Quantifying Heuristic Bias: Anchoring, Availability, and Representativeness

References

• Rylander M, Guerrasio J. Heuristic errors in clinical reasoning. The Clinical Teacher 2016;13:287–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wegwarth O, Gaissmaier W, Gigerenzer G. Smart strategies for doctors and doctors-in-training: Heuristics in medicine. Medical Education 2009;43:721–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norman GR, Monteiro SD, Sherbino J, Ilgen JS, Schmidt HG, Mamede S. The causes of errors in clinical reasoning: Cognitive biases, knowledge deficits, and dual process thinking. Academic Medicine 2017;92:23–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tversky A, Kahneman D. Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. Science 1974;185:1124–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tversky A, Kahneman D. Rational choice and the framing of decisions. In Robin M. Hogarth and Melvin W. Reder (Eds.), Rational choice: The contrast between economics and psychology (pp. 67–94). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1987.
   Google Scholar
• Groopman J. How doctors think. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin, 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Vickrey BG, Samuels MA, Ropper AH. How neurologists think: A cognitive psychology perspective on missed diagnoses. Annals of Neurology 2010;67:425–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall KH. Reviewing intuitive decision-making and uncertainty: The implications for medical education. Medical Education 2002;36:216–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blumenthal-Barby JS, Krieger H. Cognitive biases and heuristics in medical decision making: A critical review using a systematic search strategy. Medical Decision Making 2015;35:539–57.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tversky A, Kahneman D. Availability: A heuristic for judging frequency and probability. Cognitive Psychology 1973;5:207–32.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poses RM, Anthony M. Availability, wishful thinking, and physicians' diagnostic judgments for patients with suspected bacteremia. Medical Decision Making 1991;11:159–68.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahneman D, Tversky A. On the psychology of prediction. Psychological Review 1973;80:237–51.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garb HN. The representativeness and past-behavior heuristics in clinical judgment. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice 1996;27:272–7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooks LR, Norman GR, Allen SW. Role of specific similarity in a medical diagnostic task. Journal in Experimental Psychology: General 1991;120:278–87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heller RF, Saltzstein HD, Caspe WB. Heuristics in medical and non-medical decision-making. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology A: Human Experimental Psychology 1992;44A:211–35.
   Google Scholar
• Leblanc VR, Brooks LR, Norman GR. Believing is seeing: The influence of a diagnostic hypothesis on the interpretation of clinical features. Academic Medicine 2002;77;10 Suppl:S67–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brewer NT, Chapman GB, Schwartz JA, Bergus GR. The influence of irrelevant anchors on the judgments and choices of doctors and patients. Medical Decision Making 2007;27:203–211.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shen O, Rabinowitz R, Geist RR, Shafir E. Effect of background case characteristics on decisions in the delivery room. Medical Decision Making 2010;30:518–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolfson AM, Doctor JN, Burns SP. Clinician judgments of functional outcomes: How bias and perceived accuracy affect rating. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2000;81:1567–174.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riva P, Rusconi P, Montali L, Cherubini P. The influence of anchoring on pain judgment. Journal of Pain Symptom Management 2011;42:265–77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Northcraft GB, Neale MA. Experts, amateurs, and real estate: An anchoring-and-adjustment perspective on property pricing decisions. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 1987;39:84–97.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson TD, Houston CE, Etling KM, Brekke N. A new look at anchoring effects: Basic anchoring and its antecedents. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 1996;125:387–402.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatala R, Norman GR, Brooks LR. Influence of a single example on subsequent electrocardiogram interpretation. Teaching and Learning in Medicine 1999;11:110–7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crowley RS, Legowski E, Medvedeva O, Reitmeyer K, Tseytlin E, Castine M, et al. Automated detection of heuristics and biases among pathologists in a computer-based system. Advances in Health Sciences Education 2013;18:343–363.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedlander ML, Stockman SJ. Anchoring and publicity effects in clinical judgment. Journal of Clinical Psychology 1983;39:637–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woodward HE, Taft CT, Gordon RA, Meis LA. Clinician bias in the diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder and borderline personality disorder. Psychological Trauma 2009;1:282–90.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carroll JS. The effect of imagining an event on expectations for the event: An interpretation in terms of the availability heuristic. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 1978;14:88–96.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cook DA, Beckman TJ. Does scale length matter? A comparison of nine- versus five-point rating scales for the mini-CEX. Advances in Health Sciences Education 2009;14:655–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brannon LA, Carson KL. The representativeness heuristic: Influence on nurses' decision making. Applied Nursing Research 2003;16:201–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooks LR, LeBlanc VR, Norman GR. On the difficulty of noticing obvious features in patient appearance. Psychological Science 2000;11:112–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eva KW, Brooks LR. The under-weighting of implicitly generated diagnoses. Academic Medicine 2000;75;10 Suppl:S81–3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lutfey KE, Eva KW, Gerstenberger E, Link CL, McKinlay JB. Physician cognitive processing as a source of diagnostic and treatment disparities in coronary heart disease: Results of a factorial priming experiment. Journal of Health and Social Behavior 2010;51:16–29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ilgen JS, Ma IW, Hatala R, Cook DA. A systematic review of validity evidence for checklists versus global rating scales in simulation-based assessment. Medical Education 2015;49:161–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cook DA, Brydges R, Ginsburg S, Hatala R. A contemporary approach to validity arguments: A practical guide to Kane's framework. Medical Education 2015;49:560–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koehler DJ, Brenner L, Griffin D. The calibration of expert judgment: Heuristics and biases beyond the laboratory. In Thomas Gilovich, Dale Griffin, Daniel Kahneman (Eds.), Heuristics and biases: The psychology of intuitive judgment (pp. 686–715). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
   Google Scholar
• Wallsten TS. Physician and medical student bias in evaluating diagnostic information. Medical Decision Making 1981;1:145–64.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mamede S, van Gog T, van den Berge K, Rikers RM, van Saase JL, van Guldener C, et al. Effect of availability bias and reflective reasoning on diagnostic accuracy among internal medicine residents. Journal of the American Medical Association 2010;304:1198–203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kee F, Jenkins J, McIlwaine S, Patterson C, Harper S, Shields M. Fast and frugal models of clinical judgment in novice and expert physicians. Medical Decision Making 2003;23:293–300.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cook DA. Much ado about differences: Why expert–novice comparisons add little to the validity argument. Advances in Health Sciences Education 2015;20:829–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar