How Great Powers Resist Emerging Norms: The United States and the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons

RECOMMENDED READINGS

• Bob, Clifford. 2012. The Global Right Wing and the Clash of World Politics. Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bower, Adam. 2015. “Norms without the Great Powers: International Law, Nested Social Structures, and the Ban on Antipersonnel Mines.” International Studies Review 17 (3) :347–373. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24758619. doi: 10.1111/misr.12225.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradley, Simon. 2017. “Switzerland holds off signing nuclear ban treaty.” swissinfo.ch. September 20. https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/politics/nuclear-weapons_switzerland-holds-off-signing-nuclear-ban-treaty/43533548.
   Google Scholar
• Coleman, Katharina P. 2011. “Locating Norm Diplomacy: Venue Change in International Norm Negotiations.” European Journal of International Relations 19 (1) :163–186. doi: 10.1177/1354066111411209.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dumberry, Patrick. 2010. “Incoherent and Ineffective: The Concept of Persistent Objector Revisited.” International and Comparative Law Quarterly 59 (3) :779–802. doi: 10.1017/S0020589310000308.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ford, Christopher. 2017. “Briefing on Nuclear Ban Treaty by NSC Senior Director Christopher Ford.” Center for Strategic and International Studies. Washington, DC. August 22. https://carnegieendowment.org/2017/08/22/briefing-on-nuclear-ban-treaty-by-nsc-senior-director-christopher-ford-event-5675.
   Google Scholar
• Ford, Christopher. 2018a. “Where Next in Building a Conditions-Focused Disarmament Discourse? Speech.” New York, NY. October 14. https://2017-2021.state.gov/remarks-and-releases-bureau-of-international-security-and-nonproliferation/where-next-in-building-a-conditions-focused-disarmament-discourse/.
   Google Scholar
• Ford, Christopher. 2018b. “The P5 Process and Approaches to Nuclear Disarmament: A New Structured Dialogue.” Speech. United Kingdom. December 10. https://2017-2021.state.gov/the-p5-process-and-approaches-to-nuclear-disarmament-a-new-structured-dialogue/.
   Google Scholar
• Friedt, Anita E. 2016. “Building towards a Nuclear Weapon Free World. Speech.” Astana, Kazakhstan. August 29. https://2009-2017.state.gov/t/avc/rls/261327.htm.
   Google Scholar
• Friedt, Anita E. 2017. “General Debate Statement. Speech.” New York, NY. October 3. https://www.un.org/disarmament/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/statement-by-united-states.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Gibbons, Rebecca Davis. 2018. “The Humanitarian Turn in Nuclear Disarmament and the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons.” The Nonproliferation Review 25 (1–2) :11–36. doi: 10.1080/10736700.2018.1486960.
   Google Scholar
• Gibbons, Rebecca Davis, and Stephen Herzog. 2022. “Durable Institution under Fire? The NPT Confronts Emerging Multipolarity.” Contemporary Security Policy 43 (1) :50–79. doi: 10.1080/13523260.2021.1998294.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanham, Melissa. 2016. “2016 Open Ended Working Group: Towards 2017 Nuclear Weapon Ban Negotiations?” Arms Control Wonk, September 13. https://www.armscontrolwonk.com/archive/1201937/2016-open-ended-working-group-towards-2017-nuclear-weapon-ban-negotiations/.
   Google Scholar
• Heller, Kevin Jon. 2018. “Specially-Affected States and the Formation of Custom.” American Journal of International Law 112 (2) :191–243. doi: 10.1017/ajil.2018.22.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herzog, Stephen, Jonathon Baron, and Rebecca Davis Gibbons. 2022. “Antinormative Messaging, Group Cues, and the Nuclear Ban Treaty.” The Journal of Politics 84 (1) :591–596. doi: 10.1086/714924.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• “Japan abstains as nuclear arms ban treaty talks start at U.N.” 2017. The Japan Times. March 28. https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2017/03/28/national/japan-abstains-talks-start-u-n-nuclear-arms-ban-treaty/.
   Google Scholar
• Joint Press Statement from the Permanent Representatives to the United Nations of the United States, United Kingdom, and France Following the Adoption.” 2017. July 7. https://usun.usmission.gov/joint-press-statement-from-the-permanent-representatives-to-the-united-nations-of-the-united-states-united-kingdom-and-france-following-the-adoption/.
   Google Scholar
• Kennedy, Laura. 2013. “Statement to the Conference On Disarmament. Speech.” Geneva, Switzerland. March 5. https://geneva.usmission.gov/2013/03/05/ambassador-kennedys-statement-to-the-conference-on-disarmament/.
