Graduates’ Reflections on Professionalism and Identity: Intersections of Race, Gender, and Activism

References

• Jha V, McLean M, Gibbs TJ, Sandars J. Medical professionalism across cultures: a challenge for medicine and medical education. Med Teach. 2015;37(1):74–80. doi:10.3109/0142159X.2014.920492.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broad J, Matheson M, Verrall F, et al. Discrimination, harassment and non-reporting in UK medical education. Med Educ. 2018;52(4):414–426. doi:10.1111/medu.13529.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sukhera J, Goez H, Brown A, Haddara W, Razack S. Freedom from discrimination or freedom to discriminate? Discursive tensions within discrimination policies in medical education. Adv Health Sci Educ Theory Pract. 2022;27(2):387–403. doi:10.1007/s10459-022-10090-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gray C. Eccentricity and conformity. BMJ. 1999;319(7220):2–2. doi:10.1136/bmj.319.7220.2.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lee MS, Nambudiri VE. The CROWN act and dermatology: taking a stand against race-based hair discrimination. J Am Acad Dermatol. [Internet]. 2021;84(4):1181–1182. Available from: doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2020.11.065.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee JH. The weaponization of medical professionalism. Acad Med. 2017;92(5):579–580. doi:10.1097/ACM.0000000000001647.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goddard VCT, Brockbank S. Re-opening Pandora’s box: Who owns professionalism and is it time for a 21st century definition? Med Educ. 2023 Jan;66–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ong YT, Kow CS, Teo YH, et al. Nurturing professionalism in medical schools. A systematic scoping review of training curricula between 1990–2019. Med Teach. [Internet]. 2020;42(6):636–649. Available from: doi:10.1080/0142159X.2020.1724921.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vivanco L. Professionalism. In: Ten Have H, ed. Encyclopedia of Global Bioethics; Universidad Europea del Atlantico, Santander. 2015: 2312–2319.
   Google Scholar
• Irby DM, Hamstra SJ. Parting the clouds: three professionalism frameworks in medical education. Acad Med. 2016;91(12):1606–1611. doi:10.1097/ACM.0000000000001190.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jha V, Brockbank S, Roberts T. A framework for understanding lapses in professionalism among medical students: applying the theory of planned behavior to fitness to practice cases. Acad Med. 2016;91(12):1622–1627. doi:10.1097/ACM.0000000000001287.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirk LM. Professionalism in medicine: definitions and considerations for teaching. Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent). 2007;20(1):13–16. doi:10.1080/08998280.2007.11928225.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Crampton PES, Afzali Y. Professional identity formation, intersectionality and equity in medical education. Med Educ. 2021;55(2):140–142. doi:10.1111/medu.14415.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blank L. Medical professionalism in the new millennium: A physician charter. Ann Intern Med. 2002;136(3):243–246.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Modiri JM. The colour of law, power and knowledge: introducing critical race theory in (post-) apartheid South Africa. S Afr J Hum Rights. 2012;28(3):405–436.
   Google Scholar
• Crenshaw K. Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: a black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, feminist theory and antiracist politics. Univ Chic Leg Forum. 1989;1989(1):139–168.
   Google Scholar
• Crenshaw K. Mapping the margins: intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color. Stanford Law Rev. 1991;43(6):1241. doi:10.2307/1229039.
   Google Scholar
• Eckstrand KL, Eliason J, St Cloud T, Potter J. The priority of intersectionality in academic medicine. Acad Med. 2016;91(7):904–907. doi:10.1097/ACM.0000000000001231.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langa M, Sandile N, Edwin Y, Vilakazi M. #Hashtag- an analysis of the #FeesMustFall Movement at South African universities. Africaportal.org. 2017:6–12.
   Google Scholar
• Habib A. Rebels and Rage: Reflecting on #FeesMustFall. Johannesburg and Cape Town: Jonathan Ball Publishers; 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Mokhachane M, George A, Wyatt T, Kuper A, Green-Thompson L. Rethinking professional identity formation amidst protests and social upheaval: a journey in Africa. Adv Heal Sci Educ. [Internet]. 2023;28:427–452. Available from: doi:10.1007/s10459-022-10164-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lorde A. Age, Race, Class, and Sex: Women Redefining Difference. In: Anderson M, Collins PH, eds. Sister Outsider crossing Press, California; 1992:495–502.
   Google Scholar
• Perez AM, Ahmed N, London L. Racial discrimination: Experiences of black medical school alumni at the University of Cape Town, 1945 - 1994. S Afr Med J. 2012;102(6):574–577. doi:10.7196/samj.5721.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodman T, Price M. Continuing the TRC project : the use of internal reconciliation commissions to facilitate organisational transformation - the case of wits health sciences faculty paper for the wits history conference : the TRC commissioning the past conference, Johannesb; 1999: 11–4.
   Google Scholar
• Noble V. Life was always like a State of Emergency: Black Medical Student Experiences at the University of Natal Medical School, 1950-1990. Hist African Stud Semin. [Internet]. 2004;(May 12):1–30. Available from: http://scnc.ukzn.ac.za/doc/EDU/UnivColl/EduUnivndx.htm
   Google Scholar
• Grillo T. Anti-Essentialism and Intersectionality: Tools to Dismantle the Master’s House. Berkeley Womens Law J. [Internet]. 2013;10(1):16–30. Available from: doi:10.15779/Z38MC6W.
   Google Scholar
• Shaw SCK, Anderson JL. The experiences of medical students with dyslexia: An interpretive phenomenological study. Dyslexia. 2018;24(3):220–233. doi:10.1002/dys.1587.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaw SCK, Anderson JL. Coping with medical school : an interpretive phenomenological study coping with medical school : an interpretive phenomenological study. Qual Rep. 2021;26(6):1864–1880.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reiners GM. Understanding the differences between Husserl’s (Descriptive) and Heidegger’s (interpretive) phenomenological research. J Nurs Care. 2012;01(05):1–3.
   Google Scholar
• LeVasseur JJ. The problem of bracketing in phenomenology. Qual Health Res. 2003;13(3):408–420. doi:10.1177/1049732302250337.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verwey C, Quayle M. Whiteness, racism, and Afrikaner identity in post-apartheid South Africa. Afr Aff (Lond). 2012;111(445):551–575. doi:10.1093/afraf/ads056.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polkinghorne DE. Narrative configuration in qualitative analysis. Int J Qual Stud Educ. 1995;8(1):5–23. doi:10.1080/0951839950080103.
   Google Scholar
• Price SL, Mcgillis Hall L, Angus JE, Peter E. Choosing nursing as a career: a narrative analysis of millennial nurses’ career choice of virtue. Nurs Inq. 2013;20(4):305–316. doi:10.1111/nin.12027.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shim RS. Dismantling structural racism in academic medicine: a skeptical optimism. Acad Med. 2020;95(12):1793–1795. doi:10.1097/ACM.0000000000003726.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blanchard AK, Blanchard JC, Suah A, Dade A, Burnett A, McDade W. Reflect and reset: black academic voices call the graduate medical education community to action. Acad Med. 2022;97(7):967–972. doi:10.1097/ACM.0000000000004664.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhong D. What should a doctor look like ? J Gen Intern Med. 2021;36(10):3234–3235. doi:10.1007/s11606-021-06949-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newman AW, Wright SW, Wrenn KD, Bernard A. Should physicians have facial piercings? J Gen Intern Med. 2005;20(3):213–218. doi:10.1111/j.1525-1497.2005.40172.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Der Merwe JW, Rugunanan M, Ras J, Röscher EM, Henderson BD, Joubert G. Patient preferences regarding the dress code, conduct and resources used by doctors during consultations in the public healthcare sector in Bloemfontein, free state. South African Fam Pract [Internet]. 2016;58(3):94–99. Available from: doi:10.1080/20786190.2016.1187865.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson SC, Doi MLM, Yamamoto LG. Adverse effects of tattoos and piercing on parent/patient confidence in health care providers. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2016;55(10):915–920. doi:10.1177/0009922815616889.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozbilgin MF, Tsouroufli M, Smith M. Understanding the interplay of time, gender and professionalism in hospital medicine in the UK. Soc Sci Med. 2011;72(10):1588–1594. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.03.030.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tai DBG, Carroll EF, Moya A. LGBTQ + Physicians: history, progress, and recommendations for a better future. Acad Med. 2022;97(1):9–10. doi:10.1097/ACM.0000000000004460.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar