POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBON REFERENCE RANGE LEVELS IN THE U.S. POPULATION BY MEASUREMENT OF URINARY MONOHYDROXY METABOLITES

REFERENCES

• International Agency for Research on Cancer . 1983 . IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man: Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds. Part 1 . Chemical and Environmental Data , 32
   Google Scholar
• Lee , M. L. and Novotny , M. 1976 . Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometric and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrometric Studies of Carcinogenic Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Tobacco and Marijuana Smoke Condensates . Anal. Chem. , 48 : 405 – 416 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffmann , D. and Hoffmann , I. 1995 . Tobacco Consumption and Lung Cancer . Cancer Treat. Res. , 72 : 1 – 42 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Boyle , P. 1997 . Cancer, Cigarette Smoking and Premature Death in Europe: A Review Including the Recommendations of European Cancer Experts Consensus Meeting, Helsinki, October 1996 . Lung Cancer , 17 : 1 – 60 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buckley , T. J. , Waldman , J. M. , Dhara , R. , Greenberg , A. , Ouyang , Z. and Lioy , P. J. 1995 . An Assessment of an Urinary Biomarker for Total Human Exposure to Benzo(a)pyrene . Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health , 67 : 257 – 266 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips , D. H. 1999 . Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Diet . Mutation Research/ Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis , 443 : 139 – 147 . http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1383-5742%2899%2900016-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• US Environmental Protection Agency . 1998 . Report on US EPA Air Monitoring of Haze from SE Asia Biomass Fires , Washington, DC : Office of Research and Development . Report no EPA/600/R-98/071
   Google Scholar
• Lioy , P. L. and Greenberg , A. 1990 . Factors Associated with Human Exposures to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Diet . Toxicol. Ind. Health , 6 : 209 – 223 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viau , C. , Hakizimana , G. and Bouchard , M. 2000 . Indoor Exposure to Polycyclic Hydrocarbons and Carbon Monoxide in Traditional Houses in Burundi . Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health , 73 : 331 – 338 . http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004209900112
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Omland , O. , Sherson , D. , Hansen , A. M. , Sisgaard , T. , Autrup , H. and Overgaard , E. 1994 . Exposure of Iron Foundry Workers to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Benzo-(a)pyrene-albumin Adducts and 1-Hydroxypyrene as Biomarkers of Exposure . Occup. Environ. Med. , 51 : 513 – 518 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grimmer , G. , Dettbarn , G. and Jacob , J. 1993 . Biomonitoring of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Highly Exposed Coke Plant Workers by Measurement of Urinary Phenanthrene and Pyrene Metabolites . Intern. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health , 65 : 189 – 199 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angerer , J. , Heinzow , B. , Reimann , D. O. , Knorz , W. and Lehnert , G. 1992 . Internal Exposure to Organic Substances in a Municipal Waste Incinerator . Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health , 64 : 265 – 273 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karahalil , B. , Burgaz , S. , Fisek , G. and Karakaya , A. A. 1998 . Biological Monitoring of Young Workers Exposed to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Engine Repair Workshops . Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis , 412 : 261 – 269 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siedel , A. , Dahmann , D. , Krekeler , H. and Jacob , J. 2002 . Biomonitoring of Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds in the Urine of Mining Workers Exposed to Diesel Exhaust . Int. J. Hgy. Environ. Health , 204 : 334 – 338 .
