References
- Matriculating Student Questionnaire – 2017 All School Summary Report [Internet]. Washington: Association of American Medical Colleges; 2017 [cited 2018 Jan 8]. Available from: https://www.aamc.org/download/485324/data/msq2017report.pdf
- Table B7. MD-PhD Applicants to U.S. Medical School by Race/Ethnicity and State of Legal Residence, 2017-2018 [Internet]. Washington: Association of American Medical Colleges [cited 2018 Jan 8]. Available from: https://www.aamc.org/download/321542/data/factstableb7.pdf
- Table A1. U.S. Medical School Applicants and Matriculants by School, State of Legal Residence, and Sex, 2017-2018 [Internet]. Washington: Association of American Medical Colleges [cited 2018 Jan 8]. Available from: https://www.aamc.org/download/321442/data/factstablea1.pdf.
- Table A3. Applicants to U.S. Medical Schools by State of Legal Residence, 2008-2009 through 2017-2018 [Internet]. Washington: Association of American Medical Colleges [cited 2018 Oct 14]. Available from: https://www.aamc.org/download/321460/data/factstablea3.pdf
- Milewicz DM, Lorenz RG, Dermody TS, Brass LF. Rescuing the physician-scientist workforce: The time for action is now. J Clin Invest. 2015;125(10):3742–3747. doi:10.1172/JCI84170.
- Women, Minorities, and Persons with Disabilities in Science and Engineering [Internet]. Alexandria: National Science Foundation; 2017 [cited 2018 Jan 31]. Available from: https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/2017/nsf17310/data.cfm
- Harding CV, Akabas MH, Andersen OS. History and outcomes of 50 years of physician scientist training in medical scientist training programs. Acad Med. 2017;92(10):1390–1398. doi:10.1097/ACM.0000000000001779.
- Table B-11.2: Total MD-PhD Enrollment by U.S. Medical School and Sex, 2013-2014 through 2017-2018 [Internet]. Washington: Association of American Medical Colleges [cited 2018 Jan 31]. Available from: https://www.aamc.org/download/321554/data/factstableb11-2.pdf
- Table B-8: U.S. Medical School MD-PhD Applications and Matriculants by School, in-State Status, and Sex, 2016-2017 [Internet]. Washington: Association of American Medical Colleges [cited 2018 Jan 31]. Available from: https://www.aamc.org/download/321534/data/factstableb3.pdf
- Bowen CJ, Kersbergen CJ, Tang O, Cox A, Beach MC. Medical school research ranking is associated with gender inequality in MSTP application rates. BMC Med Educ. 2018;18(1):187. doi:10.1186/s12909-018-1306-z.
- Akabas M, Brass L, Tartakovsky I. National MD-PhD Program Outcomes Study [Internet]. Washington: Association of American Medical Colleges; 2018 [cited 2018 Oct 15]. Available from: https://www.aamc.org/download/489886/data/nationalmd-phdprogramoutcomesstudy.pdf
- Jeffe DB, Andriole DA, Wathington HD, Tai RH. The emerging physician–scientist workforce. Acad Med. 2014;89(10):1398–1407. doi:10.1097/ACM.0000000000000400.
- Andrews NC. The other physician-scientist problem: where have all the young girls gone? Nat Med. 2002;8(5):439–441. doi:10.1038/nm0502-439.
- Smith V, Bethune C, Hurley KF. Examining medical student specialty choice through a gender lens: an orientational qualitative study. Teaching and Learning in Medicine.2018;30(1):33–44. doi:10.1080/10401334.2017.1306447.
- Moss-Racusin CA, Dovidio JF, Brescoll VL, Graham MJ, Handelsman J. Science faculty’s subtle gender biases favor male students. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 2012;109(41):16474–16479.
- Lautenberger DM, Dandar VM, Raezer CL, Sloane RA. The State of Women in Academic Medicine: The Pipeline and Pathways to Leadership [Internet]. Washington: Association of American Medical Colleges; 2014 [cited 2018 Nov 26]. Available from: https://members.aamc.org/eweb/upload/The%20State%20of%20Women%20in%20Academic%20Medicine%202013-2014%20FINAL.pdf
- Buddeberg-Fischer B, Stamm M, Buddeberg C. The impact of gender and parenthood on physicians’ careers—Professional and personal situation seven years after graduation. BMC Health Services Research 2010;10(1):40.
- Hadinger MA. Underrepresented minorities in medical school admissions: a qualitative study. Teaching and Learning in Medicine. 2017;29(1):31–41. doi:10.1080/10401334.2016.1220861.
- Freeman BK, Landry A, Trevino R, Grande D, Shea DA. Understanding the leaky pipeline: perceived barriers to pursuing a career in medicine or dentistry among underrepresented-in-medicine undergraduate students. Acad Med. 2016;91(7):987–993. doi:10.1097/ACM.0000000000001020.
- O'Brien BC, Harris IB, Beckman TJ, Reed DA, Cook DA. Standards for reporting qualitative research: a synthesis of recommendations. Acad Med. 2014;89(9):1245–1251. doi:10.1097/ACM.0000000000000388.
- Brass LF, Akabas MH, Burnley LD, Engman DM, Wiley CA, Andersen OS. Are MD-PhD programs meeting their goals? An analysis of career choices made by graduates of 24 MD-PhD programs. Acad Med. 2010;85(4):692–701. doi:10.1097/ACM.0b013e3181d3ca17.
- Eley DS, Jensen C, Thomas R, Benham H. What will it take? Pathways, time and funding: Australian medical students’ perspective on clinician-scientist training. BMC Med Educ 2017;17(1):242.
- Ahn J, Watt CD, Man L, Greeley SW, Shea JA. Educating future leaders of medical research: analysis of student opinions and goals from the MD – PhD SAGE (students’ attitudes, goals, and education) survey. Acad Med. 2007;82(7):633–645. doi:10.1097/ACM.0b013e318065b907.
- Whitcomb ME. The need to restructure MD-PhD training. Acad Med. 2007;82(7):623–624. doi:10.1097/ACM.0b013e318065b4ba.
- O’Mara RJ, Hsu SI, Wilson DR. Should MD-PhD programs encourage graduate training in disciplines beyond conventional biomedical or clinical sciences? Acad Med. 2015;90(2):161–164. doi:10.1097/ACM.0000000000000540.
- Holmes SM, Karlin J, Stonington SD, Gottheil DL. The first nationwide survey of MD-PhDs in the social sciences and humanities: training patterns and career choices. BMC Med Educ 2017;17(1):60.
- MD-PhD Dual Degree Training [Internet]. Washington: Association of American Medical Colleges [cited 2018 Oct 14]. Available from: https://students-residents.aamc.org/choosing-medical-career/careers-medical-research/md-phd-dual-degree-training/
- National Association of MD-PhD Programs [Internet] [cited 2018 Oct 14]. Available from: https://mdphdassociation.org/
- NIH Graduate and Professional School Fair – MD/PhD: Is It Right for Me? [Internet]. Bethesda: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, Center for Information Technology [cited 2018 Oct 14]. Available from: https://videocast.nih.gov/summary.asp?Live=11386&bhcp=1.
- Gotian R, Raymore JC, Rhooms SK, Liberman L, Andersen OS. Gateways to the laboratory: how an MD-PhD program increased the number of minority physician-scientists. Acad Med. 2017;92(5):628–634. doi:10.1097/ACM.0000000000001478.