References
Primary Sources
- Legislation and Bills
- Anti-Discrimination Act 1998 (Tas).
- Anti-Discrimination Act 1977 (NSW).
- Anti-Discrimination Amendment Act 2015 (Tas).
- Discrimination Act 1991 (ACT).
- Discrimination Amendment Act 2018 (ACT).
- Discrimination Amendment Act 2023 (ACT).
- Equal Opportunity Act 1984 (SA).
- Equal Opportunity (Miscellaneous) Amendment Act 2009 (SA).
- Religious Discrimination Bill 2022 (Cth).
- Statutes Amendment (Gender Identity and Equity) Act 2016 (SA).
- International Instruments
- International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, opened for signature 19 December 1996, 999 UNTS 171 (entered into force 23 March 1976) (‘ICCPR’).
- Parliamentary Debates
- Australian Capital Territory, Parliamentary Debates, Legislative Assembly, 1 November 2018.
- Australian Capital Territory, Parliamentary Debates, Legislative Assembly, 27 November 2018.
- Australian Capital Territory, Parliamentary Debates, Legislative Assembly, 30 November 2022.
- Australian Capital Territory, Parliamentary Debates, Legislative Assembly, 23 March 2023.
- South Australia, Parliamentary Debates, House of Assembly, 14 July 2009.
- Tasmania, Parliamentary Debates, House of Assembly, 28 April 2015.
Secondary Sources
- Articles, Books and Book Chapters
- D Allen and A Blackham (2019) ‘Under Wraps: Secrecy, Confidentiality and the Enforcement of Equality Law in Australia and the United Kingdom’ 43(2) Melbourne University Law Review 384.
- D Allen, A Blackham and M Thornton (2021) ‘Introduction to the Special Issue “Using Transparency to Achieve Equality”’ 37(2) Law in Context 6.
- C Baines (2015) ‘A Delicate Balance: Religious Autonomy Rights and LGBTI Rights in Australia’ 10 Religion & Human Rights 45.
- R Barker (2019) ‘Religions Should Be Required to Be Transparent in Their Use of Exemptions in Anti-Discrimination Laws’ 44(3) Alternative Law Journal 191.
- R Barker (2020) ‘Children in Schools: The Battle Ground of Religious Belief’ 47(1) University of Western Australia Law Review 152.
- A Blackham (2018) ‘A Compromised Balance? A Comparative Examination of Exceptions to Age Discrimination Law in Australia and the UK’ 41(3) Melbourne University Law Review 1085.
- A Blackham (2021) ‘Positive Equality Duties: The Future of Equality and Transparency?’ 37(2) Law in Context 98.
- A Chapman (1996) ‘Australian Anti-Discrimination Law and Sexual Orientation: Some Observations on Terminology and Scope’ 3(3) Murdoch University Electronic Journal of Law 1.
- A Deagon (2019) ‘Maintaining Religious Freedom for Religious Schools: Options for Legal Protection after the Ruddock Review’ 247 St Mark’s Review 40.
- DT Eisenberg (2011) ‘Money, Sex, and Sunshine: A Market-Based Approach to Pay Discrimination’ 43 Arizona State Law Journal 951.
- L Elphick (2017) ‘Sexual Orientation and “Gay Wedding Cake” Cases Under Australian Anti-Discrimination Legislation: A Fuller Approach to Religious Exemptions’ 38 Adelaide Law Review 149.
- C Evans (2012) Legal Protection of Religious Freedom in Australia, Federation Press.
- C Evans and B Gaze (2010) ‘Discrimination by Religious Schools: Views from the Coal Face’ 34 Melbourne University Law Review 392.
- C Evans and L Ujvari (2009) ‘Non-Discrimination Laws and Religious Schools in Australia’ 30(1) Adelaide Law Review 31.
- S Fredman (2020) ‘Tolerating the Intolerant: Religious Freedom, Complicity, and the Right to Equality’ 9(2) Oxford Journal of Law and Religion 305.
- S Fredman (2021) ‘State Funding of Private Education: The Role of Human Rights’ in Frank Adamson et al (eds) Realizing the Abidjan Principles on the Right to Education, Edward Elgar.
- S Fredman (2022) Discrimination Law, 3rd ed, Oxford University Press.
- J Harrison and P Parkinson (2014) ‘Freedom beyond the Commons: Managing the Tension between Faith and Equality in a Multicultural Society’ 40(2) Monash University Law Review 413.
- D Hellman (2008) When Is Discrimination Wrong?, Cambridge University Press.
- T Hopkins (2021) ‘Litigating Racial Profiling: The Use of Statistical Data’ 37(2) Law in Context 37.
- J Hunyor (2003) ‘Skin-Deep: Proof and Inferences of Racial Discrimination in Employment’ 25(4) Sydney Law Review 535.
- T Khaitan and J Calderwood Norton (2019) ‘The Right to Freedom of Religion and the Right against Religious Discrimination: Theoretical Distinctions’ 17(4) International Journal of Constitutional Law 1125.
- GC Loury (1998) ‘Discrimination in the Post-Civil Rights Era: Beyond Market Interactions’ 12(2) Journal of Economic Perspectives 117.
- M Maddox (2014) Taking God to School: The End of Australia’s Egalitarian Education?, Allen & Unwin.
- A McColgan (2009) ‘Class Wars? Religion and (In)Equality in the Workplace’ 38(1) Industrial Law Journal 1.
- C McCrudden (2011) ‘Multiculturalism, Freedom of Religion, Equality, and the British Constitution: The JFS Case Considered’ 9(1) International Journal of Constitutional Law 200.
- C McCrudden (2020) ‘The Gay Cake Case: What the Supreme Court Did, and Didn’t, Decide in Ashers’ 9(2) Oxford Journal of Law and Religion 238.
- S Moreau (2020) Faces of Inequality: A Theory of Wrongful Discrimination, Oxford University Press.
- S Moulds (2020) ‘Drawing the Boundaries: The Scope of the Religious Bodies Exemptions in Australian Anti-Discrimination Law and Implications for Reform’ 47(1) University of Western Australia Law Review 112.
- D Nejaime and RB Siegel (2014) ‘Conscience Wars: Complicity-Based Conscience Claims in Religion and Politics’ 124(7) Yale Law Journal 2516.
- E Poulos (2018) ‘Protecting Freedom/Protecting Privilege: Church Responses to Anti-Discrimination Law Reform in Australia’ 24(1) Australian Journal of Human Rights 117.
- B Smith (2008) ‘From Wardley to Purvis - How Far Has Australian Anti-Discrimination Law Come in 30 Years?’ 21(1) Australian Journal of Labour Law 3.
- B Smith, M Schleiger and L Elphick (2019) ‘Preventing Sexual Harassment in Work: Exploring the Promise of Work Health and Safety Laws’ 32 Australian Journal of Labour Law 219.
- I Solanke (2017) Discrimination As Stigma: A Theory of Anti-Discrimination Law, Hart Publishing.
- CR Sunstein (1991) ‘Why Markets Don’t Stop Discrimination’ 8(2) Social Philosophy and Policy 22.
- M Thornton (1991) ‘The Public/Private Dichotomy: Gendered and Discriminatory’ 18 Journal of Law and Society 488.
- G Walsh (2014) ‘The Right to Equality and the Employment Decisions of Religious Schools’ 16 University of Notre Dame Australia Law Review 107.
- Law Reform Submissions and Reports
- Australian Discrimination Law Experts Group, Submission to the Commonwealth Attorney-General’s Department: Religious Discrimination Bill 2019 (Cth) Second Exposure Draft, 30 January 2020 <https://www.adleg.org.au/submissions/federal-religious-discrimination-bill-second-exposure-draft-jan-2020>.
- Australian Discrimination Law Experts Group, Submission to the Australian Law Reform Inquiry into Religious Educational Institutions and Anti-Discrimination Laws, 17 February 2023 <https://www.adleg.org.au/submissions/alrc-inquiry-into-religious-educational-institutions-2023>.
- Australian Law Reform Commission, ‘Terms of Reference’, Inquiry into Religious Educational Institutions and Anti-Discrimination Laws, 4 November 2022 <https://www.alrc.gov.au/inquiry/anti-discrimination-laws/terms-of-reference/>.
- Australian Law Reform Commission, ‘Consultation Paper’, Inquiry into Religious Educational Institutions and Anti-Discrimination Laws, January 2023 (2023a) <https://www.alrc.gov.au/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/ALRC-Anti-discrimination-Laws-CP-2023.pdf>.
- Australian Law Reform Commission, ‘Deadline for Reporting on Religious Educational Institutions Inquiry Extended’, Media Release, 20 April 2023 (2023b), <https://www.alrc.gov.au/news/deadline-for-reporting-on-religious-educational-institutions-inquiry-extended/>.
- Commonwealth Attorney-General’s Department, Expert Panel Report: Religious Freedom Review (Final Report, 2018) <https://www.ag.gov.au/rights-and-protections/publications/expert-panel-report-religious-freedom-review> (‘Ruddock Report’).
- Commonwealth Joint Parliamentary Committee on Human Rights, Religious Discrimination Bill 2021 and related bills (Report, 2022) <https://alhr.org.au/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Report-1.pdf>.
- Law Reform Commission of Western Australia (‘LRCWA’), Review of the Equal Opportunity Act 1984 (Project 111, 2022) <https://www.wa.gov.au/system/files/2022-08/LRC-Project-111-Final-Report_0.pdf>.
- Queensland Human Rights Commission (‘QHRC’), Building belonging: Review of Queensland’s Anti-Discrimination Act 1991 (July 2022) <https://www.qhrc.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0012/40224/QHRC-Building-Belonging.WCAG.pdf>.
- Queensland Human Rights Commission, Case Studies (2023) <https://www.qhrc.qld.gov.au/resources/case-studies>.
- Parliamentary Joint Committee on Human Rights, Religious Discrimination Bill 2021 and Related Bills (Inquiry Report, Parliament of Australia, February 2022).
- The Hon Mark Dreyfus KC MP, ‘Australian Law Reform Commission to review religious exemptions for educational institutions’, Attorney-General’s Department Press Release, 4 November 2022 <https://ministers.ag.gov.au/media-centre/australian-law-reform-commission-review-religious-exemptions-educational-institutions-04-11-2022>.
- Parliamentary Materials and Reports
- Explanatory Statement and Human Rights Compatibility Statement to the Discrimination Amendment Bill 2022 (ACT) <https://www.legislation.act.gov.au/DownloadFile/es/db_66974/20221130-80086/PDF/db_66974.PDF>.
- Legislative Assembly for the Australian Capital Territory, Standing Committee on Justice and Community Safety (Legislative Scrutiny Role), Scrutiny Report 25 (January 2023) <https://www.parliament.act.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/2171056/Final-Scrutiny-Report-No-25.pdf>.
- Newspaper Articles
- K Donnelly, ‘Religious schools must be allowed to keep the right to discriminate’, The Sydney Morning Herald, 21 February 2023 <https://www.smh.com.au/national/religious-schools-must-be-allowed-to-keep-the-right-to-discriminate-20230220-p5clwi.html>.
- L Elphick, ‘Religious schools can still expel LGBTQ kids. That needs to change’, The Sydney Morning Herald, 22 February 2023 <https://www.smh.com.au/national/religious-schools-can-still-expel-lgbtq-kids-that-needs-to-change-20230221-p5cm5l.html>.
- L Elphick, A Maguire and A Hilkemeijer, ‘Ruddock report constrains, not expands, federal religious exemptions’, The Conversation, 10 October 2018 <https://theconversation.com/ruddock-report-constrains-not-expands-federal-religious-exemptions-96347>.
- J Evans, ‘Government shelves religious freedom bill indefinitely, leaving election promise hanging in uncertainty’, ABC News, 10 February 2022 <https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-02-10/government-consults-religious-groups-discrimination-bill/100818568>.