764
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

The Emergence of Populist Nationalism and ‘Illiberal’ Peacebuilding in Sri Lanka

References

  • Aiyar, Y., & Tillin, L. (2020). ‘One nation’, BJP, and the future of Indian federalism. India Review, 19(2), 117–135.
  • Anuzsiya, S. (1996). Standardisation in the university admissions and ethnic crisis in Sri Lanka. Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, 57, 799–807.
  • Banks, M., & Gingrich, A. (2006). Neo-nationalism in Europe and beyond. In A. Gingrich & M. Banks (Eds.), Neo-nationalism in Europe and beyond: Perspectives from social anthropology. Berghahn Books.
  • Bartholomeusz, T. J. (2005). In defense of dharma: Just-war ideology in Buddhist Sri Lanka. Routledge.
  • Bonikowski, B., Halikiopoulou, D., Kaufmann, E., & Rooduijn, M. (2019). Populism and nationalism in a comparative perspective: A scholarly exchange. Nations and Nationalism, 25(1), 58–81.
  • Boulding, K. E. (1977). Twelve friendly quarrels with Johan Galtung. Journal of Peace Research, 14(1), 75–86.
  • Brubaker, R. (2020). Populism and nationalism. Nations and Nationalism, 26(1), 44–66.
  • Canovan, M. (1981). Populism. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
  • Cheeseman, N., & Larmer, M. (2015). Ethnopopulism in Africa: Opposition mobilization in diverse and unequal societies. Democratization, 22(1), 22–50.
  • Clements, K. P. (2018). Authoritarian populism and atavistic nationalism: 21st-century challenges to peacebuilding and development. Journal of Peacebuilding & Development, 13(3), 1–6.
  • Cousens, E. M., Kumar, C., & Wermester, K. (2001). Peacebuilding as politics: Cultivating peace in fragile societies. Lynne Rienner.
  • De Cleen, B. (2017). Populism and nationalism. In C. R. Kaltwasser, P. Taggart, P. O. Espejo, & P. Ostiguy (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of populism. Oxford University Press.
  • De Oliveira, R. S. (2011). Illiberal peacebuilding in Angola. Journal of Modern African Studies, 49(2), 287–314.
  • de Silva, K. M. (2007). Sri Lanka’s troubled inheritance. International Centre for Ethnic Studies.
  • DeVotta, N. (2005). From ethnic outbidding to ethnic conflict: The institutional bases for Sri Lanka’s separatist war. Nations and Nationalism, 11(1), 141–159.
  • Dissanayaka, T. D. S. A. (1983). The agony of Sri Lanka: An in-depth account of the racial riots of 1983. Swastika Pvt. Limited.
  • Frydenlund, I. (2005). The Sangha and its relation to the peace process in Sri Lanka: A report for the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. International Peace Research Institute.
  • Fukuyama, F. (2018). The rise of populist nationalism. Credit Suisse Research Institute. https://www.credit-suisse.com/about-us-news/en/articles/news-and-expertise/francis-fukuyama-the-rise-of-populist-nationalism-201801.html
  • Galtung, J. (1990). Cultural violence. Journal of Peace Research, 27(3), 291–305.
  • Goodhand, J. (2010). Stabilising a victor’s peace: Humanitarian action and reconstruction in Eastern Sri Lanka. Disasters, 34(s3), 343–367.
  • Gunasekara, T. (2013). Militarisation, Lankan style. Economic and Political Weekly, 48(7), 33–38.
  • Herath, D. (2020). Constructing Buddhists in Sri Lanka and Myanmar: Imaginary of a historically victimised community. Asian Studies Review, 44(2), 315–334.
  • Höglund, K., & Orjuela, C. (2011). Winning the peace: Conflict prevention after a victor’s peace in Sri Lanka. Contemporary Social Science, 6(1), 19–37.
  • Höglund, K., & Orjuela, C. (2012). Hybrid peace governance and illiberal peacebuilding in Sri Lanka. Global Governance, 18(1), 89–104.
  • Holt, J. C. (Ed.). (2016). Buddhist extremists and Muslim minorities: Religious conflicts in contemporary Sri Lanka. Oxford University Press.
  • Ibsen, M. F. (2019). The populist conjuncture: Legitimation crisis in the age of globalised capitalism. Political Studies, 67(3), 795–811.
  • ICG [International Crisis Group]. (2006). Sri Lanka: The failure of the peace process. International Crisis Group.
  • Imtiyaz, A., & Stavis, B. (2008). Ethno-political conflict in Sri Lanka. Journal of Third World Studies, 25(2), 135–152.
  • Ionescu, G., & Gellner, E. (Eds.). (1969). Populism: Its meaning and national characteristics. Macmillan.
  • ITJP [International Truth and Justice Project]. (n.d.). Gotabaya’s inner circle. https://itjpsl.com/reports/gotabayas-inner-circle#english
  • Jayasundara-Smits, S. (2013). In pursuit of hegemony: Politics and state building in Sri Lanka. Unpublished doctoral thesis, Erasmus University, Rotterdam.
  • Jayawardena, K. (1987). The national question and the Left movement in Sri Lanka. In C. Abeysekera & N. Gunasinghe (Eds.), Facets of ethnicity in Sri Lanka. Social Scientists Association.
  • Jayawardena, K. (1990). Ethnic and class conflicts in Sri Lanka: Some aspects of Sinhala Buddhist consciousness over the past 100 years, Vol. 4. Sanjiva Books.
  • Kant, I. (1970). Perpetual peace: A philosophical sketch. In H. Reiss (Ed.), Kant’s political writings. Cambridge University Press.
  • Lewis, D. G. (2020). Sri Lanka’s Schmittian peace: Sovereignty, enmity, and illiberal order. Conflict, Security & Development, 20(1), 15–37.
  • Lewis, D., Heathershaw, J., & Megoran, N. (2018). Illiberal peace? Authoritarian modes of conflict management. Cooperation and Conflict, 53(4), 486–506.
  • McCargo, D., & Senaratne, D. (2020). Victor’s memory: Sri Lanka’s post-war memoryscape in comparative perspective. Conflict, Security & Development, 20(1), 97–113.
  • Meier, L. D. (2020). An intersectional approach to the understanding of patterns of marginalisation among ex-combatants with disabilities in Sri Lanka. Conflict, Security & Development, 20(4), 441–465.
  • Mudde, C. (2004). The populist Zeitgeist. Government and Opposition, 39(4), 541–563.
  • Nadarajah, S. (2014). Nationalism in Sri Lanka: Origins, growth, impact, challenges for democracy in a multiethnic society. Vijitha Yapa Publications.
  • Newman, E. (2011). A human security peacebuilding agenda. Third World Quarterly, 32(10), 1737–1756.
  • Newman, E., Paris, R., & Richmond, O. P. (2009). New perspectives on liberal peacebuilding. United Nations University Press.
  • Nuhman, M. A. (2016). Sinhala Buddhist nationalism and Muslim identity in Sri Lanka: One hundred years of conflict and coexistence. In J. C. Holt (Ed.), Buddhist extremists and Muslim minorities: Religious conflict in contemporary Sri Lanka. Oxford University Press.
  • Oakland Institute. (2015). The long shadow of war: The struggle for justice in post-war Sri Lanka. https://www.oaklandinstitute.org/long-shadow-war
  • Pappas, T. S. (2016). Are populist leaders ‘charismatic’? The evidence from Europe. Constellations, 23(3), 378–390.
  • Randazzo, E. (2017). Beyond liberal peacebuilding: A critical exploration of the local turn. Routledge.
  • Richardson, J. M. (2005). Paradise poisoned: Learning about conflict, terrorism and development from Sri Lanka’s civil wars. International Center for Ethnic Studies.
  • Richmond, O. P. (2007). Emancipatory forms of human security and liberal peacebuilding. International Journal, 62(3), 459–478.
  • Richmond, O. P. (2009). Becoming liberal, unbecoming liberalism: Liberal–local hybridity via the everyday as a response to the paradoxes of liberal peacebuilding. Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding, 3(3), 324–344.
  • Russell, J. (1982). Communal politics under the Donoughmore Constitution 1931–1947. Tissa Prakasakayo Ltd.
  • Sarvananthan, M. (2016). Elusive economic peace dividend in Sri Lanka: All that glitters is not gold. GeoJournal, 81(4), 571–596.
  • Scott, A. (2018). (Plebiscitary) leader democracy: The return of an illusion? Thesis Eleven, 148(1), 3–20.
  • Seoighe, R. (2017). War, denial, and nation-building in Sri Lanka: After the end. Palgrave.
  • Shastri, A. (2009). Ending ethnic civil war: The peace process in Sri Lanka. Commonwealth & Comparative Politics, 47(1), 76–99.
  • Silva, K. T. (2016). Gossip, rumour and propaganda in anti-Muslim campaigns of Bodu Bala Sena. In J. C. Holt (Ed.), Buddhist extremism and Muslim minorities: Religious conflicts in contemporary Sri Lanka. Oxford University Press.
  • Smith, C. Q., Waldorf, L., Venugopal, R., & McCarthy, G. (2020). Illiberal peacebuilding in Asia: A comparative overview. Conflict, Security & Development, 20(1), 1–14.
  • Solty, I. (2013). The crisis interregnum: From the new right-wing populism to the Occupy movement. Studies in Political Economy, 91(1), 85–112.
  • Spencer, J. (2016). Securitisation and its discontents: The end of Sri Lanka’s long post-war? Contemporary South Asia, 24(1), 94–108.
  • Stewart, A. (1969). The social roots. In G. Ionescu & E. Gellner (Eds.), Populism: Its meanings and national characteristics. Weidenfeld & Nicholson.
  • Stockemer, D. (2019). Introduction. In D. Stockemer (Ed.), Populism around the world: A comparative perspective. Springer Nature.
  • Subedi, D. B. (2018). Combatants to civilians: Rehabilitation and reintegration of Maoist fighters in Nepal’s peace process. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Subedi, D. B. (2021). Religion, extremism, and Buddhist–Muslim relations in Sri Lanka. In I. Ahmed, Z. Ahmed, H. Brasted, & S. Akbarzadeh (Eds.), Religion, extremism, and violence in South Asia. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Subedi, D. B., & Bulathsinhala, F. (2018). Sri Lanka’s developmental path to reconciliation: Narratives and counter-narratives from the margins. In B. Jenkins, D. Subedi, & K. Jenkins (Eds.), Reconciliation in conflict-affected communities: Practices and insights from the Asia Pacific. Springer.
  • Subedi, D. B., & Scott, A. (2021). Populism, authoritarianism, and charismatic-plebiscitary leadership in contemporary Asia: A comparative perspective from India and Myanmar. Contemporary Politics. Online first. https://doi.org/10.1080/13569775.2021.1917162
  • Teehankee, J. C., & Thompson, M. R. (2016). The vote in the Philippines: Electing a strongman. Journal of Democracy, 27(4), 125–134.
  • The Economist. (2010, 9 September). Eighteenth time unlucky. https://www.economist.com/leaders/2010/09/09/eighteenth-time-unlucky
  • Uyangoda, J. (2011). Trials of state reform in the context of protracted civil war in Sri Lanka. In K. Stokke & J. Uyangoda (Eds.), Liberal peace in question: Politics of state and market reform in Sri Lanka. Anthem Press.
  • Varshney, A. (2021). Populism and nationalism: An overview of similarities and differences. Studies in Comparative International Development, 56, 131–147.
  • Venugopal, R. (2011). The politics of market reform at a time of civil war: Military fiscalism in Sri Lanka. Economic and Political Weekly, 46(49), 67–75.
  • Venugopal, R. (2018). Nationalism, development, and ethnic conflict in Sri Lanka, Vol. 5. Cambridge University Press.
  • Weber, M. (2019[1922]). Economy and society: A new translation. Harvard University Press.
  • Weyland, K. (2001). Clarifying a contested concept: Populism in the study of Latin American politics. Comparative Politics, 34(1), 1–22.
  • World Bank. (n.d.). Armed forces personnel, total – Sri Lanka. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/MS.MIL.TOTL.P1?locations=LK
  • Yilmaz, F. (2012). Right-wing hegemony and immigration: How the populist far-right achieved hegemony through the immigration debate in Europe. Current Sociology, 60(3), 368–381.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.