1,552
Views
111
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Mechanisms of Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes. Part 3: Reactions of Liquefaction

Pages 649-659 | Published online: 27 Feb 2008

References

  • Appell , H. R. 1967 . Fuels from Waste , Edited by: Anderson , L. and Tilman , D. A. New York : Academic Press .
  • Appell , H. R. , Fu , Y. C. , Friedman , S. , Yavorsky , P. M. and Wender , I. 1972 . Converting organic wastes to oil . Bureau of Mines, Pittsburg, PA , 15 : 17 – 19 .
  • Appell , H. R. , Fu , Y. C. , Friedman , S. , Yavorsky , P. M. and Wender , I. 1980 . Converting organic wastes to oil: A replenishable energy source. Bureau of Mines , Washington, DC : U.S. Department of the Interior .
  • Balat , M. and Ayar , G. 2005 . Biomass energy in the world, use of biomass and potential trends . Energy Sources , 27 : 931 – 940 .
  • Chornet , E. and Overend , R. P. 1985 . “ Biomass liquefaction: An overview ” . In Fundamentals of Thermochemical Biomass Conversion , Edited by: Overend , R. P. , Milne , T. A. and Mudge , L. K. 967 – 1002 . New York : Elsevier Applied Science .
  • Datta , B. K. and McAuliffe , C. A. . The production of fuels by cellulose liquefaction . Proceedings of the First Biomass Conference of the Americas: Energy, Environment, Agriculture, and Industry . October 1 , Golden, CO. pp. 931 – 946 . NREL .
  • Demirbas , A. 1985 . A new method on wood liquefaction . Chim. Acta Turc. , 13 : 364 – 368 .
  • Demirbas , A. 1991 . Catalytic conversion of residual lignocellulosic materials to an acetone-soluble oil . Fuel Sci. Technol. Int. , 9 : 425 – 433 .
  • Demirbas , A. 1992 . Conversion of wood to liquid products using alkaline glycerol . Fuel Sci. Technol. Int. , 10 : 173 – 184 .
  • Demirbas , A. 1994 . Chemicals from forest products by efficient extraction methods . Fuel Sci. Technol. Int. , 12 : 417 – 431 .
  • Demirbas , A. 1997 . Aqueous glycerol delignification of wood chips and ground wood . Bioresour. Technol. , 63 : 179 – 185 .
  • Demirbas , A. 2000a . Recent advances in biomass conversion technologies . Energy Edu. Sci. Technol. , 6 : 77 – 83 .
  • Demirbas , A. 2000b . Mechanisms of liquefaction and pyrolysis reactions of biomass . Energy Convers. Manage. , 41 : 633 – 646 .
  • Demirbas , A. 2001a . Biomass resource facilities and biomass conversion processing for fuels and chemicals . Energy Convers. Manage. , 42 : 1357 – 1378 .
  • Demirbas , A. 2001b . Biomass to charcoal, liquid and gaseous products via carbonization process . Energy Sources , 23 : 579 – 587 .
  • Demirbas , A. 2005 . Thermochemical conversion of biomass to liquid products in the aqueous medium . Energy Sources , 27 : 1235 – 1243 .
  • Demirbas , A. , Balat , M. and Bozbas , K. 2005 . Direct and catalytic liquefaction of wood species in the aqueous solution . Energy Sources , 27 : 271 – 277 .
  • Demirbas , A. , Caglar , A. , Akdeniz , F. and Gullu , D. 2000b . Conversion of olive husk to liquid fuel by pyrolysis and catalytic liquefaction . Energy Sources , 22 : 631 – 639 .
  • Demirbas , A. , Ozdemir , T. , Sahin , B. , Gullu , D. , Akdeniz , F. and Caglar , A. 2000a . Upgrading of biomass materials as energy sources: Liquefaction of mosses from Turkey . Energy Sources , 22 : 403 – 408 .
  • Eager , R. L. , Mathews , J. F. and Pepper , J. M. 1982 . Liquefaction of aspen poplar wood . Can. J. Chem. Eng. , 60 : 289 – 294 .
  • Eager , R. L. , Pepper , J. M. and Roy , J. C. 1983 . Chemical studies on oils from aspen poplar wood, cellulose, and an isolated aspen poplar lignin . Can. J. Chem. , 61 : 2010 – 2015 .
  • Elliott , D. C. , Sealock , L. J. Jr. and Butner , R. S. . Product analysis from direct liquefaction of several high-moisture biomass feedstocks . 193rd National Meeting of the American Chemical Society . April 5 , Denver, CO. pp. 186 – 194 .
  • Elliott , D. C. and Schiefelbein , G. F. 1989 . Liquid hydrocarbon fuels from biomass . Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Fuel Chem. , 34 : 1160 – 1166 .
  • Garg , H. P. and Datta , G. May 19–20 1998 . “ Global status on renewable energy ” . In Solar Energy Heating and Cooling Methods in Building: International Workshop , May 19–20 , Tehran, , Iran : Iran University of Science and Technology .
  • Gharieb , H. K. , Faramawy , S. and El-Amrousi , F. A. 1993 . Liquefaction of cellulosic wastes: Production, characterization and evaluation of pyrolysis oils . J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. , 58 : 395 – 402 .
  • Goudriaan , F. , van de Beld , B. , Boerefijn , F. R. , Bos , G. M. , Naber , J. E. , van der Wal , S. and Zeevalkink , J. A. . Thermal efficiency of the HTU process for biomass liquefaction . Paper presented at Progress in Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Conference . September 18–21 , Tyrol, Austria. Edited by: Bridgwater , A. V. pp. 1312 – 1325 .
  • He , B. J. , Zhang , Y. , Yin , Y. , Funk , T. L. and Riskowski , G. L. 2000a . Operation temperature and retention time effects on the thermochemical conversion process of swine manure . Trans. ASAE , 43 : 1821 – 1825 .
  • He , B. J. , Zhang , Y. , Funk , T. L. , Riskowski , G. L. and Yin , Y. 2000b . Thermochemical conversion of swine manure: An alternative process for waste treatment and renewable energy production . Trans. ASAE , 43 : 1827 – 1833 .
  • Kaufman , J. A. and Weiss , A. H. 1975 . Solid waste conversion, cellulose liquefaction , Cincinnati, OH : Environmental Protection Agency . EPA 670/2-75-031
  • Kobayashi , M. , Asano , T. , Kajiyama , M. and Tomita , B. 2004 . Analysis on residue formation during wood liquefaction with polyhydric alcohol . J. Wood Sci. , 50 : 407 – 414 .
  • Kranich , W. L. 1984 . Conversion of sewage sludge to oil by hydroliquefaction , Cincinnati, OH : Environmental Protection Agency . EPA-600/2-84-010
  • Krzan , A. , Kunaver , M. and Tisler , V. 2005 . Wood liquefaction using dibasic organic acids and glycols . Acta Chim. Slov. , 52 : 253 – 258 .
  • Küçük , M. M. and Demirbas , A. 1993 . Delignification of Ailanthus altissima Spruce orientalis with glycerol or alkaline glycerol at atmospheric pressure . Cellul. Chem. Technol , 27 : 679 – 686 .
  • Küçük , M. M. 2001 . Liquefaction of biomass by supercritical gas extraction . Energy Sources , 23 : 363 – 368 .
  • Meier , D. and Rupp , M. 1991 . “ Direct catalytic liquefaction technology of biomass: Status and review ” . In Biomass Pyrolysis Liquids Upgrading and Utilization , Edited by: Bridgewater , A. V. and Grassi , G. 177 – 218 . New York : Elsevier Applied Science .
  • Minowa , T. , Yokoyama , S. , Kishimoto , M. and Okakura , T. 1995 . Oil production from algal cells of Dunaliella tertiolecta by direct thermochemical liquefaction . Fuel , 74 : 1735 – 1738 .
  • Morf , P. O. 2001 . Secondary reactions of tar during thermochemical biomass conversion , Dissertation Technical Sciences ETH . Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, NR 14341
  • Ogi , T. and Yokoyama , S. 1993 . Liquid fuel production from woody biomass by direct liquefaction . Sekiyu Gakkaishi , 36 : 73 – 84 .
  • Ogi , T. , Yokoyama , S. and Koguchi , K. 1985 . Direct liquefaction of wood by alkali and alkaline earth salt in an aqueous phase . Chem. Lett. , 8 : 1199 – 1202 .
  • Russell , J. A. , Miller , R. K. and Molton , P. M. 1983 . Formation of aromatic compounds from condensation reactions of cellulose degradation products . Biomass , 3 : 43 – 57 .
  • Sahin , B. , Gullu , D. , Demirbas , A. , Özdemir , T. , Akdeniz , F. and Caglar , A. 2000 . Upgrading of biomass materials as energy sources: Liquefaction of mosses from Turkey . Energy Sources , 22 : 403 – 408 .
  • Surmen , Y. 2002 . The Necessity of biomass energy for Turkish economy . Energy Ed. Sci. Technol. , 10 : 19 – 26 .
  • Wenzl , H. F. J. , Brauns , F. E. and Brauns , D. A. 1970 . The Chemical Technology of Wood , New York : Academic Press .
  • Yamada , T. and Ono , H. 2000 . “ Rapid liquefaction of lignocellulosic waste in the presence of cyclic carbonates for preparing levulinic acid and polyurethane resins ” . In Wood and Cellulose: Building Blocks for Chemicals, Fuels and Advanced Materials 2nd Annual Partnerships for Environmental Improvement and Economic Development Conference, April 9–11, Syracuse, New York
  • Yamada , T. and Ono , H. 2001 . Characterization of the products resulting from ethylene glycol liquefaction of cellulose . J. Wood Sci. , 47 : 458 – 464 .
  • Zhang , Y. , Riskowski , G. and Funk , T. 1999 . Thermochemical conversion of swine manure to produce fuel and reduce waste , Urbana, IL : Illinois Council on Food and Agricultural Research, December, University of Illinois .
  • Zhang , Y. , Ikeda , A. , Hori , N. , Takemura , A. , Ono , H. and Yamada , T. 2006 . Characterization of liquefied product from cellulose with phenol in the presence of sulfuric acid . Bioresour. Technol. , 97 : 313 – 321 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.