A Nonequilibrium Thermal Model for Direct Metal Laser Sintering

REFERENCES

• J. G. Conley and H. L. Marcus , Rapid Prototyping and Solid Freeform Fabrication , ASME J. Mech. Eng. , vol. 119 , pp. 811 – 816 , 1997 .
   Google Scholar
• D. Bourell , M. Wohlert , N. Harlan , S. Das , and J. Beaman , Powder Densification Maps in Selective Laser Sintering , Adv. Eng. Mater. , vol. 4 , pp. 663 – 669 , 2002 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• C. R. Deckard , Selective Laser Sintering, PhD Dissertation, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, TX, 1988.
   Google Scholar
• J. J. Beaman , J. W. Barlow , D. L. Bourell , R. H. Crawford , H. L. Marcus , and K. P. McAlea , Solid Freeform Fabrication: A New Direction in Manufacturing , Kluwer Academic , Dordrecht , 1997 .
   Google Scholar
• H. L. Marcus , G. Zong , and P. K. Subramanian , Residual Stresses in Laser Processed Solid Freeform Fabrication, Residual Stresses in Composites , in E. V. Barrera and I. Dutta (eds.), Measurement, Modeling and Effect on Thermomechanical Properties , pp. 257 – 272 , The Metals & Materials Society , Warrendale , PA , 1993 .
   Google Scholar
• M. Agarwal , D. L. Bourell , J. J. Beaman , H. L. Marcus , and J. W. Barlow , Direct Selective Laser Sintering of Metals , Rapid Prototyping J. , vol. 1 , pp. 26 – 36 , 1995 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. Simchi , F. Petzoldt , and H. Pohl , Direct Metal Laser Sintering: Material Considerations and Mechanisms of Particle Bonding , Int. J. Powder Metall. , vol. 37 , pp. 49 – 61 , 2001 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. Sun and J. J. Beaman , A Three Dimensional Model for Selective Laser Sintering , in Proceedings of Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium , The University of Texas at Austin , Austin , TX , pp. 102 – 109 , 1995 .
   Google Scholar
• M. Sun , J. J. Beaman , and J. Barlow , Parametric Analysis of the Selective Laser Sintering Process , Proceedings of the Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium , The University of Texas at Austin , Austin , TX , 1990 .
   Google Scholar
• A. V. Gusarov , T. Laoui , L. Froyen , and V. I. Titov , Contact Thermal Conductivity of a Powder Bed in Selective Laser Sintering , Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer , vol. 46 , pp. 1103 – 1109 , 2003 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Y. Zhang and A. Faghri , Melting of a Subcooled Mixed Powder Bed with Constant Heat Flux Heating , Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer , vol. 42 , pp. 775 – 788 , 1999 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• C. Konrad , Y. Zhang , and B. Xiao , Analysis of Melting and Resolidification in a Two-Component Metal Powder Bed Subjected to Temporal Gaussian Heat Flux , Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer , vol. 48 , pp. 3932 – 3944 , 2005 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• T. H. C. Childs , M. Berzins , G. R. Ryder , and A. Tontowi , Selective Laser Sintering of an Amorphous Polymer—Simulations and Experiments , Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. B J. Eng. Manuf. , vol. 213 , pp. 333 – 349 , 1999 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. Pak and O. A. Plumb , Melting in a Two-Component Packed Bed , ASME J. Heat Transfer , vol. 119 , pp. 553 – 559 , 1997 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• G. Bugeda , M. Cervera , and G. Lombera , Numerical Prediction of Temperature and Density Distributions in Selective Laser Sintering Processes , Rapid Prototyping J. , vol. 5 , pp. 21 – 26 , 1999 .
   Google Scholar
• W. H. Kim , H. G. Fan , and S. J. Na , Effect of Various Driving Forces on Heat and Mass Transfer in ARC Welding , Numer. Heat Transfer A Appl. , vol. 32 , pp. 633 – 652 , 1997 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. Iwamoto , M. Ye , C. P. Grigoropoulos , and R. Greif , Numerical Analysis of Pulsed Laser Heating for the Deformation of Metals , Numer. Heat Transfer A Appl. , vol. 34 , pp. 791 – 804 , 1998 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• T. Chen and Y. Zhang , A Partial Shrinkage Model for Selective Laser Sintering of a Two-Component Metal Powder Layer, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer , vol. 49, pp. 1489–1492, 2006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• K. Dai and L. Shaw , Thermal and Mechanical Finite Element Modeling of Laser Forming from Metal and Ceramic Powders , Acta Mater. , vol. 52 , pp. 69 – 80 , 2004 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D. L. Bourell , H. L. Marcus , J. W. Barlow , and J. J. Beaman , Selective Laser Sintering of Metals and Ceramics , Int. J. Powder Metall. , vol. 28 , pp. 369 – 381 , 1992 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• W. Meiners , C. Over , K. Wissenbach , and R. Poprawe , Directive Generation of Metal Parts and Tools by Selective Laser Powder Remelting, Proceedings of Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, pp. 655–661 , 1999 .
   Google Scholar
• A. Simchi , F. Petzoldt , and H. Pohl , On the Development of Direct Metal Laser Sintering for Rapid Tooling , J. Mater. Process. Technol. , vol. 141 , pp. 319 – 328 , 2003 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R. Morgan , C. J. Sutcliffe , and W. O'Neill , Experimental Investigation of Nanosecond Pulsed Nd: YAG Laser Re-Melted Pre-Placed Powder Beds , Rapid Prototyping J. , vol. 7 , pp. 159 – 172 , 2001 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D. Gu and Y. Shen , Balling Phenomena in Direct Laser Sintering of Stainless Steel Powder: Metallurgical Mechanisms and Control Methods , Mater. Des. , vol. 30 , pp. 2903 – 2910 , 2009 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• X. Wang , T. Laoui , J. Bonse , J. P. Kruth , B. Lauwers , and L. Froyen , Direct Selective Laser Sintering of Hard Metal Powders: Experimental Study and Simulation , Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. , vol. 19 , pp. 351 – 357 , 2002 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• B. Xiao and Y. Zhang , Partial Melting and Resolidification of Metal Powder in Selective Laser Sintering , J. Thermophys. Heat Transfer , vol. 20 , pp. 439 – 448 , 2006 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• B. Xiao and Y. Zhang , Marangoni and Buoyancy Effects on Direct Metal Laser Sintering with a Moving Laser Beam , Numer. Heat Transfer A Appl. , vol. 51 , pp. 715 – 733 , 2007 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• C. Beckermann and C. Wang , Multi-Phase/-Scale Modeling of Transport Phenomena in Alloy Solidification , Annu. Rev. Heat Transfer , vol. 6 , pp. 115 – 198 , 1995 .
   Google Scholar
• E. R. G. Eckert and R. M. Drake , Analysis of Heat and Mass Transfer , Chap. 5 , McGraw-Hill , London , 1982 .
   Google Scholar
• Y. Zhang and A. Faghri , Melting and Resolidification of a Subcooled Mixed Powder Bed with Moving Gaussian Heat Source , ASME J. Heat Transfer , vol. 120 , pp. 883 – 891 , 1998 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D. D. Gray and A. Giorgin , The Validity of the Boussinesq Approximation for Liquids and Gases , Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer , vol. 19 , pp. 545 – 551 , 1976 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• X. Zeng and A. Faghri , Temperature-Transforming Model for Binary Solid-Liquid Phase-Change Problems Part I: Physical and Numerical Scheme , Numer. Heat Transfer B , vol. 25 , pp. 467 – 480 , 1994 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. Kaviany , Principles of Heat Transfer in Porous Media, , 2nd ed. , Springer-Verlag , New York , 1995 .
   Google Scholar
• Y. Cao and A. Faghri , A Numerical Analysis of Phase Change Problem Including Natural Convection , ASME J. Heat Transfer , vol. 112 , pp. 812 – 815 , 1990 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• G. R. Hadley , Thermal Conductivity of Packed Metal Powders , Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer , vol. 29 , pp. 909 – 920 , 1986 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S. V. Patankar , Numerical Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow , McGraw-Hill , New York , 1980 .
   Google Scholar
• C. Prakash and S. V. Patankar , Combined Free and Forced Convection in Vertical Tubes with Radial Internal Fins , ASME J. Heat Transfer , vol. 103 , pp. 566 – 572 , 1981 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S. Kou and Y. Wang , Three Dimensional Convection in Laser Melted Pools , Metall. Trans. A , vol. 17A , pp. 2265 – 2270 , 1986 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Z. Yang , S. Sista , J. W. Elmer , and T. Debroy , Three Dimensional Monte Carlo Simulation of Grain Growth During GTA Welding of Titanium , Acta Mater. , vol. 48 , pp. 4813 – 4825 , 2000 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Color versions of one or more of the figures in the article can be found online at www.tandfonline.com/unht.
   Google Scholar