Development of a Liquid/Liquid Extraction Method and GC/MS Analysis Dedicated to the Quantitative Analysis of PAHs and O-PACs in Groundwater from Contaminated Sites and Soils

References

• N. T. Edwards, “Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH’s) in the Terrestrial Environment – A Review,” Journal of Environmental Quality 12, no. 4 (1983): 427–41. doi: 10.2134/jeq1983.00472425001200040001x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S. R. Wild, and K. C. Jones, “Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the United Kingdom Environment: A Preliminary Source Inventory and Budget,” Environmental Pollution 88, no. 1 (1995): 91–108. doi: 10.1016/0269-7491(95)91052-M
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• W. Wilcke, “Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) in Soils – A Review,” Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science 163, no. 3 (2000): 229–48. doi: 10.1002/1522-2624(200006)163:3<229::AID-JPLN229>3.0.CO;2-6
   Google Scholar
• S. Pongpiachan, M. Hattayanone, O. Pinyakong, V. Viyakarn, S. A. Chavanich, C. Bo, C. Khumsup, I. Kittikoon, and P. Hirunyatrakul, “Quantitative Ecological Risk Assessment of Inhabitants Exposed to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Terrestrial Soils of King George Island,” Polar Science 11 (2017): 19–29. doi: 10.1016/j.polar.2016.12.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• P. Zhang, and Y. Chen, 2017. “Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Contamination in Surface Soil of China: A Review,” The Science of the Total Environment 605–606 (2017): 1011–20. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.06.247
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. Fabri de Resende, T. F. Brasil, B. E. Madari, A. D. P. Netto, and E. H. Novotny, “Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Biochar Amended Soils: Long-Term Experiments in Brazilian Tropical Areas,” Chemosphere 200 (2018): 641–8. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.02.139
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• W. Deelaman, S. Pongpiachan, D. Tipmanee, C. Choochuay, N. Iadtem, O. Suttinun, Q. Wang, L. Xing, G. Li, Y. Han, et al. “Source Identification of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Terrestrial Soils in Chile,” Journal of South American Earth Sciences 99 (2020): 102514–1. doi: 10.1016/j.jsames.2020.102514
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• K. Elgh-Dalgren, Z. Arwidsson, A. Camdzija, R. Sjöberg, V. Ribé, S. Waara, B. Allard, T. von Kronhelm, and P. A. W. van Hees, “Laboratory and Pilot Scale Soil Washing of PAH and Arsenic from a Wood Preservation Site: Changes in Concentration and Toxicity,” Journal of Hazardous Materials 172, no. 2–3 (2009): 1033–40. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.07.092
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S. Orecchio, “Contamination from Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the Soil of a Botanic Garden Localized Next to a Former Manufacturing Gas Plant in Palermo (Italy)),” Journal of Hazardous Materials 180, no. 1–3 (2010): 590–601. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.04
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• F. Li, S. Guo, B. Wu, and S. Wang, “Pilot-Scale Electro-Bioremediation of Heavily PAH-Contaminated Soil from an Abandoned Coking Plant site,” Chemosphere 244, (2020): 125467. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125467
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• P. A. White, and L. D. Claxton, “Mutagens in Contaminated Soil: A Review Mutation 16 Research.” Reviews in Mutation Research 567, no. 2–3 (2004): 227–345. doi: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2004.09.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S. W. Karickhoff, D. S. Brown, and T. A. Scott, “Sorption of Hydrophobic Pollutants on Natural Sediments,” Water Research 13, no. 3 (1979): 241–8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• G. Cornelissen, G. Okkenhaug, G. D. Breedveld, and J.-E. Sorlie, “Transport of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Polychlorinated Biphenyls in a Landfill: A Novel Equilibrium Passive Sampler to Determine Free and Total Dissolved Concentrations in Leachate Water,” Journal of Hydrology 369, no. 3–4 (2009): 253–9. doi: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.02.017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. C. Means, S. G. Wood, J. J. Hassett, and W. L. Banwart, “Sorption of Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons by Sediments and Soils,” Environmental Science & Technology 14, no. 12 (1980): 1524–8. doi: 10.1021/es60172a005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. A. Schlautman, and J. J. Morgan, “Effects of Aqueous Chemistry on the Binding of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons by Dissolved Humic Materials,” Environmental Science & Technology 27, no. 5 (1993): 961–9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• C. T. Chiou, S. E. Mcgroddy, and D. E. Kile, “Partition Characteristics of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons on Soils and Sediments,” Environmental Science and Technology 32 (1998): 269. doi: 10.1021/es970614c
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• B. Marschner, “Sorption of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) and Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCB) in Soil,” Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science 162, no. 1 (1999): 1–14. doi: 10.1007/s10532-005-9022-x
   Google Scholar
• A. Enell, F. Reichenberg, P. Warfvinge, and G. Ewald, “A Column Method for Determination of Leaching of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Aged Contaminated Soil,” Chemosphere 54, no. 6 (2004): 707–15. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2003.08.026
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. Wehrer, and K. U. Totsche, “Determination of Effective Release Rates of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Dissolved Organic Carbon by Column Outflow Experiments,” European Journal of Soil Science 56 (2005) 803-13. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2389.2005.00716.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• K. U. Totsche, S. Jann, and I. Kögel-Knabner, “Release of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Dissolved Organic Carbon, and Suspended Matter from Disturbed NAPL-Contaminated Gravelly Soil Material,” Vadose Zone Journal 5, no. 1 (2006): 469–79. doi: 10.2136/vzj2005.0057
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. Wehrer, T. Rennert, and K. U. Totsche, “Kinetic Control of Contaminant Release from NAPLs-experimental evidence,” Environmental Pollution (Barking, Essex: 1987) 179 (2013): 315–25. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.03.041
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• T. Cai, Y. Ding, Z. Zhang, X. Wang, T. Wang, Y. Ren, and Y. Dong, “Effects of Total Organic Carbon Content and Leaching Water Volume on Migration Behavior of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Soils by Column Leaching Tests,” Environmental Pollution (Barking, Essex: 1987) 254, no. Pt A (2019): 112981. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.112981
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• T. Ramdahl, “Polycyclic Aromatic Ketones in Environmental samples,” Environmental Science & Technology 17, no. 11 (1983): 666–70. doi: 10.1021/es00117a008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S. Meyer, and H. Steinhart, “Fate of PAH and hetero-PAH during Biodegradation in a Model Soil/Compost-System: Formation of Extractible Metabolites,” Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 132, no. 3/4 (2001): 215–31. doi: 10.1023/A:1013252021388
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S. Lundstedt, P. Haglund, and L. Öberg, “Degradation and Formation of Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds during Bioslurry Treatment of an Aged Gasworks Soil,” Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 22, no. 7 (2003): 1413–20. doi: 10.1002/etc.5620220701
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S. Lundstedt, P. A. White, C. L. Lemieux, K. D. Lynes, I. B. Lambert, L. Öberg, P. Haglund, and M. Tysklind, “Sources, Fate, and Toxic Hazards of Oxygenated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) at PAH-Contaminated Sites,” Ambio 36, no. 6 (2007): 475–85. doi: 10.1579/0044-7447(2007)36[475:SFATHO]2.0.CO;22.0.CO;2]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• W. Wilcke, B. A. M. Bandowe, M. G. Lueso, M. Ruppenthal, H. del Valle, and Y. Oelmann, “Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and Their Polar Derivatives (Oxygenated PAHs, Azaarenes) in Soils Along a Climosequence in Argentina,” The Science of the Total Environment 473–474, (2014): 317–25. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.12.037
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• B. A. M. Bandowe, M. Bigalke, J. Kobza, and W. Wilcke, “Sources and Fate of Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds (PAHs, Oxygenated PAHs and Azaarenes) in Forest Soil Profiles Opposite of an Aluminium Plant,” The Science of the Total Environment 630 (2018): 83–95. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.02.109
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• B. A. M. Bandowe, J. Sobocka, and W. Wilcke, “Oxygen-Containing Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (OPAHs) in Urban Soils of Bratislava, Slovakia: Patterns, Relation to PAHs and Vertical Distribution,” Environmental Pollution (Barking, Essex: 1987) 159, no. 2 (2011): 539–49. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2010.10.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mueller, W. and Smith, D. “Compilation of EPA’s.” in Sampling and Analysis Methods, edited by Keith, L. H. (New York: Lewis Publishers Inc., 1997).
   Google Scholar
• O. M. Saether, G. Storroe, D. Segar, and R. Krog, “Contamination of Soil and Groundwater at a Former Industrial Site in Trondheim,” Applied Geochemistry 12, no. 3 (1997): 327–32. doi: 10.1016/S0883-2927(97)00003-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• E. Baltussen, H. G. Janssen, P. Sandra, and C. A. Cramers, “A Novel Type of Liquid/Liquid Extraction for the Preconcentration of Organic Micropollutants from Aqueous Samples: Application to the Analysis of PAH's and OCP's in Water,” Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 20, no. 7 (1997): 395–99. doi: 10.1002/jhrc.1240200710
   Google Scholar
• Y. R. Wang, X. R. Wang, and F. S. C. Lee, “Development of Sampling Techniques for Trace Organic Pollutants in water – Analysis of PAH in Water by PUF,” Chemical Journal of Chinese Universities 18, no. 1997 (1997): 1022–26.
   Google Scholar
• I. Urbe, and J. Ruana, “Application of Solid-Phase Extraction Discs with a Glass Fiber Matrix to Fast Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Water,” Journal of Chromatography A 778, no. 1–2 (1997): 337–45. doi: 10.1016/S0021-9673(97)00539-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• G. Gmeiner, C. Krassnig, E. Schmid, and H. Tausch, “Fast Screening Method for the Profile Analysis of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Metabolites in Urine Using Derivatisation – Solid-Phase Microextraction,” Journal of Chromatography B: Biomedical Sciences and Applications 705, no. 1 (1998): 132–38. doi: 10.1016/s0378-4347(97)00526-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• C. Zwiener, and F. H. Frimmel, “Application of Headspace GC/MS Screening and General Parameters for the Analysis of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Groundwater Samples,” Fresenius' Journal of Analytical Chemistry 360, no. 7–8 (1998): 820–23. doi: 10.1016/S0378-4347(97)00526-4
   Google Scholar
• M. Algarra, C. Radin, P. F. de Violet, M. Lamotte, P. Garrigues, M. Hardy, and R. Gillard, “Direct Fluorometric Analysis of PAH in Water and in Urine following Liquid Solid Extraction,” Journal of Fluorescence 10, no. 4 (2000): 355–59. doi: 10.1023/A:1009474312620
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Y. P. P. Turov, and M. Gooznjaeva, “Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds in West Siberia Environment,” Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds 20, no. 1–4 (2000): 155–58. doi: 10.1080/10406630008034782
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• W. J. Havenga, and E. R. Rohwer, “The Use of SPME and GC-MS for the Chemical Characterisation and Assessment of PAH Pollution in Aqueous Environmental Samples,” International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry 78, no. 3–4 (2006): 205–11. doi: 10.1080/03067310008041342
   Google Scholar
• A. Jiries, H. Hussain, and J. Lintelmann, “Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Wastewater, Sediments, Sludge and Plants in Karak Province Jordan,” Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 121, no. 1/4 (2000): 217–28. doi: 10.1023/A:1005257207607
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. Guidotti, R. Giovinazzo, O. Cedrone, and M. Vitali, “Determination of Organic Micropollutants in Rain Water for Laboratory Screening of Air Quality in Urban Environment,” Environment International 26, no. 1–2 (2000): 23–8. doi: 10.1016/S0160-4120(00)00074-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EPA. Method 625 Base/Neutral and acids (Washington, DC: Environmental Protection Agency, 1984). https://19january2017snapshot.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-10/documents/method_625_1984.pdf
   Google Scholar
• EPA. Method 610: Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (Washington, DC: Environmental Protection Agency, 1984). https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-10/documents/method_610_1984.pdf
   Google Scholar
• E. Manoli, and C. Samara, “Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Waste Waters and Sewage Sludge: Extraction and Cleanup for HPLC Analysis with Fluorescence Detection,” Chromatographia 43, no. 3–4 (1996): 135–42.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ana Lúcia C. Lima, John W. Farrington, and Christopher M. Reddy, “Combustion-Derived Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Environment – A Review,” Environmental Forensics 6, no. 2 (2005): 109–31. doi: 10.1080/15275920590952739
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S. Nicol, J. Dugay, and M.-C. Hennion, “Determination of Oxygenated Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds in Airborne Particulate Organic Matter Using Gas Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry,” Chromatographia 53, no. S1 (2001): S464–S69. doi: 10.1007/BF02490379
   Google Scholar
• C. Schauer, R. Niessner, and U. Pöschl, “Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Urban Air Particulate Matter: Decadal and Seasonal Trends, Chemical Degradation, and Sampling Artifacts,” Environmental Science & Technology 37, no. 13 (2003): 2861–68. doi: 10.1021/es034059s
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. T. Andersson, and C. Achten, “Time to Say Goodbye to the 16 EPA PAHs? Toward an Up-to-Date Use of PACs for Environmental Purposes ,” Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds 35, no. 2–4 (2015): 330–54. doi: 10.1080/10406638.2014.991042
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lemière, B., Seguin, J.J., Le Guern, C., Guyonnet, D. and Baranger, P. “Guide sur le comportement des polluants dans les sols et les nappes, Applications dans un contexte d’Evaluation Détaillée de Risques pour les resources en eau” [Guide on the behaviour of pollutants in soils and aquifers, Applications in the context of Detailed Risk Assessment for Water Resources] (Paris: BRGM/RP-50662-FR, 2001).
   Google Scholar
• J. Kochany, and R. J. Maguire, “Abiotic Transformations of Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Polynuclear Aromatic Nitrogen Heterocycles in Aquatic Environments,” Science of the Total Environment 144, no. 1–3 (1994): 17–31. doi: 10.1016/0048-9697(94)90424-3
   Google Scholar
• D. Kotzias, and C. Brussol, “Fate of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) in Ambient Air,” Fresenius Environmental Bulletin 8 (1999): 518–522.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. Usman, P. Faure, C. Lorgeoux, C. Ruby, and K. Hanna, “Treatment of Hydrocarbon Contamination under Flow through Conditions by Using Magnetite Catalyzed Chemical Oxidation,” Environmental Science and Pollution Research International 20, no. 1 (2013): 22–30. doi: 10.1007/s11356-012-1016-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• C. E. Cerniglia, “Fungal Metabolism of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Past, Present and Future Applications in Bioremediation,” Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology 19, no. 5–6 (1997): 324–33. doi: 10.1038/sj.jim.2900459
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• C. Moeckel, L. Nizzetto, A. D. Guardo, E. Steinnes, M. Freppaz, G. Filippa, P. Camporini, J. Benner, and K. C. Jones, “Persistent Organic Pollutants in Boreal and Montane Soil Profiles: Distribution, Evidence of Processes and Implications for Global Cycling,” Environmental Science & Technology 42, no. 22 (2008): 8374–80. doi: 10.1021/es801703k
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• E. Perraudin, H. Budzinski, and E. Villenave, “Identification and Quantification of Ozonation Products of Anthracene and Phenanthrene Adsorbed on Silica Particles,” Atmospheric Environment 41, no. 28 (2007): 6005–17. doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.03.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. Mallakin, D. G. Dixon, and B. M. Greenberg, “Pathway of Anthracene Modification under Simulated Solar Radiation,” Chemosphere 40, no. 12 (2000): 1435–41. doi: 10.1016/s0045-6535(99)00331-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• C. Walgraeve, K. Demeestere, J. Dewulf, R. Zimmermann, and H. Van Langenhove, “Oxygenated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Atmospheric Particulate Matter: Molecular Characterization and Occurrence,” Atmospheric Environment 44, no. 15 (2010): 1831–46. doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.12.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. L. Durant, W. F. Busby, A. L. Lafleur, B. W. Penman, and C. L. Crespi, “Human Cell Mutagenicity of Oxygenated, Nitrated and Unsubstituted Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Associated with Urban Aerosols,” Mutation Research 371, no. 3–4 (1996): 123–57. doi: 10.1016/S0165-1218(96)90103-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• B. J. McConkey, C. L. Duxbury, D. G. Dixon, and B. M. Greenberg, “Toxicity of a PAH Photooxidation Product to the Bacteria Photobacterium phosphoreum and the Duckweed Lemna gibba: Effects of Phenanthrene and its Primary Photoproduct, Phenanthrenequinone,” Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 16, no. 5 (1997): 892–99. doi: 10.1002/etc.5620160508
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. L. Bolton, M. A. Trush, T. M. Penning, G. Dryhurst, and T. J. Monks, “Role of Quinones in Toxicology,” Chemical Research in Toxicology 13, no. 3 (2000): 135–60. doi: 10.1021/tx9902082
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R. Kurihara, F. Shiraishi, N. Tanaka, and S. Hashimoto, “Presence and Estrogenicity of Anthracene Derivatives in Coastal Japanese Waters,” Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 24, no. 8 (2005): 1984–93. doi: 10.1897/04-310r.1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. Boulangé, C. Lorgeoux, C. Biache, J. Michel, R. Michels, and P. Faure, “Aging as the Main Factor Controlling PAH and Polar-PAC (Polycyclic Aromatic Compound) Release Mechanisms in Historically Coal-Tar-Contaminated Soils,” Environmental Science and Pollution Research International 26, no. 2 (2019): 1693–705. doi: 10.1007/s11356-018-3708-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• K. U. Totsche, S. Jann, and I. Kögel-Knabner, “Single Event-Driven Export of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Suspended Matter from Coal Tar Contaminated Soil,” Vadose Zone Journal 6, no. 2 (2007): 233–43. doi: 10.2136/vzj2006.0083
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amalric L. and S. Favereaux. “Analyse des eaux en contexe sites et sols pollués. Synthèse des réunions du groupe de travail des laboratoires”. (2018). Rapport final BRGM/RP – 68202 FR.
   Google Scholar
• T. Zhu, Z. Rao, F. Guo, N. Zhan, Y. Wang, H. Arandiyan, and X.-j. Li, “Simultaneous Determination of 32 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Derivatives and Parent PAHs Using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry: Application in Groundwater Screening,” Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 101, no. 5 (2018): 664–71. doi: 10.1007/s00128-018-2462-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaugg, S. D., Smith, S. T., Schroeder, M. P., Barber, L. B. and Burkhardt, M. R. “Methods of Analysis by the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Laboratory—Determination of Wastewater Compounds by Polystyrene-Divinylbenzene Solid-Phase Extraction and Capillary-Column Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry,” Water-Resources Investigations Report 01–4186. (Denver, Colorado, USA, 2002).
   Google Scholar
• Q. Meng, W. Qi, H. Liu, and J. Qu, “Simultaneous Determination of Typical Substituted and Parent Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Water and Solid Matrix by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry,” Journal of Chromatography A 1291 (2013): 129–36. doi: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.03.044
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. E. Witter, and M. H. Nguyen, “Determination of Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Sulfur-Containing Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Urban Stream Sediments,” Environmental Pollution 209 (2016): 186–96. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.10.037
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O. Idowu, K. T. Semple, K. Ramadass, W. O'Connor, P. Hansbro, and P. Thavamani, “Beyond the Obvious: Environmental Health Implications of Polar Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons,” Environment International 123 (2019): 543–57. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.12.051
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar