The Vietnam Women’s Union and the Contradictions of a Socialist Gender Regime

References

• Acker, J. (1990). Hierarchies, jobs, bodies: A theory of gendered organizations. Gender & Society, 4(2), 139–158.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Acker, J. (1992). From sex roles to gendered institutions. Contemporary Sociology, 21(5), 565–569.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Acker, J. (2006a). Class questions: Feminist answers. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.
   Google Scholar
• Acker, J. (2006b). Inequality regimes: Gender, class and race in organizations. Gender & Society, 20(4), 441–464.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barry, K. (1996). Introduction. In K. Barry (Ed.), Vietnam’s women in transition (pp. 1–20). Basingstoke: Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Batliwala, S. (1993). Empowerment of women in South Asia. New Delhi: Asian–South Pacific Bureau of Adult Education and FAO’s Freedom from Hunger Campaign/Action for Development.
   Google Scholar
• Bourdieu, P. (1986). The forms of capital. In J. Richardson (Ed.), Handbook of theory and research for the sociology of education (pp. 241–258). New York: Greenwood.
   Google Scholar
• Collins, P. H. (1994). Shifting the center: Race, class and feminist theorizing about motherhood. In E. N. Glenn, G. Chang, & L. R. Forcey (Eds.), Mothering: Ideology, experience and agency (pp. 45–66). New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Cuddy, A. J., Fiske, S. T., & Glick, P. (2004). When professionals become mothers, warmth doesn’t cut the ice. Journal of Social Issues, 60(4), 701–718.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• District 11 Trade Unions. (2017). Phong trào thi đua Giỏi việc nước – Đảm việc nhà trong nữ công nhân viên chức – lao động (“Accomplished in schoolwork, adept at housework” movement among female state employees). Retrieved from http://ldldq11.org.vn/gioi-thieu/cac-ban-chuyen-de/ban-nu-cong/item/428-phong-tr%C3%A0o-thi-%C4%91ua-gi%E1%BB%8Fi-vi%E1%BB%87c-n%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc-%C4%91%E1%BA%A3m-vi%E1%BB%87c-nh%C3%A0-trong-n%E1%BB%AF-cnvc-l%C4%91.html
   Google Scholar
• Domingo, P., Holmes, R., O’Neil, J., et al. (2015). Women’s voice and leadership in decision-making: Assessing the evidence. London: Overseas Development Institute. Retrieved from https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/9627.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Elias, R., & Lee, H. (2012). Underlying causes of poverty and vulnerability workshop report – sexual minorities: Homosexual men and women. Hanoi: CARE Vietnam.
   Google Scholar
• Endres, K. (1999). Images of womanhood in rural Vietnam and the role of the Vietnamese Women’s Union. In B. Dahm & V. J. Houben (Eds.), Vietnamese villages in transition (pp. 155–174). Passau: Passau University.
   Google Scholar
• Foucault, M. (2003). Society must be defended: Lectures at the Collège de France 1975–1976. New York: Picador.
   Google Scholar
• Gal, S., & Kligman, G. (2012). The politics of gender after socialism: A comparative–historical essay. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gammeltoft, T. (1999). Women’s bodies, women’s worries: Health and family planning in a Vietnamese rural community. Richmond: Curzon Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gammeltoft, T. (2001). The irony of sexual agency: Premarital sex in urban Northern Vietnam. In D. Belanger & J. Werner (Eds.), Gender, household, state: Doi Moi in Vietnam (pp. 111–128). New York: Cornell University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gammeltoft, T. (2002). Being special for somebody: Urban sexualities in contemporary Vietnam. Asian Journal of Social Science, 30(3), 476–492.
   Google Scholar
• Gammeltoft, T. (2014). Haunting images: A cultural account of selective reproduction in Vietnam. Berkeley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Glenn, E. N. (1994). Social constructions of mothering: A thematic overview. In E. N. Glenn, G. Chang, & L. R. Forcey (Eds.), Mothering: Ideology, experience and agency (pp. 1–32). New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Goodkind, D. (1995). Rising gender inequality in Vietnam since reunification. Pacific Affairs, 68(3), 342–359.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GSO. (2010). The 2009 Vietnam population and housing census: Major findings. Hanoi: General Statistics Office. Retrieved from https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sources/census/wphc/Viet%20Nam/Vietnam-Findings.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Haraway, D. (1988). Situated knowledges: The science question in feminism and the privilege of partial perspective. Feminist Studies, 14(3), 575–599.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harcourt, W. (1997). An analysis of reproductive health: Myths, resistance and new knowledge. In W. Harcourt (Ed.), Power, reproduction and gender: The intergenerational transfer of knowledge (pp. 8–34). London: Zed Books.
   Google Scholar
• Hồ Chí Minh. (2000). Hồ Chí Minh: Toàn tập [Ho Chi Minh – full volume]. Ha Noi: Nhà xuất bản Chính trị Quốc gia [National Political Publishing House].
   Google Scholar
• Ho Tai, H. (1996). Radicalism and the origins of the Vietnamese Revolution. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hoang, L. A. (2016). Moral dilemmas of transnational migration: Vietnamese women in Taiwan. Gender & Society, 30(6), 890–911.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoang, L. A. (2017). Governmentality in Asian migration regimes: The case of labour migration from Vietnam to Taiwan. Population, Space and Place, 23(3), 1–12.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoang, L. A., & Yeoh, B. (2012). Sustaining families across transnational spaces: Vietnamese migrant parents and their left-behind children. Asian Studies Review, 36(3), 307–327.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoang, L. A., & Yeoh, B. (2015). “I’d do it for love or for money”: Vietnamese women in Taiwan and the social construction of female migrant sexuality. Gender, Place and Culture, 22(5), 591–607.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoang, L. A., & Yeoh, B. S. A. (2011). Breadwinning wives and “left-behind” husbands: Men and masculinities in the Vietnamese transnational family. Gender & Society, 25(6), 717–739.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horat, E. (2017). Trading in uncertainty: Entrepreneurship, morality and trust in a Vietnamese textile-handling village. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Khuat, T. H. (2016). Women and development in Vietnam: Caught between social tradition and economic globalization. Regions and Cohesion, 6(2), 110–119.
   Google Scholar
• Leshkowich, A. M. (2006). Woman, Buddhist, entrepreneur: Gender, moral values and class anxiety in late Socialist Vietnam. Journal of Vietnamese Studies, 1(1–2), 277–313.
   Google Scholar
• Leshkowich, A. M. (2015). Essential trade: Vietnamese women in a changing marketplace. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press.
   Google Scholar
• Locke, C., Nguyen, T. N. H., & Nguyen, T. T. T. (2012). Struggling to sustain marriages and build families: Mobile husbands/wives and mothers/fathers in Ha Noi and Ho Chi Minh City. Journal of Vietnamese Studies, 7(4), 63–91.
   Google Scholar
• Luong, V. H. (2003). Gender relations: Ideologies, kinship practices and political economy. In V. H. Luong (Ed.), Postwar Vietnam: Dynamics of a transforming society (pp. 201–223). Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Marr, D. (1981). Vietnamese tradition on trial, 1920–1945. Berkeley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• MOIT. (2017). Những tấm gương phụ nữ “Giỏi việc nước, đảm việc nhà” (The “Accomplished in schoolwork, adept at housework” role models). Ministry of Industry and Trade. Retrieved from http://www.moit.gov.vn/vn/tin-tuc/7882/nhung-tam-guong-phu-nu-%E2%80%9Cgioi-viec-nuoc–dam-viec-nha%E2%80%9D.aspx
   Google Scholar
• MOL. (2018). Table 12–3: Foreign workers in productive industries and social welfare. Taipei: Taiwan Ministry of Labour. Retrieved from http://statdb.mol.gov.tw/html/mon/c12030.htm
   Google Scholar
• Nguyen-Vo, T. (2008). The ironies of freedom: Sex, culture and neoliberal governance in Vietnam. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
   Google Scholar
• Nguyen, B. T., & Thomas, M. (2004). Young women and emergent postsocialist sensibilities in contemporary Vietnam. Asian Studies Review, 28, 133–149.
   Google Scholar
• Nguyen, T. L. (2016). Childbirth, maternity and medical pluralism in French colonial Vietnam, 1880–1945. Rochester: University of Rochester Press.
   Google Scholar
• Nilan, P. (2012). Young people and globalizing trends in Vietnam. Journal of Youth Studies, 2(3), 353–370.
   Google Scholar
• Norris, P., & Inglehart, R. (2001). Women and democracy: Cultural obstacles to equal representation. Journal of Democracy, 12(3), 126–140.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pettus, A. (2003). Between sacrifice and desire: National identity and the governing of femininity in Vietnam. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Phạm, Q. P. (2013). The LGBT community in Viet Nam. Hanoi: Institute for Studies of Society, Economics and Environment (iSEE).
   Google Scholar
• Pistor, N., & Le, T. Q. (2013). Enclosing women’s rights in the kitchen cabinet? Interactions between the Vietnam Women’s Union, civil society and the state on gender equality. In G. Waibel, J. Ehlert, & H. N. Feuer (Eds.), Southeast Asia and the civil society gaze (pp. 93–112). Abingdon: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Resurreccion, B. P., & Ha, T. V. K. (2007). Able to come and go: Reproducing gender in female rural–urban migration in the Red River Delta. Population, Space and Place, 13, 211–224.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rich, A. (1983). Compulsory heterosexuality and lesbian existence. In A. Snitow, C. Stansell, & S. Thompson (Eds.), The power of desire (pp. 177–205). New York: Monthly Review Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ridgeway, C. L. (2001). Gender, status and leadership. Journal of Social Issues, 57(4), 637–655.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ridgeway, C. L. (2009). Framed before we know it: How gender shapes social relations. Gender & Society, 23(2), 145–160.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ridgeway, C. L., & Correll, S. J. (2004). Motherhood as a status characteristic. Journal of Social Issues, 60(4), 683–700.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubin, G. (1993). Thinking sex: Notes for a radical theory of the politics of sexuality. In H. Abelove, M. A. Barale, & D. Halperin (Eds.), The lesbian and gay studies reader (pp. 3–44). New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Ryan, M. K., Haslam, S. A., & Kulich, C. (2010). Politics and the glass cliff: Evidence that women are preferentially selected to contest hard-to-win seats. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 34(1), 56–64.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rydstrom, H. (2006). Sexual desires and “social evils”: Young women in rural Vietnam. Gender, Place and Culture, 13(3), 283–301.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rydstrom, H. (2012). Gendered corporeality and bare lives: Local sacrifices and sufferings during the Vietnam War. Signs, 37(2), 275–299.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rydström, H. (2016). Vietnam Women’s Union and the politics of representation: Hegemonic solidarity and a heterosexual family regime. In H. Danielsen, K. Jegerstedt, R. Muriaas, & B. Ytre-Arne (Eds.), Gendered citizenship and the politics of representation (pp. 209–234). London: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Rydstrom, H., & Drummond, L. (2004). Introduction. In L. Drummond & H. Rydstrom (Eds.), Gender practices in contemporary Vietnam (pp. 1–25). Singapore: Singapore University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Schuller, S. R., Hoang, T. A., Vu, S. H., et al. (2006). Constructions of gender in Vietnam: In pursuit of the “three criteria”. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 8(5), 383–394.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skeggs, B. (1997). Formations of class & gender: Becoming respectable. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• The Diplomat. (2014). Leading the way: Vietnam’s push for gay rights. Retrieved from https://thediplomat.com/2014/04/leading-the-way-vietnams-push-for-gay-rights
   Google Scholar
• Thời báo tài chính. (2018). Xuất khẩu lao động đạt số lượng kỷ lục trong năm 2017 (Labour export reached a record high in 2017). Retrieved from http://thoibaotaichinhvietnam.vn/pages/xa-hoi/2018-01-16/xuat-khau-lao-dong-dat-so-luong-ky-luc-trong-nam-2017-52751.aspx
   Google Scholar
• Tran, T. M. T. (2015). Divorce prevalence under the forces of individualism and collectivism in “shortcut” modernity in Vietnam. In K. Atsofumi (Ed.), Weaving women’s spheres in Vietnam: The agency of women in family, religion and community (pp. 81–115). Leiden: Brill.
   Google Scholar
• Truong, H. C. (2009). A home divided: Work, body and emotions in the post-Doi moi family. In M. Barbieri & D. Belanger (Eds.), Reconfiguring families in contemporary Vietnam (pp. 298–328). Stanford: Stanford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• UN. (2017). Life expectancy at birth. World Bank. Retrieved from http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.MA.IN?locations=VN
   Google Scholar
• UNDP. (2015). Human development report 2015: Work for human development. New York: UNDP. Retrieved from http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2015_human_development_report.pdf
   Google Scholar
• UNDP & USAID. (2014). Being LGBT in Asia: Viet Nam country report. Bangkok: USAID.
   Google Scholar
• UNESCO. (2017). Literacy rate, adult female (% of females ages 15 and above). World Bank. Retrieved from http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.ADT.LITR.FE.ZS?contextual=max&end=2010&locations=VN&start=2010&view=map&year_high_desc=false
   Google Scholar
• UNSTATS. (2017). Divorces and crude divorce rates by urban/rural residence: 2011–2015. United Nations Statistics Division. Retrieved from https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2.htm
   Google Scholar
• Vietnam Trade Unions. (2016). Phát triển phong trào thi đua Giỏi việc nước, đảm việc nhà trong nữ CNLĐ khu vực ngoài nhà nước (Promoting the “Accomplished in schoolwork, adept at housework” movement to female professionals and workers in the private sector). Retrieved from http://congdoan.vn/tin-tuc/chuyen-de-510/phat-trien-phong-trao-thi-dua-gioi-viec-nuoc-dam-viec-nha-trong-nu-cnld-khu-vuc-ngoai-nha-nuoc-137078.tld
   Google Scholar
• Vietnam Women’s Union. (2008). Phong trào thi đua “Phụ nữ tích cực lao động sáng tạo, xây dựng gia đình hạnh phúc” (“Women study actively, work creatively and nurture happy families” emulation movement). Retrieved from http://hoilhpn.org.vn/newsdetail.asp?CatId=197&NewsId=7836&lang=VN
   Google Scholar
• Vietnam Women’s Union. (2012a). Chức năng, nhiệm vụ, hệ thống tổ chức Hội LHPN Việt Nam (Function, mandate and organisational structure of Vietnam Women’s Union). Retrieved from http://hoilhpn.org.vn/newsdetail.asp?CatId=2&NewsId=18275&lang=VN
   Google Scholar
• Vietnam Women’s Union. (2012b). Women’s Union pamphlet. Hanoi: Vietnam Women’s Union.
   Google Scholar
• Vietnamnet. (2018). VN to send 100,000 workers abroad annually. Retrieved from https://english.vietnamnet.vn/fms/society/193095/vn-to-send-100-000-workers-abroad-annually.html
   Google Scholar
• Vung, N. D., Ostergren, P., & Krantz, G. (2008). Intimate partner violence against women in rural Vietnam – Different socio-demographic factors are associated with different forms of violence: Need for new intervention guidelines? BMC Public Health, 8(1), 55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waibel, G., & Glück, S. (2013). More than 13 million: Mass mobilisation and gender politics in the Vietnam Women’s Union. Gender & Development, 21(2), 343–361.
   Google Scholar
• Walsh, T. J. (2011). The law of the family in Vietnam: Assessing the Marriage and Family Law of Vietnam. California Western International Law Journal, 42, 61.
   Google Scholar
• Werner, J. (2006). Between memory and desire: Gender and the remembrance of war in Doi moi Vietnam. Gender, Place and Culture, 13(3), 303–315.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Werner, J. (2009). Gender, household and state in post-revolutionary Vietnam. Oxford: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• West, C., & Zimmerman, D. (1987). Doing gender. Gender & Society, 1(2), 125–151.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, L. (2009). Attitudes toward marriage in northern Vietnam: What qualitative data reveal about variations across gender, generation and geography. Journal of Population Research, 26(4), 285–304.
   Google Scholar
• Wischermann, J. (2010). Civil society action and governance in Vietnam: Selected findings from an empirical survey. Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs, 29(2), 3–40.
   Google Scholar
• Wisensale, S. K. (1999). Marriage and family law in a changing Vietnam. Journal of Family Issues, 20(5), 602–616.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Bank. (2005). Education in Vietnam: Development history, challenges and solutions. Hanoi: World Bank. Retrieved from http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EDUCATION/Resources/278200-1121703274255/1439264-1153425508901/Education_Vietnam_Development.pdf
   Google Scholar
• World Economic Forum. (2016). Vietnam. Retrieved from http://reports.weforum.org/global-gender-gap-report-2016/economies/#economy=VNM
   Google Scholar
• Yount, K. M., Higgins, E. M., VanderEnde, K. E., et al. (2016). Men’s perpetration of intimate partner violence in Vietnam: Gendered social learning and the challenges of masculinity. Men and Masculinities, 19(1), 64–84.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yount, K. M., VanderEnde, K., Zureick-Brown, S., et al. (2014). Measuring attitudes about women’s recourse after exposure to intimate partner violence: The ATT-RECOURSE scale. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 29(9), 1579–1605.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar