Leftover or Individualised? Representations of Chinese Single Womanhood in Western English-language News Media

References

• Bauman, Z. (2001). The individualized society. Policy Press.
   Google Scholar
• Beck, U. (1992). Risk society: Towards a new modernity. SAGE Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Beck, U., & Beck-Gernsheim, E. (2002). Individualization: Institutionalized individualism and its social and political consequences. SAGE Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Becker, H. S. (1991). Outsiders: Studies in the sociology of deviance. Free Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bhatia, A. (2008). Discursive illusions in the American national strategy for combating terrorism. Journal of Language and Politics, 7(2), 201–227.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhatia, A. (2015). Discursive illusions in public discourse: Theory and practice. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Charteris-Black, J. (2004). Corpus approaches to critical metaphor analysis. Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Charteris-Black, J. (2011). Politicians and rhetoric: The persuasive power of metaphor (2nd ed.). Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Chen, J. (2013). Do not marry before age 30. Zhe Jiang Publishing United Group.
   Google Scholar
• Chen, Y. (2005). Xingbie hexie yu goujian shehui zhuyi hexie shehui [Gender harmony and the development of a harmonious socialist society]. Collection of Women’s Studies, 2(64), 11–15.
   Google Scholar
• Cohen, J. (1960). A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 20(1), 37–46.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collinsworth, E. ( 2015, 30 January). Sexism in China : Where women are second class citizens. The Telegraph.
   Google Scholar
• Cooper, M. ( 2014, 29 April). Over 27? Unmarried? Female? You’d be on the scrapheap in China. The Telegraph.
   Google Scholar
• Coupland, J., & Williams, A. (2002). Conflicting discourses, shifting ideologies: Pharmaceutical, ‘alternative’, and feminist emancipatory texts on the menopause. Discourse & Society, 13(4), 419–445.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Croll, E. J. (1980). Feminism and socialism in China. Schocken Books.
   Google Scholar
• Croll, E. J. (1983). Chinese women since Mao. Zed Books.
   Google Scholar
• Dahlerup, D. (2013). Disruption, continuity, and waves in the feminist movement. In S. Maddison & M. Sawer (Eds.), The women’s movement in protest, institutions, and the Internet: Australia in transnational perspective. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Danya, L. (2000). Chinese women’s culture: From tradition to modernization. Chinese Education & Society, 33(6), 24–36.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esser, F., & Umbricht, A. (2014). The evolution of objective and interpretative journalism in the Western press: Comparing six news systems since the 1960s. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 91(2), 229–249.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feldshuh, H. (2018). Gender, media, and myth-making: Constructing China’s leftover women. Asian Journal of Communication, 28(1), 38–54.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fincher, L. H. ( 2013, 18 August). China’s ‘leftover women’ choosing to stay single. Cable News Network. https://edition.cnn.com/2013/08/18/world/asia/on-china-single-women-leta-hong-fincher/index.html
   Google Scholar
• Fincher, L. H. ( 2014a, 12 May). China’s growing gender gap: Women are not just ‘leftover’ but left out. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2014/may/12/china-leftover-women-property-boom
   Google Scholar
• Fincher, L. H. (2014b). Leftover women: The resurgence of gender inequality in China. Zed Books.
   Google Scholar
• Fincher, L. H. ( 2018, 1 March). Xi Jinping’s authoritarian rise in China has been powered by sexism. Washington Post.
   Google Scholar
• Fullerton, J. ( 2015, 7 August). Single women travel to US to defy Beijing egg-freezing ban. The Times.
   Google Scholar
• Giddens, A. (1991). Modernity and self-identity: Self and society in the late modern age. Stanford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gueta, K., & Addad, M. (2013). Moulding an emancipatory discourse: How mothers recovering from addiction build their own discourse. Addiction Research & Theory, 21(1), 33–42.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall, S. (1997). Representation: Cultural representations and signifying practices. Sage Publications in Association with the Open University.
   Google Scholar
• He, G., & Wu, X. (2017). Marketization, occupational segregation, and gender earnings inequality in urban China. Social Science Research, 65, 96–111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hepburn, A. (2003). An introduction to critical social psychology. SAGE Publications.
   Google Scholar
• hooks, b. (2015). Feminism is for everybody: Passionate politics. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Huang, J. ( 2016, 12 April). Viral ad sparks outpouring for ‘leftover women’ in China. Voice of America.
   Google Scholar
• Jayyusi, L. (1984). Categorization and the moral order. Routledge & Kegan Paul.
   Google Scholar
• Josephi, B. (2013). How much democracy does journalism need? Journalism: Theory, Practice, & Criticism, 14(4), 474–489.
   Google Scholar
• Keenlyside, S. ( 2012, 30 July). Young, free, and shengnu: China’s Bridget Joneses. The Telegraph.
   Google Scholar
• Kim, Y. (2010). Female individualization? Transnational mobility and media consumption of Asian women. Media, Culture, & Society, 32(1), 25–43.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, Y. (Ed.). (2012). Women and the media in Asia: The precarious self. Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Kövecses, Z. (2010). Metaphor: A practical introduction (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kuriyama, M. (2012). Objectivity in reporting. In D. Callahan & P. Singer (Eds.), Encyclopedia of applied ethics. Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• Kurth, J. (2003). Western civilization: Our tradition. Intercollegiate Review, 39(1/2), 5–13.
   Google Scholar
• Lake, R. (2018). Leftover in China: The women shaping the world’s next superpower. W.W. Norton & Company.
   Google Scholar
• Lakoff, G. (1993). The contemporary theory of metaphor. In G. Lakoff (Ed.), Metaphor and thought (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lamont, A. (2020). Wretched? Women’s questions of love and labour in the People’s Republic of China. In J. Carter & L. Arocha (Eds.), Romantic relationships in a time of ‘cold intimacies’. Springer International Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Lazar, A., & Lazar, M. M. (2004). The discourse of the New World Order: ‘Out-casting’ the double face of threat. Discourse & Society, 15(2–3), 223–242.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazar, M. M. (2005). Politicising gender in discourse: Feminist critical discourse analysis as political perspective and praxis. In M. M. Lazar (Ed.), Feminist critical discourse analysis: Gender, power, and ideology in discourse. Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Lazar, M. M. (2007). Feminist critical discourse analysis: Articulating a feminist discourse praxis. Critical Discourse Studies, 4(2), 141–164.
   Google Scholar
• Lesthaeghe, R. (2010). The unfolding story of the second demographic transition. Population and Development Review, 36(2), 211–251.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leudar, I., Marsland, V., & Nekvapil, J. (2004). On membership categorization: ‘Us’, ‘them’, and ‘doing violence’ in political discourse. Discourse & Society, 15(2–3), 243–266.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levy, H. S. (1992). The lotus lovers: The complete history of the curious erotic custom of footbinding in China. Prometheus Books.
   Google Scholar
• Li, Y., & Li, W. (Eds.). (2013). The language situation in China. De Gruyter Mouton.
   Google Scholar
• Lilja, M. (2008). Power, resistance, and women politicians in Cambodia: Discourses of emancipation. NIAS Press.
   Google Scholar
• Luo, W., & Sun, Z. (2015). Are you the one? China’s TV dating shows and the Sheng Nü’s predicament. Feminist Media Studies, 15(2), 239–256.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maurer-Fazio, M., Rawski, T. G., & Zhang, W. (1999). Inequality in the rewards for holding up half the sky: Gender wage gaps in China’s urban labour market, 1988–1994. China Journal, 41, 55–88.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nartey, M. (2018). ‘I shall prosecute a ruthless war on these monsters … ’: A critical metaphor analysis of discourse of resistance in the rhetoric of Kwame Nkrumah. Critical Discourse Studies, 16(2), 113–130.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nartey, M. (2021). A feminist critical discourse analysis of Ghanaian feminist blogs. Feminist Media Studies, 21(4), 657–672.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nerone, J. (2013). The historical roots of the normative model of journalism. Journalism: Theory, Practice, & Criticism, 14(4), 446–458.
   Google Scholar
• New Statesman. ( 2010, 27 September). 50 people that matter 2010: 48. Han Han. New Statesman. https://global.factiva.com/ha/default.aspx#./!?&_suid=163730689721903671045459863609
   Google Scholar
• Qiao, J., & Feng, H. L. (2014). Assisted reproductive technology in China: Compliance and non-compliance. Translational Pediatrics, 3(2), 91–97.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Raelin, J. A. (2008). Emancipatory discourse and liberation. Management Learning, 39(5), 519–540.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rauhala, E. ( 2015, 4 August). Why China stops single women from freezing their eggs. Washington Post.
   Google Scholar
• Ren, Y. ( 2018, 22 August). Leftover in China by Roseann Lake review – a crisis of unmarried women? The Guardian.
   Google Scholar
• Sacks, H. (1992). Lectures on conversation. Blackwell Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Stevenson, J. ( 2014, 14 May). Q&A with Leta Hong Fincher: China’s leftover women. Voice of America.
   Google Scholar
• Tam, A. ( 2016, 14 April). The women they call ‘leftovers’. Daily Telegraph.
   Google Scholar
• Tang, D. ( 2018, 25 July). Beijing may let single women have IVF to boost birth rate. The Times.
   Google Scholar
• Time. (2010). The 2010 TIME 100. Time. http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/completelist/0,29569,1984685,00.html
   Google Scholar
• van Dijk, T. A. (1992). Discourse and the denial of racism. Discourse & Society, 3(1), 87–118.
   Google Scholar
• van Leeuwen, T. (2008). Discourse and practice: New tools for critical discourse analysis. Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Vucetic, S. (2011). The Anglosphere: A genealogy of a racialized identity in international relations. Stanford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wallis, C., & Shen, Y. (2018). The SK-II #changedestiny campaign and the limits of commodity activism for women’s equality in neo/non-liberal China. Critical Studies in Media Communication, 35(4), 376–389.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, H., & Yang, Y. ( 2017, 28 July). ‘Shengnu’ ‘zhinanai’ deng ciyu bei jinyong [The usage of ‘leftover girl’ and ‘straight men cancer’ etc. is banned]. China Women’s News. http://paper.cnwomen.com.cn/content/2017-07/28/040812.html
   Google Scholar
• Wright, M. ( 2017, 26 October). IKEA apologises after advert provokes complaints in China for being insensitive to single women. The Telegraph.
   Google Scholar
• Yan, Y. (2010). The Chinese path to individualization. British Journal of Sociology, 61(3), 489–512.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, M. M.-H. (1998). From gender erasure to gender difference: State feminism, consumer sexuality, and women’s public sphere in China. In M. M.-H. Yang (Ed.), Spaces of their own: Women’s public sphere in transnational China. University of Minnesota Press.
   Google Scholar
• Yu, Y. (2019a). Media representations of ‘leftover women’ in China: A corpus-assisted critical discourse analysis. Gender and Language, 13(3), 369–395.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu, Y. (2019b). Metaphorical representations of ‘leftover women’: Between traditional patriarchy and modern egalitarianism. Social Semiotics, 31(2), 248–265.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu, Y. (2020). Perpetuating and/or resisting the ‘leftover’ myth? The use of (de)legitimation strategies in the Chinese English-language news media. Feminist Media Studies. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2020.1837909
   Google Scholar
• Yu, Y., & Nartey, M. (2021). Constructing the myth of protest masculinity in Chinese English-language news media: A critical discourse analysis of the representation of ‘leftover men’. Gender and Language, 15(2), 1–20.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuan, X. (2018). Analysis on the reproductive rights of single women in China. Journal of Shandong Youth University of Political Science, 4(34), 86–90.
   Google Scholar
• Zelizer, B. (2012). On the shelf life of democracy in journalism scholarship. Journalism: Theory, Practice, & Criticism, 14(4), 459–473.
   Google Scholar