The Effect of Musical Mode on Verbal and Spatial Task Performance

REFERENCES

• Allen , R. E. (Ed.). ( 1991 ). The concise Oxford dictionary () , 8th ed. . London : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• British Psychological Society . ( 2004 ). Ethical principles for conducting research with human participants . In Code of conduct, ethical principles and guidelines (pp. 8 – 12 ). Retrieved July 25, 2005, from http://www.bps.org.uk/downloadfile.cfm?file_uuid=6D0645CC-7E96-C67F-D75E2648E5580115 & ext=pdf
   Google Scholar
• Cash , A. H. , El-Mallakh , R. S. , Chamberlain , K. , Bretton , J. Z. , & Li , R. ( 1997 ). Structure of music may influence cognition . Perceptual and Motor Skills , 84 , 66 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark-Carter , D. ( 1998 ). Doing quantitative psychological research () , 2nd ed. Hove , UK : Psychology Press .
   Google Scholar
• Dowling , W. J. , & Harwood , D. L. ( 1986 ). Music cognition . Orlando , FL : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Feldman-Barrett , L. , Lane , R. D. , Sechnest , L. , & Schwartz , G. E. ( 2004 ). Sex differences in emotional awareness . Personality and Social Psychological Bulletin , 26 , 1027 – 1035 .
   Google Scholar
• Gabrielsson , A. ( 1993 ). Emotion and music . European Society for Cognitive Science of Music Newsletter , 4 , 4 – 9 .
   Google Scholar
• Gaser , C. , & Schlaug , G. ( 2003 ). Gray matter differences between musicians and nonmusicians . Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences , 999 , 514 – 517 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gosselin , N. , Peretz , I. , Noulhiane , M. , Hasboun , D. , Beckett , C. , et al. . ( 2005 ). Impaired recognition of scary music following unilateral temporal lobe excision . Brain , 128 , 628 – 640 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gur , R. C. , Alsop , D. , Glahn , D. , Petty , R. , Swanson , C. L. , et al. . ( 2000 ). An fMRI study of sex differences in regional activation of a verbal and a spatial task . Brain and Language , 74 , 157 – 170 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes , A. D. , & Lowis , M. J. ( 2002 ). The role of rhythm and mode in emotional responses to hymn tunes . The Mankind Quarterly , XLII , 441 – 454 .
   Google Scholar
• Hyde , J. S. ( 1996 ). Gender and cognition: A commentary on current research . Learning and Individual Differences , 8 ( 1 ), 33 – 38 .
   Google Scholar
• Jakupcak , M. , Salters , K. , Gratz , K. L. , & Roemer , L. ( 2003 ). Masculinity and emotionality: An investigation of men's primary and secondary emotional responding . Sex Roles—A Journal of Research , 49 , 111 – 120 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaušovec , N. , & Habe , K. ( 2005 ). The influence of Mozart's sonata K488 on brain activity during performance of spatial rotation and numerical tasks . Brain Topology , 17 , 207 – 218 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jorm , A. F. , Anstey , K. J. , Christensen , H. , & Rodgers , B. ( 2004 ). Gender differences in cognitive abilities: The mediating role of health state and health habits . Intelligence , 32 , 7 – 25 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kimura , D. ( 1992 ). Sex differences in the brain . Scientific American , 267 , 81 – 87 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koelsch , S. ( 2005 ). Neural substrates of processing syntax and semantics in music . Current Opinion in Neurobiology , 15 , 207 – 212 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawson , J. , Baron-Cohen , S. , & Wheelwright , S. ( 2004 ). Empathising and systemising in adults with and without Asperger syndrome . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders , 34 , 301 – 310 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowis , M. ( 1998 ). Music and peak experiences: An empirical study . The Mankind Quarterly , 39 , 203 – 224 .
   Google Scholar
• Nuga , S. ( 2004 ). Succeed at psychometric testing: Practice tests for verbal reasoning: Intermediate level . Reading , London : Hodder & Stoughton .
   Google Scholar
• Ohnishi , T. , Matsuda , H. , Asada , T , Hirakata , M. , Aruga , M. , et al. . ( 2001 ). Functional anatomy of musical perception in musicians . Neuroimage , 13 , 923 .
   Google Scholar
• Olafson , K. M. , & Ferraro , F. R. ( 2001 ). Effects of emotional state on lexical decision performance . Brain and Cognition , 45 , 15 – 20 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Popescu , M. , Otsuka , A. , & Ioannides , A. A. ( 2004 ). Dynamics of brain activity in motor and frontal cortical areas during music listening: A magnetoencephalographic study . Neuroimage , 21 , 271 – 388 .
   Google Scholar
• Randsell , S. E. , & Gilroy , L. ( 2001 ). The effects of background music on word processed writing . Computers in Human Behaviour , 17 , 141 – 148 .
   Google Scholar
• Rauscher , F. H. , & Shaw , G. L. ( 1998 ). Key components of the Mozart effect . Perceptual and Motor Skills , 86 , 885 – 891 .
   Google Scholar
• Rauscher , F. H. , Shaw , G. L. , & Ky , K. N. ( 1995 ). Listening to Mozart enhances spatial–temporal reasoning: Toward a neurophysiological basis . Neuroscience Letters , 185 , 44 – 47 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhodes , P. S. ( 2004 ). Succeed at psychometric testing: Practice tests for diagrammatic and abstract reasoning: Intermediate level . Reading , London : Hodder & Stoughton .
   Google Scholar
• Rickard , N. S. ( 2004 ). Intense emotional responses to music: A test of the physiological arousal hypothesis . Psychology of Music , 32 , 371 – 388 .
   Google Scholar
• Rusconi , E. , Kwan , B. , Giordano , B. L. , Umilta , C. , & Butterworth , B. ( 2006 ). Spatial representation of pitch height: The SMARC effect . Cognition , 99 , 113 – 129 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmithorst , V. J. , & Holland , S. K. ( 2003 ). The effect of musical training on music processing: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study in humans . Neuroscience Letters , 348 , 65 – 68 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sloboda , J. A. ( 1991 ). Musical structure and emotional response: Some empirical findings . Psychology of Music , 19 , 110 – 120 .
   Google Scholar
• Storr , A. ( 1993 ). Music and mind . London : Harper Collins .
   Google Scholar
• Sommer , E. C. , Aleman , A. , Bouma , A. , & Khan , R. S. ( 2004 ). Do women really have more bilateral representation than men? A meta-analysis of functional imaging studies . Brain , 127 , 1845 – 1852 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trehub , S. E. , & Schellenberg , E. G. (1995). Music: Its relevance to infants. Annals of Child Development , 11, 1–24.
   Google Scholar
• Tucker , D. M. , Hartry-Speiser , A. , McDougal , L. , Lun , P. , & deGranpre , D. ( 1999 ). Mood and spatial memory: Emotion and right hemisphere contribution to spatial cognition . Biological Psychology , 50 , 103 – 125 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vecchi , T. , & Ginelli , L. ( 1998 ). Gender differences in visuo-spatial processing: The importance of distinguishing between passive storage and active manipulation . Acta Psychologica , 99 , 1 – 16 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Webster , G. D. , & Weir , C. G. ( 2005 ). Emotional responses to music: Interactive effects of mode, texture and tempo . Motivation and Emotion , 29 , 19 – 39 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar