Creativity Under Attack: How People’s Role in Competitive Conflict Shapes Their Creative Idea Generation

REFERENCES

• Amabile, T. M. (1996). Creativity in context: Update to “the social psychology of creativity.” Boulder, CO: Westview.
   Google Scholar
• Amabile, T. M. (1998). How to kill creativity (Vol. 87). Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson, C. A., & Bushman, B. J. (2002). Human aggression. Annual Review of Psychology, 53, 27–51. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135231
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baas, M., De Dreu, C. K. W., & Nijstad, B. A. (2008). A meta-analysis of 25 years of research on mood and creativity: Hedonic tone, activation, or regulatory focus? Psychological Bulletin, 134, 779–806. doi:10.1037/a0012815
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baas, M., De Dreu, C. K. W., & Nijstad, B. A. (2011). When prevention promotes creativity: The role of mood, regulatory focus, and regulatory closure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 100, 794–809. doi:10.1037/a0022981
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baas, M., Nevicka, B., & Ten Velden, F. S. (2014). Specific mindfulness skills differentially predict creative performance. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 40, 1092–1106. doi:10.1177/0146167214535813
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bandura, A. (1988). Self-efficacy conception of anxiety. Anxiety Research, 1, 77–98. doi:10.1080/10615808808248222
   Google Scholar
• Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173–1182. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beaty, R. E., & Silvia, P. J. (2012). Why do ideas get more creative across time? An executive interpretation of the serial order effect in divergent thinking tasks. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 6, 309–319. doi:10.1037/a0029171
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beersma, B., & De Dreu, C. K. W. (2005). Conflict’s consequences: Effects of social motives on postnegotiation creative and convergent group functioning and performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89, 358–374. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.89.3.358
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berkowitz, L. (1990). On the formation and regulation of anger and aggression: A cognitive-neoassociationistic analysis. American Psychologist, 45, 494–503. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.45.4.494
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boot, N. C., Nevicka, B., & Baas, M. (2017). Subclinical symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are associated with specific creative processes. Personality and Individual Differences, 114, 73–81. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2017.03.050
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Booth, R. (2014). Uncontrolled avoidance of threat: Vigilance-avoidance, executive control, inhibition and shifting. Cognition and Emotion, 28, 1465–1473. doi:10.1080/02699931.2014.882294
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byron, K., & Khazanchi, S. (2011). A meta-analytic investigation of the relationship of state and trait anxiety to performance on figural and verbal creative tasks. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37, 269–283. doi:10.1177/0146167210392788
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byron, K., & Khazanchi, S. (2012). Rewards and creative performance: A meta-analytic test of theoretically derived hypotheses. Psychological Bulletin, 138, 809–830. doi:10.1037/a0027652
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byron, K., Khazanchi, S., & Nazarian, D. (2010). The relationship between stressors and creativity: A meta-analysis examining competing theoretical models. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95, 201–212. doi:10.1037/a0017868
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carnevale, P. J., & Probst, T. M. (1998). Social values and social conflict in creative problem solving and categorization. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1300–1309. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.74.5.1300
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carter, J. R., & Anderton, C. H. (2001). An experimental test of a predator–prey model of appropriation. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 45, 83–97. doi:10.1016/S0167-2681(00)00165-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christensen, P. R., Guilford, J. P., & Wilson, R. C. (1957). Relations of creative responses to working time and instructions. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 53, 82–88. doi:10.1037/h0045461
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Coombs, C. H. (1973). A reparameterization of the prisoner’s dilemma game. Behavioral Science, 18, 424–428. doi:10.1002/(ISSN)1099-1743
   Google Scholar
• Cretenet, J., & Dru, V. (2009). Influence of peripheral and motivational cues on rigid–flexible functioning: Perceptual, behavioral, and cognitive aspects. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 138, 201–217. doi:10.1037/a0015379
   Google Scholar
• Cropley, D. H., Kaufman, J. C., & Cropley, A. J. (2008). Malevolent creativity: A functional model of creativity in terrorism and crime. Creativity Research Journal, 20, 105–115. doi:10.1080/10400410802059424
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Dreu, C. K. W. (2005). Bang voor conflict?: De psychologie van conflicten in organisaties (NSVP-reeks 3). Assen, The Netherlands: Koninklijke Van Gorcum.