   Google Scholar
• Ovrebo , S. , Fjeldstadt , P. E. , Gryzbowska , E. , Kure , E. H. , Chorazy , M. and Haugen , A. 1995 . Biological Monitoring of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Exposure in a Highly Polluted Area of Poland . Environ. Health Perspect. , 103 : 838 – 843 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lloyd , J. 1971 . Long Term Mortality of Steelworkers: Respiratory Cancer in Coke Plant Workers . J. Occup. Med. , 13 : 53 – 58 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Van Rooij , J. G. , Bodilier-Bade , M. M. and Jongoneelen , F. J. 1993 . Estimation of Individual and Dermal and Respiratory Uptake of 12 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in 12 Coke Oven Workers . Br. J. Ind. Med. , 50 : 623 – 632 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Popp , W. , Varenholz , C. , Schell , C. , Grimmer , G. , Dettbarn , G. , Kraus , R. , Brauksiepe , A. , Schmeling , B. , Gutzeit , T. , Bulow , J. V. and Norpoth , K. 1997 . DNA Single Strand Breakage, DNA Adducts, and Sister Chromatid Exchange in Lymphocytes in Phenanthrene and Pyrene Metaboloites in the Urine of Coke Oven Workers . Occup. Environ. Med. , 54 : 176 – 183 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bentsen-Farmen , R. K. , Botnen , I. V. , Noto , H. , Jacob , J. and Ovrebo , S. 1999 . Detection of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Metabolites by High Pressure Liquid Chromatography after Purification on Immunoaffinity Columns in Urine from Occupationally Exposed Workers . Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health , 72 : 161 – 168 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , C. J. , Grainger , J. and Patterson , D. G. Jr. 1998 . Separation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Metabolites by γ-Cyclodextrin-Modified Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatography with Laser-Induced Fluorescence Detection . J. Chromatog. A , : 241 – 247 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Day , B. W. , Naylor , S. , Gan , L. S. , Sahali , Y. and Nguyen , T. 1991 . Gas Chromatographic Mass Spectrometric Analysis of Diols and Tetrols from Reactions of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Epoxides with Hemoglobin . J. Chromatog , 562 : 563 – 571 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naylor , S. , Gan , L. S. , Day , B. W. , Pastorelli , R. , Skipper , P. L. and Tannenbaum , S. R. 1990 . Benzo[a]pyrene Diol Epoxide Adduct Formation in Mouse and Human Hemoglobin: Physicochemical Basis for Dosiometry . Chem. Res. Toxicol. , 3 : 111 – 117 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santella , R. M. and Perara , F. P. 1995 . Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon-DNA and Protein Adducts in Coal Treated Patients and Controls and their Relationship to Glutathione S-Transferase Genotype . Mutation Research , 334 : 117 – 124 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pastorelli , R. , Restano , J. , Guanci , M. , Maramonte , M. , Magagnotti , C. , Allevi , R. , Lauri , D. , Fanelli , R. and Airoldi , L. 1996 . Hemoglobin Adducts of Benzo[a]pyrene Diolepoxide in Newspaper Vendors: Association with Traffic exhaust . Carcinogenesis , 17 : 2389 – 2394 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grimmer , G. , Dettbarn , G. , Naujack , K. W. and Jacob , J. 1991 . Excretion of Hydroxy Derivatives of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons of the Masses 178, 202, 228, and 252 in the Urine of Coke and Road Workers . Intern. J. Anal. Chem. , 43 : 177 – 186 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gmeiner , G. , Krassnig , C. , Schmid , E. and Tausch , H. 1998 . Fast Screening Method for the Profile Analysis of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Metabolites in Urine Using Derivatization-Solid Phase Microextraction . J. Chromatog. , B705 : 132 – 138 .
   Google Scholar
• Chuang , J. , Callahan , P. J. , Lyu , C. and Wilson , N. K. 1999 . Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Exposures of Children in Low-Income Families . J. Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology , 2 : 85 – 98 .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , C. J. , Huang , W. , Walcott , C. J. , Grainger , J. and Patterson , D. G. Jr. 2002 . Quantification of Mono-Hydroxy PAH Metabolites in Urine by Solid Phase Extraction with Isotope Dilution GC/MS . Anal. Bioanal. Chem. , 372 : 216 – 220 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carrieri , M. , Trevisian , A. and Bartolucci , G. B. 2001 . Adjustment to Concentration-Dilution of Spot Urine Samples: Correlation Between Specific Gravity and Creatinine . Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health , 74 : 63 – 67 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor , J. K. 1987 . Quality Assurance of Chemical Measurements Principles of measurement , 75 – 92 . Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press . chap. 9
   Google Scholar
• Gundel , J. , Mannschreck , C. , Buttner , K. , Ewers , U. and Angerer , J. 1996 . Urinary Levels of 1-Hydroxypyrene, 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-Hydroxyphenanthrene in Females Living in an Industrial Area of Germany . Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. , 31 : 585 – 590 . http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002449900148
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heudorf , U. and Angerer , J. 2001 . Internal Exposures to PAHs of Children and Adults Living in Homes with Parquet Flooring Containing High Levels of PAHs in Parquet Glue . Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health , 74 : 91 – 101 . http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A%3A1016626521403
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linnet , K. 1987 . Two Stage Transformation Systems for Normalization of Reference Distributions Evaluated . Clin. Chem , 33 : 381 – 386 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gmeiner , G. , Gardner , P. , Krassig , C. and Tausch , H. 2002 . Identification of Various Urinary Metabolites of Fluorene Using Derivatization Solid-Phase Microextraction . Journal of Chromatography B: Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences , 766 : 209 – 218 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moen , B. E. and øvrebø , S. 1997 . Assessment of Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons During Firefighting by Measurement of Urinary 1-Hydroxypyrene . J. Occup. Environ. Medicine , 39 : 515 – 522 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siwińska , E. , Mielzyńska , D. , Smolik , E. , Bubak , A. and Kwapuliński , J. 1998 . Evaluation of Intra- and Interindividual Variation of Urinary 1-Hydroxypyrene . Sci. Total. Environ. , 217 : 175 – 181 . http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697%2898%2900186-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angerer , J. , Mannschreck , C. and Gundel , J. 1997 . Occupational Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in a Graphite-Electrode Producing Plant; Biological Monitoring of 1-Hydroxypyrene and Monohydroxylated Metabolites of Phenanthrene . Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health , 69 : 323 – 331 . http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004200050155
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grimmer , G. 1997 . Determination of Urinary Metabolites of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) for the Risk Assessment of PAH-Exposed Workers . Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health , 69 : 231 – 239 . http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004200050141
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacob , J. , Grimmer , G. and Dettbarn , G. 1999 . Profile of Urinary Phenanthrene Metabolites in Smokers and Nonsmokers . Biomarkers , 4 ( 5 ) : 319 – 327 . http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/135475099230705
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacob , J. and Seidel , A. 2002 . Biomonitoring of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Human Urine . J. Chromatog. B , 778 : 31 – 47 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buckley , T. J. and Lioy , P. J. 1992 . An Examination of the Time Course from Human Dietary PAH Exposure to Urinary Elimination of 1-Hydroxypyrene . Br. J. Ind. Med. , 49 : 113 – 124 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Whiton , R. S. , Witherspoon , C. L. and Buckley , T. J. 1995 . Improved High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Method for the Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Metabolites in Human Urine . J. Chromatog. B, Biomed. Appl. , 665 : 390 – 394 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goen , T. , Gundel , J. , Schaller , K. H. and Angerer , J. 1995 . Elimination of 1-Hydroxypyrene in the Urine of the General Population and Workers with Different Occupational Exposures . Sci. Total Environment , 163 : 195 – 201 . http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697%2895%2904484-I
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ovrebo , S. , Haugen , A. , Hemminki , K. , Szyfer , K. , Drablos , M. D. and Skogland , M. S. 1994 . Studies of Biomarkers in Aluminum Workers Occupationally Exposed to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons . Cancer Detect. Prev. , 19 : 258 – 267 .
   Google Scholar
• Jacob , J. , Grimmer , G. , Raab , A. and Schmoldt , A. 1982 . The Metabolism of Pyrene by Rat Liver Microsomes and the Influence of Various Mono-Oxygenase Inducers . Xenobiotica , 12 : 45 – 53 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grimmer , G. , Dettbarn , G. , Naujack , K. W. and Jacob , J. 1994 . Relationship Between Inhaled PAH and Urinary Excretion of Phenanthrene, Pyrene and Benzo(a)pyrene Metabolites in Coke Plant Workers . Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds , 5 : 269 – 275 .
   Google Scholar