   Google Scholar
• Kmentt, Alexander. 2015. “The Human Cost of Nuclear Weapons.” International Review of the Red Cross 97 (899) :681–709. doi: 10.1017/S1816383116000059.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kmentt, Alexander. 2021. The Treaty Prohibiting Nuclear Weapons: How It Was Achieved and Why It Matters. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Kurosawa, Mitsuru. 2020. “The US Initiative on Creating an Environment for Nuclear Disarmament.” Journal for Peace and Nuclear Disarmament 3 (2) :283–298. doi: 10.1080/25751654.2020.1834802.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lederer, Edith M. 2020. “US urges countries to withdraw from UN nuke ban treaty.” The Associated Press. October 21. https://apnews.com/article/nuclear-weapons-disarmament-latin-america-united-nations-gun-politics-4f109626a1cdd6db10560550aa1bb491.
   Google Scholar
• Lynch, Colum. 2016. “U.S. Seeks to Scupper Proposed Ban on Nuclear Arms.” Foreign Policy. October 21. http://foreignpolicy.com/2016/10/21/u-s-seeks-to-scupper-proposed-ban-on-nuclear-arms//
   Google Scholar
• Meyer, Paul, and Tom Sauer. 2018. “The Nuclear Ban Treaty: A Sign of Global Impatience.” Survival 60 (2) :61–72. doi: 10.1080/00396338.2018.1448574.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NATO 2016. United States Non-Paper: ‘Defense Impacts of Potential United Nations General Assembly Nuclear Weapons Ban Treaty. Note by the Secretary. AC/333-N(2016)0029 (INV). October 17. Annex 2. http://www.icanw.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/NATO_OCT2016.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Olsen, Jan M. 2019. “Sweden Says it Won’t Sign UN Nuclear Ban Treaty.” Associated Press. July 12. https://apnews.com/international-news-general-news-40a5b0e8d19d415f942786b0c8d647d7.
   Google Scholar
• P5 Statement, March 2013. http://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/oslo-2013/P5_Oslo.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Potter, William C. 2017. “Disarmament Diplomacy and the Nuclear Ban Treaty.” Survival 59 (4) :75–108. doi: 10.1080/00396338.2017.1349786.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potter, William C. 2019. “Taking the Pulse at the Inaugural Meeting of the CEND Initiative.” James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies. https://nonproliferation.org/taking-the-pulse-at-the-inaugural-meeting-of-the-cend-initiative/.
   Google Scholar
• Reif, Kingston. 2016. “U.S. Will Skip Disarmament Meetings.” Arms Control Today 46 (2) :5–6. https://www.armscontrol.org/act/2016-03/news-briefs/us-skip-disarmament-meetings.
   Google Scholar
• “Report of the Open-ended Working Group taking forward multilateral nuclear disarmament negotiations.” 2016. http://fissilematerials.org/library/un16a.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Slezak, Michael. 2016. “Australia attempts to derail UN plan to ban nuclear weapons.” The Guardian. August 20. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/aug/21/australia-attempts-to-derail-un-plan-to-ban-nuclear-weapons.
   Google Scholar
• “Trump administration opposes Japan’s participation in U.N. talks on banning nukes.” 2017. The Japan Times. March 16. https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2017/03/16/national/politics-diplomacy/trump-administration-opposes-japans-participation-u-n-talks-banning-nukes/.
   Google Scholar
• UNIDIR 2016. “Taking Forward Multilateral Nuclear Disarmament Negotiations: The 2016 Open-ended Working Group.” https://www.unidir.org/files/publications/pdfs/the-2016-open-ended-working-group-en-660.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• United States 2018. “Nuclear posture review report.” Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Defense. https://media.defense.gov/2018/Feb/02/2001872886/-1/-1/1/2018-NUCLEAR-POSTURE-REVIEW-FINAL-REPORT.PDF.
   Google Scholar
• US State Department 2014. “United States Will Attend the Vienna Conference on the Humanitarian Impact of Nuclear Weapons.” Media note. November 7. https://2009 2017.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2014/11/233868.htm.
   Google Scholar
• U.S. urges Japan not to join nuclear ban treaty meeting: Sources 2021. Kyodo News. December 21, https://english.kyodonews.net/news/2021/12/54ab486540a3-us-urges-japan-not-to-join-nuclear-ban-treaty-meeting-sources.html.
   Google Scholar
• Wood, Robert. 2016. “Remarks at the 71st Session of the General Assembly First Committee Thematic Discussion on Nuclear Weapons.” New York, NY. October 14. https://geneva.usmission.gov/2016/10/18/ambassador-wood-remarks-at-u-n-general-assembly-first-committee-thematic-discussion-on-nuclear-weapons/.
   Google Scholar