Human Risk Assessment of Profenofos: A Case Study in Ismailia, Egypt

REFERENCES

• Anwar , A. W. 2003 . Environmental health in Egypt . Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health. , 206 : 339 – 350 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sutcu , R. , Altuntas , I. , Yildirim , N. , Karahan , B. , Demirin , H. and Delibas , N. 2006 . The effects of subchronic methidathion toxicity on rat liver: Role of antioxidant vitamins C and E . Cell Biol Toxicol. , 22 : 221 – 227 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U.S. EPA Office of Pesticide Programs. Health Effects Division (7509C) . 1999 . “ Human health risk assessment profenofos ” .
   Google Scholar
• Greish , G. , Naglaa , L. , Yahia , M. , Ismail , S. and Ahmed , M. T. 2010 . “ Pesticides residues in some vegetables in Ismailia governorate, Egypt ” . Agricultural Research Journal, Suez Canal University . (submitted)
   Google Scholar
• Kavitha , P. and Venkateswara Rao , J. 2009 . Sub-lethal effects of profenofos on issue-specific antioxidative responses in a Euryhyaline fish, Oreochromis mossambicus . Ecotox Environ Safe , 72 : 1727 – 1733 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarma , A. D. , Mallick , A. R. and Ghosh , A. K. 2010 . Free radicals and their role in different clinical conditions: an overview . International Journal of Pharma Sciences and Research (IJPSR) , 1 : 185 – 192 .
   Google Scholar
• Crump , K. S. 1995 . A new method for determining allowable daily intakes . Fund Appl Toxicol. , 4 : 854 – 871 .
   Google Scholar
• US EPA . 2009 . “ Help manual for benchmark dose software 2.1.1 ” .
   Google Scholar
• Ellman , G. L. , Courtney , K. D. , Anders , V. Jr. and Featherstone , R. M. 1961 . A new and rapid colorimetric determination of acetylcholinesterase activity . Biochem. Pharmacol. , 7 : 88 – 95 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• International Federation of Clinical Chemistry . 1977 . Provisional recommendations on IFCC methods for the measurement of catalytic concentrations of enzymes . Clin Chem. , 23 : 887
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patton , C. J. and Crouch , S. R. 1977 . Spectrophotometric and kinetic investigation of the Berthelot reaction for the determination of ammonia . Anal. Chem. , 49 : 464 – 469 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaffe , M. Z. 1886 . Physiol. Chem. , 10 : 391 – 400. .
   Google Scholar
• Martinek , R. G. 1966 . Improved micro-method for determination of serum bilirubin . Clin. Chim. Acta. , 2 : 161 – 170 .
   Google Scholar
• Drury , R. A.B. and Wallington , E. A. 1980 . Carleton's histological technique , fifth ed. , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Setzer , R. W. and Kimmel , C. A. 2003 . Use of NOAEL, benchmark dose, and other models for human risk assessment of hormonally active substances . Pure Appl. Chem. , 75 : 2151 – 2158 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• US EPA . 2000 . “ Benchmark dose technical guidance document ” . Report No. EPA/630/R-00/001
   Google Scholar
• DPR MT-2 . 2004 . “ Guidance for benchmark dose technical (BMD) approach– continuous data ” . Sacramento, CA : Medical toxicology branch, department of pesticide regulation, California Environmental Protection Agency .
   Google Scholar
• Woutersen , R. A. , Jonker , D. , Stevenson , H. , Biesebeek , J. D. and Slob , W. 2001 . The benchmark dose approach applied to a 28-day toxicity study with rhodorsil silane in rats: the impact of increasing the number of dose groups . Food Chem. Toxicol. , 39 : 697 – 707 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO . 1994 . “ Assessing human health risks of chemicals: derivation of guidance values for health-based exposure limits ” . In Environmental Health Criteria , Vol. 170 , Geneva : World Health Organization . http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc170.htm (accessed September 10, 2009)
   Google Scholar
• WHO . 1999 . “ Principles for assessment of risk to human health from exposure to chemicals ” . In Environmental Health Criteria , Vol. 210 , Geneva : World Health Organization . http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc210.htm (accessed November 10, 2009)
   Google Scholar
• Renwick , A. G. and Lazarus , N. R. 1998 . Human variability and noncancer risk assessment—an analysis of the default uncertainty factor . Regulat. Toxicol. Pharmacol. , 27 : 3 – 20 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Cancer Institute, USA . 2004 . “ National cancer institute diet history questionnaire ” . Retrieved April 30, 2007 from the National Cancer Institute, Cancer Control and Population Sciences, Applied Research Program, Risk Factor Monitoring and Methods Branch, Diet History Questionnaire Page: / http://riskfactor.cancer.gov/DHQ/S (accessed June 18, 2008)
   Google Scholar
• U.S. EPA . 1989 . “ Exposure assessment handbook ” . In United States Environmental Protection Agency , Washington, D.C. : Office of Health and Environmental Assessment .
   Google Scholar
• Nabili , S. 2008 . Liver blood test http://www.medicinenet.com/liver_blood_tests/article.htm (accessed Febreuary 14, 2010)
   Google Scholar
• Aboul el Wafa , A. M. , Abdel-Azize , T. and Salem , E. E.A. 1994 . Effect of profenofos feeding on biochemical changes in chicken . The Journal of the Egyptian Public Health Association. , 69 : 481 – 94 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Elhalwagy , M. E.A. , Darwish , N. S. and Zaher , E. M. 2008 . Prophylactic effect of green tea polyphenols against liver and kidney injury induced by fenitrothion insecticide . Pestic. Biochem. Phys. , 91 : 81 – 89 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gomes , J. , Dawodu , A. H. , Lloyd , O. , Revitt , D. M. and Anilal , S. V. 1999 . Hepatic injury and disturbed amino acid metabolism in mice following prolonged exposure to organophosphorus pesticides . Hum. Exp. Toxicol. , 18 : 33 – 37 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gokcimen , A. , Gulle , K. , Demirin , H. , Bayram , D. , Kocak , A. and Altuntas , I. 2007 . Effects of diazinon at different doses on rat liver and pancreas tissues . Pestic. Biochem. Phys. , 87 : 103 – 108 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EL-Shenawy , N. S. , Al-Eisa , R. A. , El-Salmy , F. and Salah , O. 2009 . Prophylactic effect of vitamin E against hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, haematological indices and histopathology induced by diazinon insecticide in mice . Current Zoology , 55 : 219 – 226 .
   Google Scholar
• Srivastava , M. K. and Raizada , R. B. 1999 . Assessment of the No-observed-effect Level (NOEL) of quinalphos in pregnant rats . Food Chem. Toxicol. , 37 : 649 – 653 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Altuntas , I. , Delibas , N. , Demirci , M. , Kilinc , I. and Tamer , N. 2002 . The effects of methidathion on lipid peroxidation and some liver enzymes: role of vitamins E and C . Arch. Toxicol. , 76 : 470 – 473 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mansour , S. A. and Mossa , A. H. 2010 . Oxidative damage, biochemical and histopathological alterations in rats exposed to chlorpyrifos and the antioxidant role of zinc . Pestic. Biochem. Phys. , 96 : 14 – 23 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Attia , A. M. and Nasr , H. M. 2009 . Dimethoate-induced changes in biochemical parameters of experimental rat serum and its neutralization by black seed (nigella sativa l.) oil . Slovak J. Anim. Sci. , 42 : 87 – 94 .
   Google Scholar
• Nikolov , Y. 2003 . Clinical experimental studies on acute rumen acidosis in sheep with a preexisting chronic lead and organophosphorus compound intoxication . Trakia Journal of Sciences. , 1 : 61 – 66 .
   Google Scholar
• Hagar , H. H. and Fahmy , A. H. 2002 . A biochemical, histochemical, and ultrastructural evaluation of the effect of dimethoate intoxication on rat pancreas . Toxicology Letters. , 133 : 161 – 170 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Afshar , S. , Heidari , R. , Farshid , A. A. and Ilkhanipour , M. 2008 . Effect of oral administration of fenitrothion on biochemical and hematological parameters in rats . Pak. J. Biol. Sci. , 11 : 1742 – 1745 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Radwan , M. U. , Hindy , Z. A. , Abdel-Megeed , M. and El-Zrook , A. 2001 . Residual activity of orally administrated pesticides used on fruits and vegetables on rat blood . Annals of Agricultural Science. , 46 : 365 – 382 .
   Google Scholar
• Anam , K. K. and Maitra , S. K. 1995 . Impact of quinalphos on blood glucose and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in brain and pancreas in a roseringed parakeet (Psittacula krameri borealis: Newmann) . Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. , 29 : 20 – 23 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fayez , V. and Kilgore , W. 1992 . Acute toxic effects of oxamyl in rats . Fund. Appl. Toxicol. , 18 : 155 – 9 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fox , G. R. and Virgo , B. R. 1986 . Effects of dieldrin on hepatic carbohydrate metabolism in the suckling and adult rat . Can. J. Physiol. Pharm. , 64 : 694 – 698 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolf , P. L. , Williams , D. , Tsudaka , T. and Acosta , L. 1972 . “ Methods and techniques in clinical chemistry ” . New York : Wiley-Interscience .
   Google Scholar
• Kassirer , J. P. 1971 . Clinical evaluation of kidney function, N . Engl. J. Med. , 285 : 385 – 389 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samet , A. M. , Fetoui , H. and Zeghal , N. 2008 . Nephrotoxicity induced by dimethoate in adult rats and their suckling pups . Pestic. Biochem. Phys. , 91 : 96 – 103 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson , W. J. , Hagge , W. W. , Wagoner , R. D. , Dinapoli , R. P. and Rosevear , J. W. 1972 . Effects of urea loading in patients with far-advanced renal failure . Mayo Clin Proc. , 47 : 9 – 21 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Machlin , L. J. and Bendich , A. 1987 . Free radical tissue damage: protective role of antioxidant nutrients . FASEB Journal. , 1 : 441 – 445 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farrag , A. H. and Shalby , S. E.M. 2007 . Comparative histopathological and histochemical studies on IGR, lufenuron and profenofos insecticide albino rats . J. Appl. Sci. Res. , 3 : 377 – 386 .
   Google Scholar
• Sivapiriya , V. , Jayanthisakthisekaran , J. and Venkatraman , S. 2006 . Effects of dimethoate (O, O-dimethyl S-methyl carbamoyl methyl phosphorodithioate) and ethanol in antioxidant status of liver and kidney of experimental mice . Pest. Biochem. Physiol. , 85 : 115 – 121 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sulak , O. , Altuntas , I. , Karahan , N. , Yildirim , B. , Akturk , O. , Yilmaz , H. R. and Delibas , N. 2005 . Nephrotoxicity in rats induced by organophosphate insecticide methidathion and ameliorating effects of vitamins E and C . Pest. Biochem. Phys. , 83 : 21 – 28 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalender , S. , Kalender , Y. , Durak , D. , Ogutcu , A. , Uzunhisarcikli , M. , Cevrimli , B. S. and Yildirim , M. 2007 . Methyl parathion induced nephrotoxicity in male rats and protective role of vitamins C and E . Pest. Biochem. Phys. , 88 : 213 – 218 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sultatos , L. G. 1994 . Mammalian toxicology of organophosphorus pesticides . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health. , 43 : 271 – 289 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alavanja , M. C. , Hoppin , J. A. and Kamel , F. 2004 . Health effects of chronic pesticide exposure: cancer and neurotoxicity . Ann. Rev. Public Health. , 25 : 155 – 197 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lo , A. C. , Soliman , A. S. , Khaled , H. M. , Aboelyazid , A. and Greenson , J. K. 2010 . Lifestyle, occupational, and reproductive factors and risk of colorectal cancer . Dis. Colon Rectum. , 53 : 830 – 837 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar