The limits of civil society in militarised regimes: evidence from the Asia-Pacific

References

• ABC (Australian Broadcasting Corporation). 2010. “Interview with Fiji's Interim Prime Minister, Commodore Frank Bainimarama, Foreign Correspondent, Australian Broadcasting Corporation.” Accessed August 3. abc.net.au.
   Google Scholar
• Alagappa, Muthiah, ed. 2004. Civil Society and Political Change in Asia: Expanding and Contracting Democratic Space. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bunte, Marco. 2011. Burma's transition to “Disciplined Democracy”: Abdication or Institutionalization of Military Rule? Hamburg: GIGA German Institute of Global and Area Studies. Working Paper No. 177.
   Google Scholar
• Callaghan, Mary. 2003. Making Enemies: War and State Building in Burma. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Callahan, Mary. 2012. “The Generals loosen their grip.” Journal of Democracy 23 (4): 120–131. doi: 10.1353/jod.2012.0072
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collier, David, and Steven Levitsky. 1997. “Democracy with Adjectives: Conceptual Innovation in Comparative Research.” World Politics 49 (3): 430–451. doi: 10.1353/wp.1997.0009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Croissant, Aurel. 2013. “Coups and Post-coup Politics in Southeast Asia and the Pacific: Conceptual and Comparative Perspectives.” Australian Journal of International Affairs 67 (3): 264–280. doi: 10.1080/10357718.2013.788121
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Croissant, Aurel, and David Kuehn. 2009. “Patterns of Civilian Control of the Military in East Asia's New Democracies.” Journal of East Asian Studies 9 (2): 187–207.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Croissant, Aurel, David Kuehn, Philip Lorenz, and Paul Chambers. 2013. Democratization and Civilian Control in Asia. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• De Tocqueville, Alexis. 1966. Democracy in America. Edited by George Lawrence. New York: Harper and Row.
   Google Scholar
• Diamond, Larry. 1999. Developing Democracy: Toward Consolidation. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Edwards, Michael. 2004. Civil Society. Cambridge: Polity Press.
   Google Scholar
• Farrelly, Nicholas. 2013. “Discipline without Democracy: Military Dominance in Post-colonial Burma.” Australian Journal of International Affairs 67 (3): 312–326. doi: 10.1080/10357718.2013.788122
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FEO (Fijian Elections Office). 2014. “Final Results for the 2014 General Election.” Accessed October 16. http://www.electionsfiji.gov.fj/2014-election-results/.
   Google Scholar
• Fraenkel, Jon. 2011. “Fiji.” The Contemporary Pacific 23 (2): 456–476. doi: 10.1353/cp.2011.0055
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fraenkel, Jon. 2013. “The Origins of Military Autonomy in Fiji: A Tale of Three Coups.” Australian Journal of International Affairs 67 (3): 327–341. doi: 10.1080/10357718.2013.788125
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fraenkel, Jon. 2014. “Melanesia in Review: Issues and Events, 2013: Fiji.” The Contemporary Pacific 26 (2): 476–495. doi: 10.1353/cp.2014.0032
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fraenkel, Jon. 2015. “An Analysis of Provincial, Urban and Ethnic Loyalties in Fiji's 2014 Election.” The Journal of Pacific History 50 (1): 38–53. doi: 10.1080/00223344.2015.1013598
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fraenkel, Jon, and Stewart Firth, eds. 2007. From Election to Coup in Fiji: The 2006 Campaign and its Aftermath. Canberra: ANU E Press, Asia Pacific Press and IPS Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Fraenkel, Jon, Stewart Firth, and Brij V. Lal, eds. 2009. The 2006 Military Takeover in Fiji: A Coup to End All Coups? State, Society and Governance in Melanesia Program Studies in State and Society in the Pacific, No. 4. Canberra: ANU E Press.
   Google Scholar
• Geddes, Barbara. 1999. “What Do We Know about Democratization after Twenty Years?” Annual Review of Political Science 2 (2): 115–144. doi: 10.1146/annurev.polisci.2.1.115
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geddes, Barbara, Erica Frantz, and Joseph G. Wright. 2014. “Military Rule.” Annual Review of Political Science 17: 147–162. doi: 10.1146/annurev-polisci-032211-213418
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gramsci, Antonio. 1971. Selections from the Prison Notebooks. New York: International Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Heidel, Brian. 2006. The Growth of Civil Society in Myanmar. Bangalore: Books for Change.
   Google Scholar
• Hewison, Kevin, and Susanne Prager Nyein. 2010. “Civil Society and Political Oppositions in Burma.” In Myanmar: Prospect for Change, edited by Li Chenyang and Wilhelm Hofmeister, 13–34. Singapore: Select Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Hewison, Kevin, and Garry Rodan. 1996. “The Ebb and Flow of Civil Society and the Decline of the Left in Southeast Asia.” In Political Oppositions in Industrialising Asia, edited by Garry Rodan, 40–71. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Hlaing, Kyaw Yin. 2009. “Setting the Rules for Survival: Why the Burmese Military Regime Survives in an Age of Democratization.” The Pacific Review 22 (3): 271–291. doi: 10.1080/09512740903068347
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes, Caroline. 2009. “Civil Society in Southeast Asia.” In Contemporary Southeast Asia, edited by Mark Beeson, 125–142. 2nd ed. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Huntington, Samuel P. 1991. The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
   Google Scholar
• James, Helen. 2014. “The Democratic Transition in Myanmar: Will the Reforms be Sustained?” In Democracy in Eastern Asia: Issues, Problems and Challenges in a Region of Diversity, edited by Edmund S. K. Fung and Steven Drakeley, 205–223. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Larmour, Peter. 2010. “From Clean Up to FICAC: Anti-corruption in Fiji's Post Coup Politics.” Crime, Law and Social Change 53 (1): 55–66. doi: 10.1007/s10611-009-9212-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lipset, Seymour Martin. 1959. “Some Social Requisites of Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy.” American Political Science Review 53 (1): 69–105. doi: 10.2307/1951731
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lorch, Jasmin. 2008a. “Stopgap or Change Agent? The Role of Burma's Civil Society after the Crackdown.” Internationales Asienforum 39 (1–2): 21–54.
   Google Scholar
• Lorch, Jasmin. 2008b. “The (Re-) emergence of Civil Society in Areas of State Weakness: The Case of Education in Burma/Myanmar.” In Dictatorship, Disorder and Decline in Myanmar, edited by Monique Skidmore and Trevor Wilson, 151–176. Canberra: ANU Press.
   Google Scholar
• Matthews, Bruce. 1993. “Buddhism under a Military Regime: The Iron Heel in Burma.” Asian Survey 33 (4): 408–423. doi: 10.2307/2645106
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCarthy, Stephen. 2004. “The Buddhist Political Rhetoric of Aung San Suu Kyi.” Contemporary Buddhism 5 (2): 67–81. doi: 10.1080/1463994042000291556
   Google Scholar
• McCarthy, Stephen. 2008. “Overturning the Alms Bowl: The Price of Survival and the Consequences for Political Legitimacy in Burma.” Australian Journal of International Affairs 62 (3): 298–314. doi: 10.1080/10357710802286767
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCarthy, Stephen. 2010. “Legitimacy under Military Rule: Burma.” Politics and Policy 38 (3): 545–569. doi: 10.1111/j.1747-1346.2010.00248.x
   Google Scholar
• McCarthy, Stephen. 2011. “Soldiers, Chiefs and Church: Unstable Democracy in Fiji.” International Political Science Review 32 (5): 563–578. doi: 10.1177/0192512111418775
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morlino, Leonardo. 2009. “Are There Hybrid Regimes? Or are They Just an Optical Illusion?” European Political Science Review 1 (2): 273–296. doi: 10.1017/S1755773909000198
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morlino, Leonardo, Bjoern Dressel, and Riccardo Pelizzo. 2011. “The Quality of Democracy in Asia-Pacific: Issues and Findings.” International Political Science Review 32 (5): 491–511. doi: 10.1177/0192512111418334
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NCBBF (National Council for Building a Better Fiji). 2008. Draft People's Charter for Change, Peace and Progress. Suva: NCBBF. http://www.pidp.org/pireport/special/draftcharter.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Ottaway, Marina. 2004. “Civil Society.” In Politics in the Developing World, edited by Peter J. Burnell and Vicky Randall, 120–135. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Pedersen, Morten. 2011. “The Politics of Transition in Burma: Opportunities for Change and Options for Democrats.” Critical Asian Studies 43 (1): 49–68. doi: 10.1080/14672715.2011.537851
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ratuva, Steven. 2005. “Politics of Ethno-national Identity in a Postcolonial Communal Democracy: The Case of Fiji.” In Ethnicity, Class and Nationalism: Caribbean and Extra-Caribbean Dimensions, edited by Anton L. Lanham Allahar, 171–198. Maryland: Lexington Books.
   Google Scholar
• Rodan, Garry. 1996. “Theorising Political Opposition in East and Southeast Asia.” In Political Oppositions in Industrialising Asia, edited by Garry Rodan, 1–39. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Scott, James. 2009. The Art of Not Being Governed: An Anarchist History of Upland Southeast Asia. New Haven: Yale University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Selth, Andrew. 2008. “Burma's ‘Saffron Revolution’ and the Limits of International Influence.” Australian Journal of International Affairs 62 (3): 281–297. doi: 10.1080/10357710802286742
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selth, Andrew. 2010. Civil-military Relations in Burma: Portents, Predictions and Possibilities. Griffith Asia Institute, Regional Outlook No. 25. Brisbane: Griffith University.
   Google Scholar
• South, Ashley. 2008. Civil Society in Burma: The Development of Democracy amidst Conflict. Policy Studies 51 (Southeast Asia). Washington, DC: East-West Center.
   Google Scholar
• Steinberg, David. 1997. “A Void in Myanmar: Civil Society in Burma.” The Burma Library. www.burmalibrary.org.
   Google Scholar
• Steinberg, David. 2001. Burma: The State of Myanmar. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Thar Gyi. 2010. “USDP Wins 76.5 Perecnt of Vote.” The Irrawaddy, November 18. www.irrawaddy.org.
   Google Scholar
• Thompson, Mark R. 2008. “People Power Sours: Uncivil Society in Thailand and the Philippines.” Current History 107 (712): 381–387.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tusalem, Rollin. 2014. “Bringing the Military Back In: The Politicisation of the Military and its Effect on Democratic Consolidation.” International Political Science Review 35 (4): 482–501. doi: 10.1177/0192512113496683
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walton, Matthew, and Susan Hayward. 2014. Contesting Buddhist Narratives: Democratization, Nationalism and Communal Violence in Myanmar. Policy Studies 71. Honolulu: East-West Center.
   Google Scholar