   Google Scholar
• De Dreu, C. K. W., Aaldering, H., & Saygi, O. (2015). Conflict and negotiation within and between groups. In M. Mikulincer, & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), APA handbook of personality and social psychology (Vol. 2, pp. 151–176). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• De Dreu, C. K. W., Baas, M., & Nijstad, B. A. (2008). Hedonic tone and activation in the mood–creativity link: Towards a dual pathway to creativity model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94, 739–756. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.94.5.739
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Dreu, C. K. W., & Nijstad, B. A. (2008). Mental set and creative thought in social conflict: Threat rigidity versus motivated focus. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95, 648–661. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.95.3.648
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Dreu, C. K. W., Scholte, H. S., van Winden, F. A. A. M., & Ridderinkhof, K. R. (2014). Oxytocin tempers calculated greed but not impulsive defense in predator–prey contests. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 10, 721–728. doi:10.1093/scan/nsu109
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., Nachreiner, F., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2001). The job demands-resources model of burnout. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 499–512. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.86.3.499
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeWall, C., Anderson, C. A., & Bushman, B. J. (2011). The general aggression model: Theoretical extensions to violence. Psychology of Violence, 1, 245–258. doi:10.1037/a0023842
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dickerson, S. S., & Kemeny, M. E. (2004). Acute stressors and cortisol responses: A theoretical integration and synthesis of laboratory research. Psychological Bulletin, 130, 355–391. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.130.3.355
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esses, V. M., Jackson, L. M., & Armstrong, T. L. (1998). Intergroup competition and attitudes towards immigrants and immigration: An instrumental model of group conflict. Journal of Social Issues, 54, 699–724. doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1998.tb01244.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eysenck, M. W. (1992). Anxiety: The cognitive perspective. Hove, England: Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Eysenck, M. W., Derakshan, N., Santos, R., & Calvo, M. G. (2007). Anxiety and cognitive performance: Attentional control theory. Emotion, 7, 336–353. doi:10.1037/1528-3542.7.2.336
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Buchner, A., & Lang, A. G. (2009). Statistical power analyses using G*Power 3.1: Tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behavior Research Methods, 41, 1149–1160. doi:10.3758/BRM.41.4.1149
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedman, R. S., Fishbach, A., Förster, J., & Werth, L. (2003). Attentional priming effects on creativity. Creativity Research Journal, 15, 277–286. doi:10.1080/10400419.2003.9651420
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedman, R. S., & Förster, J. (2001). The effects of promotion and prevention cues on creativity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 1001–1013. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.81.6.1001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedman, R. S., & Förster, J. (2002). The influence of approach and avoidance motor actions on creative cognition. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 38, 41–55. doi:10.1006/jesp.2001.1488
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giebels, E., & Janssen, O. (2005). Conflict stress and reduced well-being at work: The buffering effect of third-party help. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 14, 137–155. doi:10.1080/13594320444000236
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grossman, H. I., & Kim, M. (1996). Predation and accumulation. Journal of Economic Growth, 1, 333–350. doi:10.1007/BF00141042
   Google Scholar
• Guilford, J. P. (1967). The nature of human intelligence. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
   Google Scholar
• Harris, D. J., & Reiter-Palmon, R. (2015). Fast and furious: The influence of implicit aggression, premeditation, and provoking situations on malevolent creativity. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 9, 54–64. doi:10.1037/a0038499
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes, A. F. (2012). PROCESS: A versatile computational tool for observed variable mediation, moderation, and conditional process modeling. Retrieved from http://www.afhayes.com/public/process2012.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Hayes, A. F. (2013). Model templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS. Retrieved from http://afhayes.com/public/templates.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Henderson, R., Snyder, H., Gupta, T., & Banich, M. (2012). When does stress help or harm? The effects of stress controllability and subjective stress response on Stroop performance. Frontiers in Psychology, 3(179), 1–15. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00179
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hobföll, S. E. (1989). Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress. American Psychologist, 44, 513–524. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.44.3.513
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IBM Corp. (2016). IBM SPSS Statistics for Macintosh, Version 24.0 [Computer software]. Armonk, NY: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Kaufman, J. C., Plucker, J. A., & Baer, J. (2008). Essentials of creativity assessment. New York, NY: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Knyazev, G. G., Savostyanov, A. N., & Levin, E. A. (2005). Uncertainty, anxiety, and brain oscillations. Neuroscience Letters, 387, 121–125. doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2005.06.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marteau, T. M., & Bekker, H. (1992). The development of a six-item short-form of the state scale of the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 31, 301–306. doi:10.1111/bjc.1992.31.issue-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLaren, R. B. (1993). The dark side of creativity. Creativity Research Journal, 6(1–2), 137–144. doi:10.1080/10400419309534472
   Google Scholar
• Mehta, R., & Zhu, R. J. (2009). Blue or red? Exploring the effect of color on cognitive task performances. Science, 323, 1226–1229. doi:10.1126/science.1169144
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyake, A., Friedman, N. P., Emerson, M. J., Witzki, A. H., Howerter, A., & Wager, T. D. (2000). The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex “frontal lobe” tasks: A latent variable analysis. Cognitive Psychology, 41, 49–100. doi:10.1006/cogp.1999.0734
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oldham, G. R., & Cummings, A. (1996). Employee creativity, personal and contextual factors at work. Academy of Management Journal, 39, 607–635. doi:10.2307/256657
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perry-Smith, J. E., & Mannucci, P. V. (2017). From creativity to innovation: The social network drivers of the four phases of the idea journey. Academy of Management Review, 42, 53–79. doi:10.5465/amr.2014.0462
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pruitt, D. G. (1998). Social conflict. In S. T. Fiske, D. T. Gilbert, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), Handbook of social psychology (Vol. 2, 4th ed., pp. 470–503). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
   Google Scholar
• Pruitt, D. G., & Rubin, J. Z. (1986). Social conflict: Escalation, stalemate, and settlement. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
   Google Scholar
• Rosen, J. B., & Schulkin, J. (1998). From normal fear to pathological anxiety. Psychological review, 105(2), 325–350.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosen, J., Schulkin, J., & Bjork, R. A. (1998). From normal fear to pathological anxiety. Psychological Review, 105, 325–350. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.105.2.325
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roskes, M., De Dreu, C. K. W., & Nijstad, B. A. (2012). Necessity is the mother of invention: Avoidance motivation stimulates creativity through cognitive effort. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 103, 242–256. doi:10.1037/a0028442
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Runco, M. A., & Acar, S. (2012). Divergent thinking as an indicator of creative potential. Creativity Research Journal, 24, 66–75. doi:10.1080/10400419.2012.652929
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Runco, M. A., & Jaeger, G. J. (2012). The standard definition of creativity. Creativity Research Journal, 24, 92–96. doi:10.1080/10400419.2012.650092
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development and well being. American Psychologist, 55, 68–78. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.68
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shrout, P. E., & Bolger, N. (2002). Mediation in experimental and nonexperimental studies: New procedures and recommendations. Psychological Methods, 7, 422–445. doi:10.1037/1082-989X.7.4.422
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silvia, P. J., Winterstein, B. P., Willse, J. T., Barona, C. M., Cram, J. T., Hess, K. I., & Richard, C. A. (2008). Assessing creativity with divergent thinking tasks: Exploring the reliability and validity of new subjective scoring methods. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 2, 68–85. doi:10.1037/1931-3896.2.2.68
   Google Scholar
• Smith, K. L., Michael, W. B., & Hocevar, D. (1990). Performance on creativity measures with examination-taking instructions intended to induce high or low levels of test anxiety. Creativity Research Journal, 3, 265–280. doi:10.1080/10400419009534360
   Google Scholar
• Spector, P. E., & Jex, S. M. (1998). Development of four self-report measures of job stressors and strain: Interpersonal conflict at work scale, organizational constraints scale, quantitative workload inventory, and physical symptoms inventory. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 3, 356–367. doi:10.1037/1076-8998.3.4.356
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Spielberger, C. D. (1972). Anxiety as an emotional state. In C. D. Spielberger (Ed.), Anxiety: Current trends in theory and research (Vol. 1, pp. 23–49). New York, NY: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Staw, B. M., Sandelands, L. E., & Dutton, J. E. (1981). Threat rigidity effects in organizational behavior: A multilevel analysis. Administrative Science Quarterly, 26, 501–524. doi:10.2307/2392337
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toplyn, G., & Maguire, W. (1991). The differential effect of noise on creative task performance. Creativity Research Journal, 4(4), 337–347.
   Google Scholar
• Torrance, E. P. (1966). Torrance tests of creativity. Princeton, NJ: Personnel Press.
   Google Scholar
• Van der Doef, M., & Maes, S. (1998). The job demand-control (-support) model and physical health outcomes: A review of the strain and buffer hypotheses. Psychology and Health, 13, 909–936. doi:10.1080/08870449808407440
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van der Doef, M., & Maes, S. (1999). The job demand-control (-support) model and psychological well-being: A review of 20 years of empirical research. Work & Stress, 13, 87–114. doi:10.1080/026783799296084
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van der Linden, D., Frese, M., & Meijman, T. F. (2003). Mental fatigue and the control of cognitive processes: Effects on perseveration and planning. Acta Psychologica, 113, 45–65. doi:10.1016/S0001-6918(02)00150-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van der Ploeg, H. M. (2000). Handleiding bij de Zelf-Beoordelings Vragenlijst. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Harcourt Assessment B.V.
   Google Scholar
• Wilder, D. A., & Shapiro, P. N. (1989). Role of competition-induced anxiety in limiting the beneficial impact of positive behavior by an out-group member. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 60–69. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.56.1.60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woolley, A. W. (2011). Playing offense vs. defense: The effects of team strategic orientation on team process in competitive environments. Organization Science, 22, 1384–1398. doi:10.1287/orsc.1100.0617
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar