A Genetic Study of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Conduct Disorder, Oppositional Defiant Disorder and Reading Disability: Aetiological overlaps and implications

References

• American Psychiatric Association . 2000 . Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders , (4th ed.) , Washington , DC : Author .
   Google Scholar
• Bates , T. C. , Castles , A. , Coltheart , M. , Gillespie , N. , Wright , M. and Martin , N. G. 2004 . Behaviour genetic analyses of reading and spelling: A component processes approach . Australian Journal of Psychology , 56 : 115 – 126 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biederman , J. , Faraone , S. , Keenan , K. , Knee , D. and Tsuang , M. 1990 . Family‐genetic and psychosocial risk factors in DSM‐III Attention Deficit Disorder . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 29 : 526 – 533 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caron , C. and Rutter , M. 1991 . Comorbidity in child psychopathology: Concepts, issues and research strategies . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 32 : 1063 – 1080 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen , D. J. , Dibble , E. , Grawe , J. M. and Pollin , W. 1975 . Reliably separating identical from fraternal twins . Archives of General Psychiatry , 32 : 1371 – 1375 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dick , D. , Viken , R. , Kaprio , J. , Pulkkinen , L. and Rose , J. 2005 . Understanding the covariation among childhood externalizing symptoms: Genetic and environmental influences on conduct disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and oppositional defiant disorder symptoms . Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology , 33 : 219 – 229 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faraone , S. V. , Biederman , J. and Friedman , D. 2000 . Validity of DSM‐IV subtypes of attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A family study perspective . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 39 : 300 – 307 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fergusson , D. and Horwood , L. 1992 . Attention deficit and reading achievement . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 33 : 375 – 385 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedman , M. , Chhabildas , N. , Budhiraja , N. , Willcutt , E. and Pennington , B. 2003 . Etiology of the comorbidity between RD and ADHD: Exploration of the non‐random mating hypothesis . American Journal of Human Genetics , 120B : 109 – 115 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gayan , J. and Olson , R. K. 2001 . Genetic and environmental influences on orthographic and phonological skills in children with reading disabilities . Developmental Neuropsychology , 20 : 483 – 507 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graetz , B. W. , Sawyer , M. G. , Hazell , P. , Arney , F. and Baghurst , P. 2001 . Validity of DSM‐IV ADHD subtypes in a nationally representative sample of Australian children and adolescents . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 40 (12) : 1410 – 1417 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hay , D. A. and Levy , F. 2001 . “ Implications of genetic studies of attentional problems for education and intervention ” . In Attention genes and ADHD , Edited by: Levy , F. and Hay , D. A. 214 – 224 . East Sussex , , UK : Brunner‐Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Hay , D. A. , Bennett , K. S. , McStephen , M. , Rooney , R. and Levy , F. 2004 . Attention deficit‐hyperactivity disorder in twins: A developmental genetic analysis . Australian Journal of Psychology , 56 (2) : 99 – 107 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hay , D. A. , McStephen , M. and Levy , F. 2001 . “ The developmental genetics of ADHD ” . In Attention genes and ADHD , Edited by: Levy , F. and Hay , D. A. 58 – 79 . East Sussex , , UK : Brunner‐Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Levy , F. and Hay , D. , eds. 2001 . Attention, genes and ADHD , East Sussex , , UK : Brunner‐Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Levy , F. , Hay , D. and Bennett , K. S. 2006 . Genetics of ADHD: A current review and future prospects . The International Journal of Disability, Development and Education , 53 : 5 – 20 .
   Google Scholar
• Levy , F. , Hay , D. A. , Bennett , K. and McStephen , M. 2005 . Gender differences in ADHD subtype comorbidity . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 44 : 368 – 376 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levy , F. , Hay , D. , McLaughlin , M. , Wood , C. and Waldman , I. 1996 . Twin sibling differences in parental reports of ADHD, speech, reading and behaviour problems . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 37 : 569 – 578 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levy , F. , Hay , D. , Waldman , I. and McStephen , M. 2001 . Common family environment and comorbidity in ADHD . ADHD Report , 10 : 9 – 14 .
   Google Scholar
• Loo , S. K. , Fisher , S. E. , Francks , C. , Ogdie , M. , MacPhie , I. Yang , M. 2004 . Genome‐wide scan of reading ability in affected sibling pairs with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Unique and shared genetic effects . Molecular Psychiatry , 9 : 485 – 493 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mannuzza , S. , Klein , R. , Abikoff , H. and Moulton III , J. 2004 . Significance of childhood conduct problems to later development of conduct disorder among children with ADHD: A prospective follow‐up study . Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology , 32 : 565 – 573 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin , N. , Scourfield , J. and McGuffin , P. 2002 . Observer effects and the heritability of childhood Attention‐Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder symptoms . British Journal of Psychiatry , 180 : 260 – 265 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDougall , M. , Hay , D. A. and Bennett , K. in press . Having a cotwin with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder . Twin Research and Human Genetics ,
   Google Scholar
• McGuffin , P. , Owen , M. , O’Donovan , M. , Thapar , A. and Gottesman , I. 1994 . Seminars in Psychiatric Genetics , London : Gaskell .
   Google Scholar
• Milberger , S. , Faraone , S. , Biederman , J. , Testa , M. and Tsuang , M. 1996 . New phenotype definition of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in relatives for genetic analyses . American Journal of Medical Genetics , 67 : 369 – 377 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neale , M. C. 1997 . Mx: Statistical modelling , Richmond , VA : Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics .
   Google Scholar
• Neale , M. C. and Cardon , L. R. 1992 . Methodology for genetic studies of twins and families , Dordrecht , , The Netherlands : Kluwer Academic Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Neuman , R. , Heath , A. C. , Reich , W. , Bucholz , K. K. , Madden , P. A. F. Sun , L. 2001 . Latent class analysis of ADHD and comorbid symptoms in a population sample of adolescent female twins . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 42 : 933 – 942 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nichols , R. C. and Bilbro , W. C. Jr. 1966 . The diagnosis of twin zygosity . Acta Genetica et Statistica Medica , 16 : 265 – 275 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Satterfield , J. and Schell , A. 1997 . A prospective study of hyperactive boys with conduct problems and normal boys: Adolescent and adult criminality . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 36 : 1726 – 1735 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sawyer , M. G. , Rey , J. M. , Arney , F. M. , Whitham , J. N. , Clark , J. J. and Baghurst , P. A. 2004 . Use of health and school‐based services in Australia by young people with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 43 : 1355 – 1363 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scourfield , J. , Van den Bree , M. , Martin , N. and McGuffin , P. 2004 . Conduct problems in children and adolescents: A twin study . Archives of General Psychiatry , 61 : 489 – 496 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shaywitz , S. , Shaywitz , B. , Fletcher , J. and Escobar , M. 1990 . Prevalences of reading disability in boys and girls . Journal of the American Medical Association , 264 : 998 – 1002 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SPSS for Windows, Rel. 12.0.1 . 2003 . Chicago , IL : SPSS Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Stevenson , J. 2001 . “ Comorbidity of reading/spelling disability and ADHD ” . In Attention, genes, and ADHD , Edited by: Levy , F. and Hay , D. A. 99 – 114 . East Sussex , , UK : Brunner‐Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Taylor , E. , Dopfner , M. , Sergeant , J. , Asherson , P. , Banaschewski , T. Buitelaar , J. 2004 . European clinical guidelines for Hyperkinetic Disorder—First upgrade . European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 13 (Suppl. 1) : 7 – 30 .
   Google Scholar
• Thapar , A. , Harrington , R. and McGuffin , P. 2001 . Examining the comorbidity of ADHD‐related behaviours and conduct problems using a twin study design . British Journal of Psychiatry , 179 : 224 – 229 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Volk , H. , Neuman , R. and Todd , R. 2005 . A systematic evaluation of ADHD and comorbid psychopathology in a population‐based twin sample . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 44 : 768 – 775 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waldman , I. D. , Rhee , S. H. , Levy , F. and Hay , D. A. 2001 . “ Causes of the overlap among symptoms of ADHD, Oppositional Defiant Disorder, and Conduct Disorder ” . In Attention, genes, and ADHD , Edited by: Levy , F. and Hay , D. A. 115 – 138 . East Sussex , , UK : Brunner‐Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Willcutt , E. and Pennington , B. 2000 . Comorbidity of reading disability and attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Differences by gender and subtype . Journal of Learning Disabilities , 33 : 179 – 191 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willcutt , E. , Boada , R. , Pennington , B. and Riddle , M. “ A parent‐report screening questionnaire for learning difficulties in children ” . (in press).
   Google Scholar
• Willcutt , E. , Pennington , B. and DeFries , J. 2000 . Twin study of the etiology of comorbidity between reading disability and attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder . American Journal of Medical Genetics , 96 : 293 – 301 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willcutt , E. G. , Pennington , B. F. , Smith , S. D. , Cardon , L. R. , Gayan , J. Knopik , V. 2002 . Quantitative trait locus for reading disability on chromosome 6p is pleiotropic for ADHD . American Journal of Medical Genetics (Neuropsychiatric Genetics) , 114 : 260 – 268 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar