Concentrations, Source Apportionment and Health Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Household Dust Samples, the Case of City of Khorramabad, Iran

References

• M. Saeedi, L.Y. Li, and M. Salmanzadeh, “Heavy Metals and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Pollution and Ecological Risk Assessment in Street Dust of Tehran,” Journal of Hazardous Materials 227–228 (2012): 9–17. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.04.047
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• F. Sadeghdoust, N. Ghanavati, A. Nazarpour, T. Babaenejad, and M.J. Watts, “Hazard, Ecological, and Human Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Street Dust in Dezful, Iran,” Arabian Journal of Geosciences 13, no. 17 (2020): 1–14. doi:10.1007/s12517-020-05915-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S. Sobhanardakani, “Human Health Risk Assessment of Potentially Toxic Heavy Metals in the Atmospheric Dust of City of Hamedan, West of Iran,” Environmental Science and Pollution Research International 25, no. 28 (2018): 28086–28093. doi:10.1007/s11356-018-2818-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. Vaziri, A. Nazarpour, N. Ghanavati, T. Babainejad, and M.J. Watts, “An Integrated Approach for Spatial Distribution of Potentially Toxic Elements (Cu, Pb and Zn) in Topsoil,” Scientific Reports 11, no. 1 (2021): 1–16. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-86937-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D.K. Essumang, D.K. Dodoo, S. Obiri, and A.K. Oduro, “Analysis of Polycilic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Street Soil Dust in Kumasi Metropolis of Ghana,” Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 121, no. 1–3 (2006): 401–408. doi:10.1007/s10661-005-9137-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• B. Wu, S. Guo, X. Li, and J. Wang, “Temporal and Spatial Variations of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Soils from a Typical Organic Sewage Irrigation Area,” Science of the Total Environment. 613–614 (2018): 513–520. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.316
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Y. Zhang, D. Hou, G. Xiong, Y. Duan, C. Cai, X. Wang, J. Li, S. Tao, and W. Liu, “Structural Equation Modeling of PAHs in Ambient Air, Dust Fall, Soil, and Cabbage in Vegetable Bases of Northern China,” Environmental Pollution 239 (2018): 13–20. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2018.03.084
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. Halfadji, A. Touabet, F. Portet-Koltalo, F. Le-Derf, and N. Merlet-Machour, “Concentrations and Source Identification of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) in Agricultural, Urban/Residential, and Industrial Soils, East of Oran (Northwest Algeria),” Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds 39, no. 4 (2019): 299–310. doi:10.1080/10406638.2017.1326947
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S.M. Mohammadi, B. Lorestani, S. Sobhan Ardakani, M. Cheraghi, and M. Kiani Sadr, “Source Identification and Health Risk Assessment of PAHs in Surface Soils from the Vicinity of Arad-Kouh Processing and Disposal Complex, Tehran, Iran,” International Journal of Environmental and Analytical Chemistry 25 (2021): 1–14. doi:10.1080/03067319.2021.2014472
   Google Scholar
• B. Cetin, S. Yurdakul, M. Keles, I. Celik, F. Ozturk, and C. Dogan, “Atmospheric Concentrations, Distributions and Air-Soil Exchange Tendencies of PAHs and PCBs in a Heavily Industrialized Area in Kocaeli, Turkey,” Chemosphere 183 (2017): 69–79. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.05.103
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. Rabieimesbah, S. Sobhanardakani, M. Cheraghi, and B. Lorestani, “Concentrations, Source Identification and Potential Ecological and Human Health Risks Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Agricultural Soils of Hamedan County, West of Iran,” Soil and Sediment Contamination: An International Journal (2023): 1–25. doi:10.1080/15320383.2023.2215867
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Y. Gao, L. Yang, J. Chen, Y. Li, P. Jiang, J. Zhang, H. Yu, and W. Wang, “Nitro and oxy-PAHs Bounded in PM2.5 and PM1.0 under Different Weather Conditions at Mount Tai in Eastern China: Sources, Long-Distance Transport, and Cancer Risk Assessment,” Science of the Total Environment. 622–623 (2018): 1400–1407. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.200
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• N. Gysel, P. Dixit, D.A. Schmitz, G. Engling, A.K. Cho, D.R. Cocker, and G. Karavalakis, “Chemical Speciation, Including Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), and Toxicity of Particles Emitted from Meat Cooking Operations,” The Science of the Total Environment 633 (2018): 1429–1436. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.318
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• N. Hamid, J.H. Syed, M. Junaid, A. Mahmood, J. Li, G. Zhang, and R.N. Malik, “Elucidating the Urban Levels, Sources and Health Risks of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Pakistan: Implications for Changing Energy Demand,” The Science of the Total Environment 619–620 (2018): 165–175. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.080
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• W. Chen, X. Wu, H. Zhang, J. Sun, W. Liu, L. Zhu, X. Li, D.C.W. Tsang, S. Tao, and X. Wang, “Contamination Characteristics and Source Apportionment of Methylated PAHs in Agricultural Soils from Yangtze River Delta, China,” Environmental Pollution 230 (2017): 927–935. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2017.07.035
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• H. Liu, X. Yu, Z. Liu, and Y. Sun, “Occurrence, Characteristics and Sources of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Arable Soils of Beijing, China,” Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 159 (2018): 120–126. doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.04.069
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• L.H. Keith, “The Source of U.S. EPA's Sixteen PAH Priority Pollutants,” Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds 35, no. 2–4 (2015): 147–160. doi:10.1080/10406638.2014.892886
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• T.M. Florencia, T. Busso Ivan, and C. Hebe Alejandra, “Health Risk Assessment of Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Household Indoor Environments,” Environmental Advances 7 (2022): 100159. doi:10.1016/j.envadv.2021.100159
   Google Scholar
• M. Xia, X. Ouyang, X. Wang, X. Shen, and Y. Zhan, “Occupational Exposure Assessment of Phthalate Esters in Indoor and Outdoor Microenvironments,” Journal of Environmental Sciences 72 (2018): 75–88. doi:10.1016/j.jes.2017.12.013
   Google Scholar
• Q. Zhu, J. Jia, K. Zhang, H. Zhang, C. Liao, and G. Jiang, “Phthalate Esters in Indoor Dust from Several Regions, China and Their Implications for Human Exposure,” The Science of the Total Environment 652 (2019): 1187–1194. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.326
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• B. Başaran, G.N. Soylu, and M. Yılmaz Civan, “Concentration of Phthalate Esters in Indoor and Outdoor Dust in Kocaeli, Turkey: Implications for Human Exposure and Risk,” Environmental Science and Pollution Research International 27, no. 2 (2020): 1808–1824. doi:10.1007/s11356-019-06815-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S. Abdi, S. Sobhanardakani, B. Lorestani, M. Cheraghi, and H.A. Panahi, “Analysis and Health Risk Assessment of Phthalate Esters (PAEs) in Indoor Dust of Preschool and Elementary School Centers in City of Tehran, Iran,” Environmental Science and Pollution Research International 28, no. 43 (2021): 61151–61162. doi:10.1007/s11356-021-14845-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S. Chen, J. Yang, W. Yang, C. Wang, and T. Bärnighausen, “COVID-19 Control in China during Mass Population Movements at New Year,” Lancet 395, no. 10226 (2020): 764–766. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30421-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. Besis, and C. Samara, “Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) in the Indoor and Outdoor Environments–a Review on Occurrence and Human Exposure,” Environmental Pollution 169 (2012): 217–229. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2012.04.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S. Sobhanardakani, “Non-Carcinogenic Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals through Exposure to the Household Dust (Case Study: City of Khorramabad, Iran),” Annals of Military and Health Sciences Research 16, no. 4 (2018): E 86594.
   Google Scholar
• S. Langer, C. J. Weschler, A. Fischer, G. Bekö, J. Toftum, and G. Clausen, “Phthalate and PAH Concentrations in Dust Collected from Danish Homes and Daycare Centers,” Atmospheric Environment. 44, no. 19 (2010): 2294–2301. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.04.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S. Orecchio, “Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Indoor Emission from Decorative Candles,” Atmospheric Environment. 45, no. 10 (2011): 1888–1895. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.12.024
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Y. Ma, and S. Harrad, “Spatiotemporal Analysis and Human Exposure Assessment on Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Indoor Air, Settled House Dust, and Diet: A Review,” Environment International 84 (2015): 7–16. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2015.07.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Q. Yang, H. Chen, and B. Li, “Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Indoor Dusts of Guizhou, Southwest of China: Status, Sources and Potential Human Health Risk,” PLOS One 10, no. 2 (2015): e0118141. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0118141
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• N. Ali, I.M.I. Ismail, M. Khoder, M. Shamy, M. Alghamdi, M. Costa, L.N. Ali, W. Wang, and S.A.M.A.S. Eqani, “Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Indoor Dust Samples from Cities of Jeddah and Kuwait: Levels, Sources and Non-Dietary Human Exposure,” The Science of the Total Environment 573 (2016): 1607–1614. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.09.134
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• N. Ali, I.M.I. Ismail, M. Khoder, M. Shamy, M. Alghamdi, A. Al Khalaf, and M. Costa, “Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the Settled Dust of Automobile Workshops, Health and Carcinogenic Risk Evaluation,” The Science of the Total Environment 601–602 (2017): 478–484. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.05.110
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. Maragkidou, S. Arar, A. Al-Hunaiti, Y. Ma, S. Harrad, O. Jaghbeir, D. Faouri, K. Hämeri, and T. Hussein, “Occupational Health Risk Assessment and Exposure to Floor Dust PAHs inside an Educational Building,” The Science of the Total Environment 579 (2017): 1050–1056. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.11.055
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• I.C. Yadav, N. Linthoingambi Devi, J. Li, and G. Zhang, “Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in House Dust and Surface Soil in Major Urban Regions of Nepal: Implication on Source Apportionment and Toxicological Effect,” The Science of the Total Environment 616–617 (2018): 223–235. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.313
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• N. Ali, “Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Indoor Air and Dust Samples of Different Saudi Microenvironments; Health and Carcinogenic Risk Assessment for the General Population,” The Science of the Total Environment 696 (2019): 133995. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133995
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Z. Cao, M. Wang, Q. Chen, C. Zhu, J. Jie, X. Li, X. Dong, Z. Miao, M. Shen, and Q. Bu, “Spatial, Seasonal and Particle Size Dependent Variations of PAH Contamination in Indoor Dust and the Corresponding Human Health Risk,” The Science of the Total Environment 653 (2019): 423–430. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.413
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. Stamatelopoulou, M. Dasopoulou, A. Bairachtari, S. Karavoltsos, A. Sakellari, and T. Maggos, “Contamination and Potential Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and Heavy Metals in House Settled Dust Collected from Residences of Young Children,” Applied Sciences 11, no. 4 (2021): 1479. doi:10.3390/app11041479
   Google Scholar
• L. Arfaeinia, T. Tabatabaie, M. Miri, and H. Arfaeinia, “Bioaccessibility-Based Monitoring and Risk Assessment of Indoor Dust-Bound PAHs Collected from Housing and Public Buildings: Effect of Influencing Factors,” Environmental Research 204, no. Pt B (2022): 112039. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2021.112039
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• E. Sabzevari, and S. Sobhanardakani, “Analysis of Selected Heavy Metals in Indoor Dust Collected from City of Khorramabad, Iran: A Case Study,” Jundishapur J. Health Sci 10, no. 3 (2018): e67382.
   Google Scholar
• R.C. Brändli, T.D. Bucheli, T. Kupper, J. Mayer, F.X. Stadelmann, and J. Tarradellas, “Fate of PCBs, PAHs and Their Source Characteristic Ratios during Composting and Digestion of Source-Separated Organic Waste in Full-Scale Plants,” Environmental Pollution 148, no. 2 (2007): 520–528. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2006.11.021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• C. Peng, W. Chen, X. Liao, M. Wang, Z. Ouyang, W. Jiao, and Y. Bai, “Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Urban Soils of Beijing: Status, Sources, Distribution and Potential Risk,” Environmental Pollution 159, no. 3 (2011): 802–808. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2010.11.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• W. Wang, M.J. Huang, Y. Kang, H.S. Wang, A.O.W. Leung, K.C. Cheung, and M.H. Wong, “Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Urban Surface Dust of Guangzhou, China: Status, Sources and Human Health Risk Assessment,” The Science of the Total Environment 409, no. 21 (2011): 4519–4527. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.07.030
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S. Moyo, R. McCrindle, N. Mokgalaka, J. Myburgh, and M. Mujuru, “Source Apportionment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Sediments from Polluted Rivers,” Pure and Applied Chemistry 85, no. 12 (2013): 2175–2196. doi:10.1351/pac-con-12-10-08
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. Melnyk, A. Dettlaff, K. Kuklińska, J. Namieśnik, and L. Wolska, “Concentration and Sources of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) in Surface Soil near a Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Landfill,” Science of the Total Environment. 530–531 (2015): 18–27. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.05.092
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• N. Ghanavati, A. Nazarpour, and M.J. Watts, “Status, Source, Ecological and Health Risk Assessment of Toxic Metals and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Street Dust of Abadan, Iran,” Catena 177 (2019): 246–259. doi:10.1016/j.catena.2019.02.022
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• USEPA. Supplemental Guidance for Developing Soil Screening Levels for Superfund Sites. (Washington, DC: Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, 2001), 93554–93624.
   Google Scholar
• Y. Hu, Z. Bai, L. Zhang, X. Wang, L. Zhang, Q. Yu, and T. Zhu, “Health Risk Assessment for Traffic Policemen Exposed to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Tianjin, China,” The Science of the Total Environment 382, no. 2–3 (2007): 240–250. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.04.038
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Y. Wei, I.K. Han, M. Hu, M. Shao, J.J. Zhang, and X. Tang, “Personal Exposure to Particulate PAHs and Anthraquinone and Oxidative DNA Damages in Humans,” Chemosphere 81, no. 10 (2010): 1280–1285. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.08.055
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer). Industrial Exposures in Aluminumproduction, Coal Gasification, Coke Production, and Iron and Steel Founding. IARC Vol. 34. (Lyon, France: World Health Organization, 1984).
   Google Scholar
• Y. Yang, L.A. Woodward, Q.X. Li, and J. Wang, “Concentrations, Source and Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Soils from Midway Atoll, North Pacific Ocean,” PLOS ONE 9, no. 1 (2014): e86441. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0086441
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• L. Wang, S. Zhang, L. Wang, W. Zhang, X. Shi, X. Lu, X. Li, and X. Li, “Concentration and Risk Evaluation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Urban Soil in the Typical Semi-Arid City of Xi’an in Northwest China,” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 4 (2018): 607. doi:10.3390/ijerph15040607
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• N.K. Wilson, J.C. Chuang, C. Lyu, R. Menton, and M.K. Morgan, “Aggregate Exposures of Nine Preschool Children to Persistent Organic Pollutants at Day Care and at Home,” Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology 13, no. 3 (2003): 187–202. doi:10.1038/sj.jea.7500270
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• R.M. Maertens, J. Bailey, and P.A. White, “The Mutagenic Hazards of Settled House Dust: A Review,” Mutation Research 567, no. 2–3 (2004): 401–425. doi:10.1016/j.mrrev.2004.08.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• G.A. Ayoko, S.T. Robertson, and J.R. Duigu, “Elemental and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Compositions of House Dust in Brisbane, Australia,” (paper presented at Proceedings of Indoor Air Beijing, China, 2005), 1536–1540.
   Google Scholar
• P.P. Egeghy, J.J. Quackenboss, S. Catlin, and P.B. Ryan, “Determinants of Temporal Variability in NHEXAS-Maryland Environmental Concentrations, Exposures, and Biomarkers,” Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology 15, no. 5 (2005): 388–397. doi:10.1038/sj.jea.7500415
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Y. Ren, T. Cheng, and J. Chen, “Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Dust from Computers: One Possible Indoor Source of Human Exposure,” Atmospheric Environment. 40, no. 36 (2006): 6956–6965. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.06.014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M.R. Mannino, and S. Orecchio, “Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Indoor Dust Matter of Palermo (Italy) Area: Extraction, GC-MS Analysis, Distribution and Sources,” Atmospheric Environment 42, no. 8 (2008): 1801–1817. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.11.031
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. Tatur, E. Kicińska, A. Wasiłowska, and P.P. Gromadka, “Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in House Dust from Warsaw,” Ecological Chemistry and Engineering A. 16 (2009): 867–874.
   Google Scholar
• Y. Kang, K.C. Cheung, and M.H. Wong, “Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Different Indoor Dusts and Their Potential Cytotoxicity Based on Two Human Cell Lines,” Environment International 36, no. 6 (2010): 542–547. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2010.04.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• C.M.A. Iwegbue, “Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Profile of Kitchen Dusts,” Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 86, no. 3 (2011): 298–301. doi:10.1007/s00128-011-0213-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• N. Anders, M. Abb, E. Sorkau, R. Kubinec, and W. Lorenz, “Analysis and Occurrence of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Household Dust,” Fresenius Environmental Bulletin 21 (2012): 372–379.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• W. Wang, F. Wu, J. Zheng, and M.H. Wong, “Risk Assessments of PAHs and Hg Exposure via Settled House Dust and Street Dust, Linking with Their Correlations in Human Hair,” Journal of Hazardous Materials. 263 (2013): 627–637. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.10.023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• T. Whitehead, C. Metayer, M. Petreas, M. Does, P.A. Buffler, and S.M. Rappaport, “Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Residential Dust: Sources of Variability,” Environmental Health Perspectives 121, no. 5 (2013): 543–550. doi:10.1289/ehp.1205821
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• E. Krugly, D. Martuzevicius, R. Sidaraviciute, D. Ciuzas, T. Prasauskas, V. Kauneliene, I. Stasiulaitiene, and L. Kliucininkas, “Characterization of Particulate and Vapor Phase Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Indoor and Outdoor Air of Primary Schools,” Atmospheric Environment. 82 (2014): 298–306. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.10.042
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• H. Qi, W. Li, N. Zhu, M. Ma, L. Liu, F. Zhang, and Y. Li, “Concentrations and Sources of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Indoor Dust in China,” Science of the Total Environment. 491–492 (2014): 100–107. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.01.119
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S.H. Alamri, N. Ali, H.M. Salem Ali Albar, M.I. Rashid, N. Rajeh, M.M.A. Qutub, and G. Malarvannan, “Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Indoor Dust Collected during the COVID-19 Pandemic Lockdown in Saudi Arabia: Status, Sources and Human Health Risks,” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 5 (2021): 2743. doi:10.3390/ijerph18052743
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• B.J. Mahler, P.C.V. Metre, J.T. Wilson, M. Musgrove, T.L. Burbank, T.E. Ennis, and T.J. Bashara, “Coal-Tar-Based Parking Lot Sealcoat: An Unrecognized Source of PAH to Settled House Dust,” Environmental Science & Technology 44, no. 3 (2010): 894–900. doi:10.1021/es902533r
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• P. Baumard, H. Budzinski, P. Garrigues, H. Dizer, and P.D. Hansen, “Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Recent Sediments Andmussels (Mytilus Edulis) from the Western Baltic Sea: Occurrence, Bioavailability and Seasonal Variations,” Marine Environment Research 47, no. 1 (1999): 17–47. doi:10.1016/S0141-1136(98)00105-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• B. Liu, X. Yu, L. Lv, W. Dong, L. Chen, W. Wu, and Y. Yu, “A Nationwide Survey of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Household Dust in China: Spatial Distribution, Sources, and Health Risk Assessment,” Environmental Geochemistry and Health (2023). doi:10.1007/s10653-023-01563-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• B. Gevao, M. Al-Bahloul, J. Zafar, K. Al-Matrouk, and M. Helaleh, “Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Indoor Air and Dust in Kuwait: Implications for Sources and Nondietary Human Exposure,” Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 53, no. 4 (2007): 503–512. doi:10.1007/s00244-006-0261-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. Yunker, R. Macdonald, R. Vingarzan, R. Mitchell, D. Goyette, and S. Sylvestre, “PAHs in the Fraser River Basin: A Critical Appraisal of PAH Ratios as Indicators of PAH Source and Composition,” Organic Geochemistry 33, no. 4 (2002): 489–515. doi:10.1016/S0146-6380(02)00002-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• K.L. Bignal, S. Langridge, and J.L. Zhou, “Release of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Carbon Monoxide and Particulate Matter from Biomass Combustion in a Wood-Fired Boiler under Varying Boiler Conditions,” Atmospheric Environment. 42, no. 39 (2008): 8863–8871. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.09.013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• H. Budzinski, I. Jones, J. Bellocq, C. Pierard, and P. Garrigues, “Evaluation of Sediment Contamination by Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Gironde Estuary,” Marine Chemistry. 58, no. 1–2 (1997): 85–97. doi:10.1016/S0304-4203(97)00028-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. Tobiszewski, and J. Namieśnik, “PAH Diagnostic Ratios for the Identification of Pollution Emission Sources,” Environmental Pollution 162 (2012): 110–119. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2011.10.025
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D.J. Freeman, and F.C.R. Cattell, “Wood Burning as Source of Atmospheric Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons,” Environmental Science & Technology 24, no. 10 (1990): 1581–1585. doi:10.1021/es00080a019
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• P. Romagnoli, C. Balducci, M. Perilli, M. Gherardi, A. Gordiani, C. Gariazzo, M.P. Gatto, and A. Cecinato, “Indoor PAHs at Schools, Homes and Offices in Rome, Italy,” Atmospheric Environment. 92 (2014): 51–59. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.03.063
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R.A. Rudel, J.G. Brody, J.D. Spengler, J. Vallarino, P.W. Geno, G. Sun, and A. Yau, “Identification of Selected Hormonally Active Agents and Animal Mammary Carcinogens in Commercial and Residential Air and Dust Samples,” Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 51, no. 4 (2001): 499–513. doi:10.1080/10473289.2001.10464292
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• N.K. Wilson, J.C. Chuang, and C. Lyu, “Levels of Persistent Organic Pollutants in Several Child Day Care Centers,” Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology 11, no. 6 (2001): 449–458. doi:10.1038/sj.jea.7500190
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• H. Fromme, T. Lahrz, M. Piloty, H. Gebhardt, A. Oddoy, and H. Rüden, “Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons inside and outside of Apartments in an Urban Area,” The Science of the Total Environment 326, no. 1-3 (2004): 143–149. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.02.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• T. Whitehead, C. Metayer, R.B. Gunier, M.H. Ward, M.G. Nishioka, P.A. Buffler, and S.M. Rappaport, “Determinants of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Levels in House Dust,” Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology 21, no. 2 (2011): 123–132. doi:10.1038/jes.2009.68
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• E. Hoh, R.N. Hunt, P.J.E. Quintana, J.M. Zakarian, D.A. Chatfield, B.C. Wittry, E. Rodriguez, and G.E. Matt, “Environmental Tobacco Smoke as a Source of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Settled Household Dust,” Environmental Science & Technology 46, no. 7 (2012): 4174–4183. doi:10.1021/es300267g
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar