Priority Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs): Distribution, Possible Sources and Toxicity Equivalency in Urban Drains

REFERENCES

• ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry). “Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons.” US Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, GA (1995); http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/index.asp (accessed March 20, 2014).
   Google Scholar
• WHO/IARC (World Health Organization/International Agency for Research on Cancer). “Some Non & Heterocyclic Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Some Related Exposures.” IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Lyone, France, 92 (2005); http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol92/index.php (accessed March 22, 2014).
   Google Scholar
• USEPA. Federal Register, Rules and Regulations (Method 610 Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Environmental Protection Agency, 49, no. 209 (1984).
   Google Scholar
• USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency). Toxic and Priority Pollutants; http://water.epa.gov/scitech/methods/cwa/pollutants.cfm (accessed March 22, 2014).
   Google Scholar
• Pitt, R., R. Field, M. Lalor, and M. Brown. “Urban Stormwater Toxic Pollutants Assessment, Sources and Treatability.” Water Environment Research 67 (1995): 260–75.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baek, S., R.A. Field, and M.E. Goldstone. “A Review of Atmospheric Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Sources, Fate and Behavior.” Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 60 (1991) 279–300.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skupinska, K., M. Irena, and K.G. Teresa. “Polycyclic Hydrocarbons: Physiochemical Properties, Environmental Appearance and Impact on Living Organisms.” Acta Poloniae Pharmaceutica –Drug Research 61, no. 3 (2004): 233–40.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Government of NCT of Delhi. Statistical Abstract Of Delhi 2012, Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Vikash Bhawan-II, 3^rd floor (B-wing), Bela Road, Delhi-54; delhi.gov.in/DoIT/DES/Publication/abstract/SA2012.pdf (accessed August 2014).
   Google Scholar
• WDNS (Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources). “LOD/LOQ Technical Advisory Committee Report,” WI LUST Analytical Guidance”, PUBL-SW-130-93 (1994); dnr.wi.gov/regulations/labcert/documents/guidance/-LODguide.pdf (accessed March 20, 2014).
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, D., T. An, M. Qiao, B.G. Loganathan, X. Zeng, G. Sheng, J. Fu. “Source Identification and Health Risk of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Associated with Electronic Dismantling in Guiyu Town, South China.” Journal of Hazardous Materials 192 (2011): 1–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nisbet, I.C. T. and P.K. LaGoy. “Toxic Equivalency Factors (TEFs) for Polycyclic Aromaic Hydrocarbons (PAHs).” Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 16 (1992): 290–300.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsen, J.C. and P.B. Larsen. “Chemical Carcinogens,” in Air Pollution and Health, eds. R.E. Hester and R.M. Harrison (Cambridge, UK: The Royal Society of Chemistry, 1998), 33–56.
   Google Scholar
• Yunker, M.B., R.W. Macdonald, R. Vingarzan, H.R. Mitchell, D. Goyette, and S. Sylvestre. “PAHs in the Fraser River Basin: A Critical Appraisal of PAH Ratios as Indicators of PAH source and Composition.” Organic Geochemistry 33 (2002): 489–515.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Readman, J.W., R.F. C. Mantoura, M.M. Rhead, and L. Brown. “Aquatic Distribution and Heterotrophic Degradation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) in the Tamar Estuary.” Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 14 (1982): 369–89.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wild, S.R. and K.C. Jones. “Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the United Kingdom Environment: A Preliminary Source Inventory and Budget.” Environmental Pollution 88 (1995): 91–108.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malik, A., P. Verma, A.K. Singh, and K.P. Singh. “Distribution of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Water and Bed Sediments of the Gomti River, India.” Environmental Moniting and Assessment 172, no 1–4 (2011): 529–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar, R., B. Gupta, H. Gupta, and M. Rani. “Distribution of Persistent Organic Pollutants in Urban Aquatic Systems.” International Journal of Scientific Research and Environmental Science 2, no. 7 (2014): 233–43.
   Google Scholar
• Hajisamoh, A. “Pollution Levels of 16 Priority PAHs in the Major Rivers of Southern Thailand.” Research & Reviews: Journal of Chemistry 2, no.1 (2013): 7–11.
   Google Scholar
• CPCB. Annual Report 2000-2001; http://cpcbenvis.nic.in/ar2001/annual_report2000-01-24.htm (accessed December 10, 2013).
   Google Scholar
• DPCC (Delhi Pollution Control Committee). Water Quality Status of Drain. Report No: DPCC/W/D/11-12/265-288 (2012); www.dpcc.delhigovt.nic.in (accessed December 12, 2013).
   Google Scholar
• Agarwal, T., P.S. Khillare, and V. Shridhar. “PAHs Contamination in Bank Sediment of the Yamuna River, Delhi, India.” Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 123 (2006): 151–66.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiries, A., H. Hussain, and J. Lintelmann. “Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Wastewater, Sediments, Sludge and Plants in Karak Province, Jordon.” Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 121 (2000): 217–28.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jahin, H.S., B.N. Barsoum, T.A. Tawfic, J.V. Headley. “Occurrence and Distribution of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Egyptian Aquatic Environment.” Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A 44, no. 12 (2009): 1237–43.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farooq, S., S.A. Eqani, R.N. Malik, A. Katsoyiannis, G. Zhang, Y. Zhang, J. Li, L. Xiang, K.C. Jones, and Z.K. Shinwari. “Occurrence, Finger Printing and Ecological Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the Chenab River, Pakistan.” Journal of EnvironmentalMonitoring 13 (2011): 3207–15.
   Google Scholar
• Khalili, N.R., P.A. Scheff, and T.M. Holsen. “PAH Source Fingerprints for Coke Ovens, Diesel and Gasoline Engines, Highway Tunnels, and Wood Combustion Emissions.” Atmopheric Environment 29 (1995): 533–42.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilcke, W. “Global Patterns of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Soil.” Geoderma 141 (2007): 157–66.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mastral, A.M. and M.S. Callen. “A Review on Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) Emissions from Energy Generation.” Environmental Science & Technology 34 (2000): 3051–7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia-Flores, E., F.T. Wakida, and J.H. Espinoza-Gomez. “Sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban storm water runoff in Tijuana, Mexico.” International Journal of Environmental Research 7, no. 2 (2013): 387–94.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogge, W.F., L.M. Hildemann, M.A. Mazurek, G.R. Cass, and B.R. T. Simoneit. “Sources of Fine Organic Aerosol. 3. Road Dust, Tire Debris, and Organometallic Brake Lining Dust: Roads as Sources and Sinks.” Environmental Science & Technology 27 (1993): 1892–1904.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, W.J., Y.F. Wang, T.C. Lin, Y.Y. Chen, W.C. Lin, C.C. Ku, and J.T. Cheng. “PAH Characteristics in the Ambient Air of Traffic-Source.” Science of the Total Environment 159 (1995): 185–200.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caricchia, A.M., S. Chiavarini, and M. Pezza. “Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Urban Atmospheric Particulate Matter in the City of Naples (Italy).” Atmospheric Environment 33 (1999): 3731–8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dickhut, R.M., E.A. Canuel, K.E. Gustafson, K. Liu, K.M. Arzayus, S.E. Walker, G. Edgecombe, M.O. Gaylor, and E.H. MacDonald. “Automotive Sources of Carcinogenic Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Associated with Particulate Matter in the Chesapeake Bay Region.” Environmental Science & Technology 34 (2000): 4635–40.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kavouras, J.G., P. Koutrakis, M. Tsapakis, E. Lagoudaki, E.G. Stephanou, D. Von Baer, and P. Oyola. “Source Apportionment of Urban Particulate Aliphatic and Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) using Multivariate Methods.” Environmental Science & Technology 35 (2001): 2288–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hwang, H.M., T.L. Wade, and J.L. Sericano. “Concentrations and Source Characterization of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Pine Needles from Korea, Mexico and United States.” Atmospheric Environment 37 (2003): 2259–67.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, Y.G., G.Y. Sheng, and X.H. Bi. “Emission Factors for Carbonaceous Particles and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Residential Coal Combustion in China.” Environmental Science & Technology 39 (2005): 1861–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, Z., J. Chen, X. Qiao, P. Yang, F. Tian, and L. Huang. “Distribution and Sources of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Urban to Rural Soils: A Case Study in Dalian, China.” Chemosphere 68 (2007): 965–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ardag, H., M.Z. Ozel, and A. Sen. “Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Water from the Menderes River, Turkey.” Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 86 (2011): 221–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banger, K., G.S. Toor, T. Chirenje, and L. Ma. “Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Urban Soils of Different Land Uses in Miami, Florida.” Soil and Sediment Contamination 19 (2010): 231–43.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fadzil, M.F., M.T. Norhayati, M.K. Wan, and M.Z. Wan. “Concentration and Distribution of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the Town of Kota Bharu, Kelantan Darul Naim.” The Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences 12, no. 3 (2008):609–18.
   Google Scholar
• Domiınguez, C., S.K. Sarkar, A. Bhattacharya, M. Chatterjee, B.D. Bhattacharya, E. Jover, J. Albaiges, J.M. Bayona, A. Alam, and K.K. Satpathy. “Quantification and Source Identification of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Core Sediments from Sundarban Mangrove Wetland, India.” Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 59 (2010): 49–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu, G., X. Luo, F. Li, J. Dai, J. Guo, S. Chen, C. Hong, B. Mai, and M.Xu. “Organochlorine Compounds and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Surface Sediment from Baiyangdian Lake, North China: Concentrations, Sources Profiles and Potential Risk.” Journal of Environmental Science 22, no. 2 (2010): 176–83.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saha, M., H. Takada, and B. Bhattacharya. “Establishing Criteria of Relative Abundance of Alkyl Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) for Differentiation of Pyrogenic and Petrogenic PAHs: An Application to Indian Sediment.” Environmental Forensics 13, no, 4 (2012): 312–31.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo, W., M.C. He, Z.F. Yang, C.Y. Lin, X.C. Quan, and H.Z. Wang. “Distribution of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Water, Suspended Particulate Matter and Sediment from Daliao River Watershed, China.” Chemosphere 68, no. 1 (2007): 93–104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu, B., D.Y. Zhao, Y. Zhang, X.X. Zhang, and S.P. Cheng. “Multivariate Statistical Study of Organic Pollutants in Nanjing Reach of Yangtze River.” Journal of Hazardous Materials 169 (2009): 1093–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Essumang, D.K., C.K. Adokoh, J. Afriyie, and E. Mensah. “Source Assessment and Analysis of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH's) in the Oblogo Waste Disposal Sites and Some Water Bodies in and Around the Accra Metropolis of Ghana.” Journal of Water Resource and Protection 1 (2009): 456–68.
   Google Scholar
• Kafilzadeh, F., A.H. Shiva, and R. Malekpour. “Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Water and Sediments of the Kor River, Iran.” Mid.-East Journal of Scientific Research 10, no. 1 (2011): 1–7.
   Google Scholar
• Nasher, E., L.Y. Heng, Z. Zakaria, and S. Surif. “Concentrations and Sources of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Seawater around Langkawi Island, Malaysia.” Journal of Chemistry (2013).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barakat, A.O., A. Mostafa, T.L. Wade, S.T. Sweet, and N.B. El Sayed. “Spatial Distribution and Temporal Trends of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Sediments from Lake Maryut, Alexandria, Egypt.” Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 218 (2011): 63–80.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monza, L.B., R. Loewy, M.C. Savini, and A.M. P. De D’angelo. “Sources and Distribution of Aliphatic and Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons in Sediments from the Neuquen River, Argentine Patagonia.” Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A 48 (2013): 370–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fu, J., S. Sheng, T. Wen, Z.M. Zhang, Q. Wang, Q.X. Hu, Q.S. Li, S.Q. An, and H.L. Zhu. “Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Surface Sediments of the Jialu River.” Ecotoxicology 20 (2011): 940–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tripathi, R., R. Kumar, M.K. Mudiam, D.K. Patel, and J.R. Behari. “Distribution, Sources and Characterization of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Sediment of the River Gomti, Lucknow, India.” Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 83, no. 3 (2009): 449–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarkar, S.K., A. Binelli, M. Chatterjee, B.D. Bhattacharya, M. Parolini, C. Riva, and M.P. Jonathan. “Distribution and Ecosystem Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Core Sediments of Sundarban Mangrove Wetland, India.” Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds 32, no. 1 (2012): 1–26.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veses, O., R. Mosteo, M.P. Ormad, and J.L. Ovelleiro. “Potential Risk Assessment of Trace Elements and PAHS in Sediment Samples of the Ebro River Basin (Spain).” Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 90 (2013): 136–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanzari, F., A.D. Syakti, L. Asia, L. Malleret, A. Piram, G. Mille, and P. Doumenq. “Distributions and Sources of Persistent Organic Pollutants (Aliphatic Hydrocarbons, PAHs, PCBs and Pesticides) in Surface Sediments of an Industrialized Urban River (Huveaune), France.” Science of the Total Environment 478 (2014): 141–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar