Health Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Cooking Fuels burning in Nigeria

References

• WHO., 2021. Air pollution. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/health-topics/air-pollution#tab=tab_1
   Google Scholar
• Xin-Qi Wang, Xu Li, Yu-Yan Yang, Lin Fan, Xu Han, Li Li, Hang Liu, Tan-Xi Ge, Li-Qin Su, Xian-Liang Wang, et al, “Source, Characterization of Indoor Dust PAHs and the Health Risk on Chinese Children,” Current Medical Science 41, no. 2 (2021): 199–210. doi:10.1007/s11596-021-2337-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wei Du, Jinze Wang, Shaojie Zhuo, Qirui Zhong, Wei Wang, Yuanchen Chen, Zhenglu Wang, Kang Mao, Ye Huang, Guofeng Shen, et al, “Emissions of Particulate PAHs from Solid Fuel Combustion in Indoor Cookstoves,” The Science of the Total Environment 771 (2021): 145411. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145411
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• V. N. Mbanya, and M. K. C. Sridhar, “PM10 Emissions from Cooking Fuels in Nigerian Households and Their Impact on Women and Children,” Health 9 (2017): 1721–33.
   Google Scholar
• S. A. Ofori, S. J. Cobbina, and D. A. Doke, “The Occurrence and Levels of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in African Environments—a Systematic Review,” Environmental Science and Pollution Research 27, no. 26 (2020): 32389–431. doi:10.1007/s11356-020-09428-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. Ojeyemi, and Olabemiwo Ogunsola, A. D. “Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Smokes of Two Biomasses Used for Domestic Cooking in Nigeria,” Chemistry and Materials Research 6, no. 1 (2014): 1–7.
   Google Scholar
• O. B. Ozoh, T. J. Okwor, O. Adetona, A. O. Akinkugbe, C. E. Amadi, C. Esezobor, O. O. Adeyeye, O. Ojo, V. N. Nwude, and K. Mortimer, “Cooking Fuels in Lagos, Nigeria: Factors Associated with Household Choice of Kerosene or Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG),” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 4 (2018): 641. doi:10.3390/ijerph15040641
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R. Tong, L. Cao, X. Yang, and B. Zhang, “Health Damage to Housewives by Contaminants Emitted from Coal Combustion in the Chinese Countryside: Focusing on Day‑to‑Day Cooking,” International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health 94, no. 8 (2021): 1917–29. doi:10.1007/s00420-021-01742-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• K. Purkayastha, “Benzene and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons,” Environmental Scientist (2021): 58–61.
   Google Scholar
• J. Sun, Z. Shen, B. Zhang, L. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Q. Zhang, D. Wang, Y. Huang, S. Liu, and J. Cao, “Chemical Source Profiles of Particulate Matter and Gases Emitted from Solid Fuels for Residential Cooking and Heating Scenarios in Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau,” Environmental Pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987) 285 (2021): 117503. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117503
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S. Bahrami, F. Moore, and B. Keshavarzi, “Evaluation, Source Apportionment and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Soil and Vegetable of Ahvaz Metropolis,” Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal 27, no. 1 (2021): 71–100. doi:10.1080/10807039.2019.1692300
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• E. A. Okoye, B. Bocca, F. Ruggieri, A. N. Ezejiofor, I. L. Nwaogazie, J. L. Domingo, J. Rovira, C. Frazzoli, and O. E. Orisakwe, “Concentrations of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Samples of Soil, Feed and Food Collected in the Niger Delta Region, Nigeria: A Probabilistic Human Health Risk Assessment,” Environmental Research 202 (2021): 111619. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2021.111619
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hwanmi Lim, Ioannis Sadiktsis, Marcos Felipe de Oliveira Galvão, Roger Westerholm, and Kristian Dreij, “Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds in Particulate Matter and Indoor Dust at Preschools in Stockholm, Sweden: Occurrence, Sources and Genotoxic Potential in Vitro,” The Science of the Total Environment 755, no. Pt 1 (2021): 142709. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142709
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• A. Nadali, M. Leili, A. Bahrami, M. Karami, and A. Afkhami, “Phase Distribution and Risk Assessment of PAHs in Ambient Air of Hamadan, Iran,” Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 209 (2021): 111807. (doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111807
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. C. Onojake, V. N. Nwokonko, and J. O. Osakwe, “Human Health Risks Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Selected Seafood from Niger Delta Nigeria,” Nigerian Journal of Chemical Research 25, no. 2 (2021): 32–51.
   Google Scholar
• D. H. Ogbuagu, and A. A. Ayoade, “Presence and Levels of Common Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Staple Foods of Nigerians,” Food and Public Health 2, no. 1 (2012): 50–4.
   Google Scholar
• C. C. Nwaozuzu, P. Kingsley-Iwuanyanwu, and S. O. Abah, “Systematic Review of Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Obstructive Lung Disease,” Journal of Health & Pollution 11, no. 21 (2021): 1–9.
   Google Scholar
• J. Han, Y. Liang, B. Zhao, Y. Wang, F. Xing, and L. Qin, “Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAHs) Geographical Distribution in China and Their Source, Risk Assessment Analysis,” Environmental Pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987) 251 (2019): 312–27. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2019.05.022
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• N. de Oliveira Alves, J. Brito, S. Caumo, A. Arana, S. de Souza Hacon, P. Artaxo, R. Hillamo, K. Teinilä, S. R. B. de Medeiros, and P. de Castro Vasconcellos, “Biomass Burning in the Amazon Region: Aerosol Source Apportionment and Associated Health Risk Assessment,” Atmospheric Environment 120 (2015): 277–85. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.08.059
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. F. de Oliveira Galvao, N. de Oliveira Alves, P. A. Ferreira, S. Caumo, P. de Castro Vasconcellos, P. Artaxo, S. de Souza Hacon, D. A. Roubicek, and S. R. B. de Medeiros, “Biomass Burning Particles in the Brazilian Amazon Region: Mutagenic Effects of Nitro and Oxy-PAHs and Assessment of Health Risks,” Environmental Pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987) 233 (2018): 960–70. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2017.09.068
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D. Α. Sarigiannis, S. P. Karakitsios, D. Zikopoulos, S. Nikolaki, and M. Kermenidou, “Lung Cancer Risk from PAHs Emitted from Biomass Combustion,” Environmental Research 137 (2015): 147–56. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2014.12.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. A. Adeniran, M. O. Abdulraheem, H. A. Ameen, E. T. Odediran, and M.-N O. Yusuf, “Source Identification and Health Risk Assessments of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Settled Dusts from Different Population Density Areas of Ilorin, Nigeria,” Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 193, no. 12 (2021): 1–16. doi:10.1007/s10661-021-09566-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• T. Oni, “Assessment of Domestic Solid Waste Recycling in Ilorin South LGA,” SSRN (2021). 3912096
   Google Scholar
• K. A. Abdulraheem, J. A. Adeniran, A. S. Aremu, M.-N O. Yusuf, J. A. Adebisi, N. A. Sadiku, O. O. Olofintoye, A. Ismail, and J. A Sonibare, “Emission Factors of Some Common Grass Species in West Africa,” Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 192, no. 12 (2020): 1–16. doi:10.1007/s10661-020-08725-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• G. Charis, G. Danha, and E. Muzenda, “Characterizations of Biomasses for Subsequent Thermochemical Conversion: A Comparative Study of Pine Sawdust and Acacia Tortilis,” Processes 8, no. 5 (2020): 546. doi:10.3390/pr8050546
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. K. Varma, L. S. Thakur, R. Shankar, and P. Mondal, “Pyrolysis of Wood Sawdust: Effects of Process Parameters on Products Yield and Characterization of Products,” Waste Management 89 (2019): 224–35. doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2019.04.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• H. M. Faizal, H. S. Shamsuddin, M. H. M. Heiree, M. F. M. A. Hanaffi, M. R. A. Rahman, M. M. Rahman, and Z. Latiff, “Torrefaction of Densified Mesocarp Fibre and Palm Kernel Shell,” Renewable Energy. 122 (2018): 419–28. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2018.01.118
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. Hussain, L. D. Tufa, S. Yusup, and H. Zabiri, “Thermochemical Behavior and Characterization of Palm Kernel Shell via TGA/DTG Technique,” Materials Today: Proceedings 16 (2019): 1901–8.
   Google Scholar
• J. A. Sonibare, M. A. Oke, O. Anthony, and A. F. Akeredolu, “Ultimate and Elemental Analysis of Some Common Charcoal in Southwestern Nigeria,” Environments 6 (2021): 11.
   Google Scholar
• S. Pattanayak, C. Loha, L. Hauchhum, and L. Sailo, “Application of MLP-ANN Models for Estimating the Higher Heating Value of Bamboo Biomass,” Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery 11, no. 6 (2021): 2499–508. doi:10.1007/s13399-020-00685-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hernán E. Díez, and Juan F. Pérez, “Physicochemical Characterization of Representative Firewood Species Used for Cooking in Some Colombian Regions,” International Journal of Chemical Engineering 2017 (2017): 1–13. doi:10.1155/2017/4531686
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. Szymajda, G. Łaska, and M. Joka, “Assessment of Cow Dung Pellets as a Renewable Solid Fuel in Direct Combustion Technologies,” Energies 14, no. 4 (2021): 1192. doi:10.3390/en14041192
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R. Dhammapala, C. Claiborn, J. Corkill, and B. Gullett, “Particulate Emissions from Wheat and Kentucky Bluegrass Stubble Burning in Eastern Washington and Northern Idaho,” Atmospheric Environment 40, no. 6 (2006): 1007–15. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.11.018
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• l c T. Nisbet, and p k Lagoy, “Toxicity Equivalent Factors of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons,” Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology : RTP 16, no. 3 (1992): 290–300. doi:10.1016/0273-2300(92)90009-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O. A. Adesina, A. O. Adesina, and J. A. Adeniran, “Level of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Emission in the Ambient Air and Residual Ash from a Typical Municipal Solid Waste Open Burning Site in Nigeria,” Waste Disposal & Sustainable Energy 2, no. 2 (2020): 105–11. doi:10.1007/s42768-020-00035-y
   Google Scholar
• G. Iwuoha, J. Nwigoo, and M. Onojake, “Determination of Total Potency Equivalent Concentration (Tpec) of Carcinogenic Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (Cpahs) in Soils of Bodo-City,” Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 19, no. 3 (2015): 495–9. doi:10.4314/jasem.v19i3.20
   Google Scholar
• S. H. Alamri, N. Ali, H. M. S. Ali Albar, M. I. Rashid, N. Rajeh, M. M. A. Qutub, and G. Malarvannan, “Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Indoor Dust Collected during the COVID-19 Pandemic Lockdown in Saudi,” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 5 (2021): 2743. doi:10.3390/ijerph18052743
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balram Ambade, Amit Kumar, Ashwini Kumar, and Lokesh K. Sahu, “Temporal Variability of Atmospheric Particulate‑Bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) over Central East India: Sources and Carcinogenic Risk Assessment,” Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health 15, no. 1 (2022): 115–30. doi:10.1007/s11869-021-01089-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marek Tobiszewski, and Jacek Namieśnik, “PAH Diagnostic Ratios for the Identification of Pollution Emission Sources,” Environmental Pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987) 162 (2012): 110–9. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2011.10.025
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• B. Xu, F. Liu, D. Alfaro, Z. Jin, Y. Liu, Y. Liu, Z. Zhou, and J. Zhang, “Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Fine Road Dust from a Coal-Utilization City: Spatial Distribution, Source Diagnosis and Risk Assessment,” Chemosphere 286, no. Pt 1 (2022): 131555. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131555
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• IARC, 2011. International Agency for Research on Cancer Agent, IARC Monograph, Published by International Agency for Research on Cancer Agent. Available online at https://monographs.iarc.who.int/agents-classified-bythe-iarc/. Accessed 24 Jan 2021.
   Google Scholar
• R. Tong, B. Zhang, X. Yang, and L. Cao, “Health Risk Assessment of Chefs Intake of Cooking Fumes: Focusing on Sichuan Cuisine in China,” Human and Ecological Risk Assessment 2 (2019): 1–30.
   Google Scholar
• USEPA., 2011. US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). Exposure Factors Handbook: 2011 Edition. Retrieved from http://www.epa.gov/ncea/efh/pdfs/efh-complete.pdf
   Google Scholar
• B. Kumar, V. K. Verma, S. Kumar, and C. S. Sharma, “Probabilistic Health Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Urban Soils from a Tropical City of India,” Journal of Environmental Science and Health. Part A, Toxic/Hazardous Substances & Environmental Engineering 48, no. 10 (2013): 1253–63. doi:10.1080/10934529.2013.776894
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ICMR. “Indian Council for Medical Research (ICMR), Ntrient Requirements and Recommended Dietary Allowances for Indians,” A Report of the Expert Group of the Indian Council of Medical Research (2009)
   Google Scholar
• P. Senthong, and S. Wittayasilp, “Working Conditions and Health Risk Assessment in Hair Salons,” Environmental Health Insights 15 (2021): 11786302211026772. doi:10.1177/11786302211026772
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• N. Soltani, B. Keshavarzi, F. Moore, T. Tavakol, A. R. Lahijanzadeh, N. Jaafarzadeh, and M. Kermani, “Ecological and Human Health Hazards of Heavy Metals and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Road Dust of Isfahan Metropolis, Iran,” The Science of the Total Environment 505 (2015): 712–23. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.09.097
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• C. Peng, W. Chen, X. Liao, M. Wang, Z. Ouyang, W. Jiao, and Y. Bai, “Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Urban Soils of Beijing: Status, Sources, Distribution and Potential Risk,” Environmental Pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987) 159, no. 3 (2011): 802–8. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2010.11.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guofeng Shen, Shu Tao, Yuanchen Chen, Yanyan Zhang, Siye Wei, Miao Xue, Bin Wang, Rong Wang, Yan Lu, Wei Li, et al, “Emission Characteristics for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Solid Fuels Burned in Domestic Stoves in Rural China,” Environmental Science & Technology 47, no. 24 (2013): 14485–94.,. doi:10.1021/es403110b
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• E. D. Vicente, A. M. Vicente, B. A. Musa Bandowe, and C. A. Alves, “Particulate Phase Emission of Parent Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and Their Derivatives (alkyl-PAHs, oxygenated-PAHs, Azaarenes and Nitrated PAHs) from Manually and Automatically Fired Combustion Appliances,” Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health 9, no. 6 (2016): 653–68. doi:10.1007/s11869-015-0364-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Y. Goto, K. Nakamuta, and H. Nakata, “Parent and Alkylated PAHs Profiles in 11 Petroleum Fuels and Lubricants: Application for Oil Spill Accidents in the Environment,” Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 224 (2021): 112644. doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112644
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S.-H. Seo, K.-S. Jung, M.-K. Park, H.-O. Kwon, and S.-D. Choi, “Indoor Air Pollution of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Emitted by Computers,” Building and Environment 218, no. 109107 (2022): 109107. doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.109107
   Google Scholar
• C. M. A. Iwegbue, and G. Obi, “Distribution, Sources, and Health Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Dust from Urban Environment in the Niger Delta, Nigeria,” Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal of Journal 22, no. 3 (2016): 623–38. doi:10.1080/10807039.2015.1100157
   Google Scholar
• A. O. Oladapo, A. A. Odunlami, A. S. Hezekiah, A. A. Jacob, and T. A. Solomon, “Incidences of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Roasted Plantains Obtained within Osogbo Metropolis, Nigeria,” Journal of Science and Arts 21, no. 2 (2021): 539–46. doi:10.46939/J.Sci.Arts-21.2-b03
   Google Scholar
• C. Torres-Moreno, Laura Puente-DelaCruz, Garry Codling, A. Villa, M. Cobo, J. Klanova, and B. Johnson-Restrepo, “Polycyclic Aromatic Hydro 1 Carbons (PAHs) in Human Breast Milk 2 from Colombia: Spatial Occurrence, Sources and Probabilistic 3 Risk Assessment,” Environmental Research 204 (2022): 111981. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2021.111981
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• V. Samburova, J. Connolly, M. Gyawali, R. L. Yatavelli, A. C. Watts, R. K. Chakrabarty, B. Zielinska, H. Moosmüller, and A. Khlystov, “Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Biomass-Burning Emissions and Their Contribution to Light Absorption and Aerosol Toxicity,” The Science of the Total Environment 568 (2016): 391–401. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.06.026
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• I. Jakovljević, G. Pehnec, V. Vadjić, A. Šišović, S. Davila, and I. Bešlić, “Carcinogenic Activity of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Bounded on Particle Fraction,” Environmental Science and Pollution Research International 22, no. 20 (2015): 15931–40. doi:10.1007/s11356-015-4777-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O. Gorjinezhad, A. Kerimray, M. A. Torkmahalleh, M. Keles, F. Ozturk, and P. K. Hopke, “Quantifying Trace Elements in the Emitted Particulate Matter during Cooking and Health Risk Assessment,” Environmental Science Pollution Resources (2017): 1–15.
   Google Scholar
• V. Ivanescu, “Human Health Risk Assessment Posed by PCB Exposure in Bucharest Area,” Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia 6, no. Veronica Ivanescu (2015): 453–8. doi:10.1016/j.aaspro.2015.08.118
   Google Scholar
• P. S. Khillare, D. S. Jyethi, and S. Sarkar, “Health Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Heavy Metals via Dietary Intake of Vegetables Grown in the Vicinity of Thermal Power Plants,” Food and Chemical Toxicology : An International Journal Published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association 50, no. 5 (2012): 1642–52. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2012.01.032
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• C. Men, Y. Wang, R. Liu, Q. Wang, Y. Miao, L. Jiao, M. Shoaib, and Z. Shen, “Temporal Variations of Levels and Sources of Health Risk Associated with Heavy Metals in Road Dust in Beijing from May 2016 to April 2018,” Chemosphere 270 (2021): 129434. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129434
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Z. Cheng, L.-J. Chen, H.-H. Li, J.-Q. Lin, Z.-B. Yang, Y.-X. Yang, X.-X. Xu, J.-R. Xian, J.-R. Shao, and X.-M. Zhu, “Characteristics and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals Exposure via Household Dust from Urban Area in Chengdu, China,” Science of the Total Environment 619-620 (2018): 621–9. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.144
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geni Rodrigues Sampaio, Glória Maria Guizellini, Simone Alves da Silva, Adriana Palma de Almeida, Ana Clara C. Pinaffi-Langley, Marcelo Macedo Rogero, Adriano Costa de Camargo, and Elizabeth A. F. S. Torres, “Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Foods: Biological Effects, Legislation, Occurrence, Analytical Methods, and Strategies to Reduce Their Formation,” International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 11 (2021): 6010. doi:10.3390/ijms22116010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• P. K. Verma, D. Sah, J. Dubey, K. M. Kumari, and A. Lakhani, “Mutagenic and Cancer Risk Estimation of Particulate Bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from the Emission of Different Biomass Fuels,” Chemical Research in Toxicology 34, no. 3 (2021): 743–53. doi:10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00378
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• L. Yang, H. Zhang, X. Zhang, W. Xing, Y. Wang, P. Bai, L. Zhang, K. Hayakawa, A. Toriba, and N. Tang, “Exposure to Atmospheric Particulate Matter-Bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Their Health Effects: A Review,” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 4 (2021): 2177. doi:10.3390/ijerph18042177
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar