., & Gray, D. H. (2014). Radicalization of youth as a growing concern for counter-terrorism policy. Global Security Studies, 5(1).
   Google Scholar
• Briggs, R. (2010, July). Community engagement for counterterrorism: Lessons from the United Kingdom. International Affairs, 86(4), 971–981.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brodeur, J. P. (2002). Undercover policing in Canada: Wanting what is wrong. Crime, Law and Social Change, 18(10–12), 105–306. In Loftus, B., & Goold, B. (2012). Covert surveillance and the invisibilities of policing. Criminology and Criminal Justice, 12, 275.
   Google Scholar
• Bull, R., & Clifford, B. R. (1984). Ear-witness voice recognition accuracy. In G. L. Wells & E. F. Loftus (Eds.), Eyewitness testimony: Psychological perspectives (pp. 92–123). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Carr, S., Piasecki, E., Tully, G., & Wilson, T. J. (2016). Opening the scientific expert’s black box: ‘Critical trust’ as a reformative principle in criminal evidence. The Journal of Criminal Law, 80(5), 364–386.
   Google Scholar
• Carrabine, E., Cox, P., Fussey, P., Hobbs, D., South, N., Thiel, D., & Turton, J. (2014). Criminology: A sociological introduction (3rd ed.). London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Chesney, R. M., & Goldsmith, J. L. (2010, April). Terrorism and the convergence of criminal and military detention models. Stanford Law Review, 60(4), 1079.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christmann, K. (2012). Preventing religious radicalisation and violent extremism: A systematic review of the research evidence. Huddersfield: Youth Justice Board for England and Wales Report and the University of Huddersfield.
   Google Scholar
• Clifford, B. R. (1980). Voice identification by human listeners: On earwitness reliability. Law and Human Behavior, 4, 373–394.
   Google Scholar
• Commons Library briefing. UK Parliament. (2017). Counter-Terrorism and Security Act 2015 (Amendment) Bill 2016–17.
   Google Scholar
• Covert Surveillance and Property Interference: Revised Codes of Practice. (2010). HMSO, see p. 7.
   Google Scholar
• Crossely, D. J. (1976, April). Bradley’s utilitarian theory of punishment. Ethics, 86(3), 200–213.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daniels, R., Macklem, P., & Roach, K. (2001). The security of freedom: Essays on Canada’s anti-terrorism bill. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
   Google Scholar
• Davis, J. (2016). Equality of arms: Complying with international human rights law in cases against alleged terrorists. Journal of Conflict and Security Law, 21(1), 69–89.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deflem, M. (Ed.). (2004). Terrorism and counter-terrorism: Criminological perspectives. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• Draft Investigatory Powers Bill. (2015). Publications. London: HMSO.
   Google Scholar
• Duff, A., Farmer, L., Marshall, S., & Tadros, V. (2007). The trial on trial volume 3: Towards a normative theory of criminal trial. Oxford: Hart Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Duff, R. A., & Garland, D. (Eds.). (1994). A reader on punishment. Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ericsson, R. V., & Haggerty, K. D. (1997). Policing the risk society (pp. 52–54). Oxford: OUP.
   Google Scholar
• Foucault, M. (1979). Discipline and punish, the birth of the prison. New York: Vintage Books.
   Google Scholar
• Foucault, M. (2003). Power/knowledge. In G. Delanty & P. Strydom (Eds.), Philosophies of social science: The classic and contemporary readings. Oxford: Open University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Goldsmith, L. J., & Katyal, N. (Op-Eds.). (2007, July 11). The terrorists’ court. N. Y. Times.
   Google Scholar
• Gragera, J. P., & Pascual, D. S. (2014, December). A phenomenological analysis of terrorism and organized crime from a comparative criminological perspective. Journal of Law and Criminal Justice, 2(2), 113–131.
   Google Scholar
• Guiora, A. N., & Parry, J. T. (2008). Light at the end of the pipeline: Choosing a forum for suspected terrorists. University of Pennsylvania Law Review Online, 156(1), Article 24.
   Google Scholar
• Hamm, M. (2004). The USA Patriot Act and the politics of fear. In J. Ferrell et al. (Eds.), Cultural criminology unleashed (pp. 459–472). OUP.
   Google Scholar
• Hayward, K., & Young, J. (2007). Cultural Criminology. In M. Maguire, R. Morgan, & R. Reiner (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of criminology (pp. 102–121). Oxford: OUP.
   Google Scholar
• Hehir, A., Kuhrt, N., & Mumford, A. (Eds.). (2011). International law, security and ethics: Policy challenges in the post-9/11 world. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Hill, M. (2018, October). Report of the independent reviewer of terrorism legislation, on the operation of the Terrorism Acts 2000 and 2006, the Terrorism Prevention and Investigation Measures Act 2011, and the Terrorist Asset Freezing etc. Act 2010. London: HMSO.
   Google Scholar
• Hirsch, A. V. (1985). Past or future crimes: Deservedness and dangerousness in the sentencing of criminals. Rutgers University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Home Office. (2009). Statistics on terrorism arrests and outcomes Great Britain September 11, 2001 to March 31, 2008 (04/09, Home Office, London).
   Google Scholar
• Home Office. (2010–2019). Statistics on terrorism arrests. [Online]. Retrieved from https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/statistics-on-terrorism-arrests
   Google Scholar
• Home Office Statistical Bulletin 32/19. Individuals referred to and supported through the prevent programme, England and Wales, April 2018 to March 2019. London: HMSO.
   Google Scholar
• Honderich, T. (2002). After the terror. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
   Google Scholar
• House of Commons Written Statement 287 (HCWS287). (2015, February 12). Witness statement by the secretary of state for the home department (Mrs Theresa May).
   Google Scholar
• Jackson, J., & Doran, S. (1995). Judge without jury: Diplock trials in the adversary system. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
   Google Scholar
• Jenkins, B. (2000). Terrorism. In E. Borgatta & R. Montgomery (Eds.), Encyclopaedia of sociology. (Vol. 5) New York: Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Law Commission. (2009). The admissibility of expert evidence in criminal proceedings in England and Wales: A new approach to the determination of evidentiary reliability. Law Com. Consultation Paper No. 190.
   Google Scholar
• Law Commission. (2011). Expert evidence in criminal proceedings in England and Wales. Law Com. Report No. 325. Retrieved January 20, 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Liberty. (2010a). Liberty’s response to Lord Carlile’s review of the definition of terrorism. London: Liberty.
   Google Scholar
• Liberty. (2010b). Terrorism pre-charge detention comparative law study. London: Liberty.
   Google Scholar
• Lyon, D. (2001). Surveillance society: Monitoring everyday life. Philadelphia: Open University Press.
   Google Scholar
• McConville, M., & Wilson, G. (Eds.). (2002). The handbook of criminal justice process. Oxford: OUP.
   Google Scholar
• MacDonald, L. (2011). Review of counter-terrorism and security powers. London: HMSO.
   Google Scholar
• Manningham-Buller, E. (2005). The international terrorist threat and the dilemmas countering it, security service MI5.
   Google Scholar
• McIntyre, T. J., (2016). Judicial oversight of surveillance: The case of Ireland in comparative perspective. In M. Scheinin (Ed.), Judges as guardians of constitutionalism and human rights (pp. 136–164). Edward Elgar Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Mclaughlin, E. (2006). Terrorism. In E. Mclaughlin & J. Muncie (Eds.), Sage dictionary of criminology (2nd ed.). London: Sage. In Carrabine, E. et al. (2014). Criminology: A Sociological Introduction (3rd ed.). London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Murray, C. R. G. (2016). Nudging or fudging? The UK courts’ counterterrorism jurisprudence since 9/11. Journal of Conflict and Security Law, 21(1), 91–113.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Operation of police powers under the Terrorism Act 2000 and subsequent legislation: Arrests, outcomes, and stop and search, Great Britain, year ending December 2019. Statistical Bulletin. HMSO.
   Google Scholar
• Paisley, I. (1991). Reasonable doubt: Case for the U. D. R. Four. Cork: The Mercier Press Ltd.
   Google Scholar
• Perera, A. R. Draft comprehensive convention on international terrorism, Chapter 9 (pp. 152–162). Edward Elgar Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Philippon, A. C., Cherryman, J., Vrij, A., & Bull, R. (2008). Why is my voice so easily recognized in identity parades? Influence of first impressions on voice identification. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 15, 70–77.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Picinali, F. (2015). The threshold lies in the method: Instructing jurors about reasoning beyond reasonable doubt. International Journal of Evidence and Proof, 19(3), 139–153.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Press Association. (2017, July 30). UK ‘has stripped 150 jihadists and criminals of citizenship’. The Guardian.
   Google Scholar
• Privy Council Review of intercept as evidence: Report to the Prime Minister and the Home Secretary Cm 7324, London, 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Reinares, F. (2009). Jihadist radicalization and the 2004 Madrid bombing network. CTC Sentinel, Combating Terror Centre, United States Military Academy, 2(11), 16–19.
   Google Scholar
• Saul, B. (2006). Defining terrorism in international law. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Saul, B. (Ed.). (2014). Research handbook on international law and terrorism. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd.
   Google Scholar
• Schmitt, G. (2010). Safety, liberty, and Islamist terrorism: American and European approaches to domestic counterterrorism. AEI Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sharpe, S. (2002). Covert surveillance and the use of informants. In M. McConville & G. Wilson (Eds.), The handbook of criminal justice process (pp. 59–74). Oxford: OUP.
   Google Scholar
• Sharpe, R. J. (1976). Law of habeas corpus. Oxford: OUP.
   Google Scholar
• Singh, C. (2015). Quis Custodiet Ipsos Custodies? Should justice beware: A review of voice identification evidence in light of advances in biometric voice identification technology. Vol. 11, 1–28. De Gruyter.
   Google Scholar
• Special Advocates Further Memorandum to the joint Committee on Human Rights on the Justice and Security Bill. (2013).
   Google Scholar
• Stanford, B. (2017). The complexities of contemporary terrorism trials laid bare. Criminal Law and Justice, 181(33), 594. Internet.
   Google Scholar
• Thayer, J. B. (1898). A preliminary treatise on evidence at the common law. Boston: Little, Brown and Company.
   Google Scholar
• The Guardian. (2017). UK ‘has stripped 150 jihadists and criminals of citizenship’.
   Google Scholar
• Travis, A. (2017). Man who escaped mosque in burqa was under counter-terror restrictions. The Guardian, November 5, 2013. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2013/nov/04/suspect-burqa-counter-terror-restrictions
   Google Scholar
• Vladeck, S. I. (2009). The case against national security court. Articles in Law Reviews and Other Academic Journals, 298. Manchester: Originally published in the Willamette Law Review at pp. 505–526.
   Google Scholar
• Wade, H. W. R. (1980). The Hamlyn lectures: Constitutional fundamentals (p. 55). London: Stevens and Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Walker, C. (1992). The prevention of terrorism is British Law (2nd ed.). Manchester University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Walker, C. (2007). Keeping control of terrorists without losing control of constitutionalism. Stanford Law Review, 59, 1395.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker, C. (2008). Know thine enemy as thyself: Discerning friend from foe under anti-terrorism laws. Melbourne Law Review, 32, 275.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker, C. (2009a). Prosecuting terrorism: The old Bailey versus Belmarsh. Amicus Curiae, 79, 664.
   Google Scholar
• Walker, C. (2009b). The anti-terrorism legislation (2nd ed.). Oxford: OUP.
   Google Scholar
• Walker, C., & Starmer, K. (1999). Miscarriages of justice: A review of justice in error. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wintour, P., & Watt, N. (2015, September 7). UK forces kill British Isis fighters in targeted drone strike on Syrian city. The Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2015/sep/07/uk-forces-airstrike-killed-isis-briton-reyaad-khan-syria
   Google Scholar
• Zedner, L. (2009). Security. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar