Thermal Analysis of the Increasing Subcutaneous Fat Thickness Within the Human Skin—A Numerical Study

REFERENCES

• P. A. Permana , M. Owecki , G. N. Chaldakov , M. Böhm , G. Hausman , C. M. Lapière , P. Atanassova , J. Sowiński , M. Fasshauer , D. B. Hausman , E. Maquoi , A. B. Tonchev , V. N. Peneva , K. V. Vlachanov , M. Fiore , L. Aloe , A. Slominski , C. L. Reardon , T. J. Ryan , and C. M. Pond , What are Subcutaneous Adipocytes Really Good for …? , Exp. Dermatol. , vol. 16 , pp. 45 – 47 , 2007 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• M. A. Gibney , C. H. Arce , K. J. Byron , and L. J. Hirsch , Skin and Subcutaneous Adipose Layer Thickness in Adults with Diabetes at Sites Used for Insulin Injections: Implications for Needle Length Recommendations , Curr. Med. Res. Opin. , vol. 26 , pp. 1519 – 1530 , 2010 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• E. J. Kim , Y. K. Kim , J. E. Kim , S. Kim , M. K. Kim , C. H. Park , and J. H. Chung , UV Modulation of Subcutaneous Fat Metabolism , J. Invest. Dermatol. , vol. 131 , pp. 1720 – 1726 , 2011 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• K. T. Lee , M. J. Byun , K. S. Kang , E. W. Park , S. H. Lee , S. Cho , H. Y. Kim , K. W. Kim , T. H. Lee , J. E. Park , W. C. Park , D. H. Shin , H. S. Park , J. T. Jeon , B. H. Choi , G. W. Jang , S. H. Choi , D. W. Kim , D. Lim , H. S. Park , M. R. Park , J. Ott , L. B. Schook , T. H. Kim , and H. Kim , Neuronal Genes for Subcutaneous Fat Thickness in Human and Pig are Identified by Local Genomic Sequencing and Combined SNP Association Study , PLoS One , vol. 6 , p. e16356 , 2011 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• C. M. Kusminski , W. L. Holland , K. Sun , J. Park , S. B. Spurgin , Y. Lin , G. R. Askew , J. A. Simcox , D. A. McClain , C. Li , and P. E. Scherer , MitoNEET-Driven Alterations in Adipocyte Mitochondrial Activity Reveal a Crucial Adaptive Process that Preserves Insulin Sensitivity in Obesity , Nat. Med. , vol. 18 , pp. 1539 – 1549 , 2012 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• H. Alexander and D. L. Miller , Determining Skin Thickness with Pulsed Ultrasound , J. Invest. Dermatol. , vol. 72 , pp. 17 – 19 , 1979 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. R. Keyserlingk , P. D. Ahlgren , E. Yu , N. Belliveau , and M. Yassa , Functional Infrared Imaging of the Breast , IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Mag. , vol. 19 , pp. 30 – 41 , 2000 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Z. S. Deng and J. Liu , Mathematical Modeling of Temperature Mapping Over Skin Surface and its Implementation in Thermal Disease Diagnostics , Comput. Biol. Med. , vol. 34 , pp. 495 – 521 , 2004 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. P. Çetingül and C. Herman , A Heat Transfer Model of Skin Tissue for the Detection of Lesions: Sensitivity Analysis , Phys. Med. Biol. , vol. 55 , pp. 5933 – 5951 , 2010 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R. P. Cole , S. G. Jones , and P. G. Shakespeare , Thermographic Assessment of Hand Burns , Burns , vol. 16 , pp. 60 – 63 , 1990 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. Raabe , J. Beck , R. Gerlach , M. Zimmermann , and V. Seifert , Near-Infrared Indocyanine Green Video Angiography: A New Method for Intraoperative Assessment of Vascular Flow , Neurosurgery , vol. 52 , pp. 132 – 139 , 2003 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• G. A. Santa Cruz , J. Bertotti , J. Marín , S. J. González , S. Gossio , D. Alvarez , P. Menéndez , M. D. Pereira , M. Albero , L. Cubau , P. Orellano , and S. J. Liberman , Dynamic Infrared Imaging of Cutaneous Melanoma and Normal Skin in Patients Treated with BNCT, Appl. Radiat. Isot. , vol. 67, pp. S54–S58, 2009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S. J. Gulevich , T. D. Conwell , J. Lane , B. Lockwood , R. S. Schwettmann , N. Rosenberg , and L. B. Goldman , Stress Infrared Telethermography is Useful in the Diagnosis of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome, Type I (Formerly Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy) , Clin. J. Pain , vol. 13 , pp. 50 – 59 , 1997 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• W. T. Chiu , P. W. Lin , H. Y. Chiou , W. S. Lee , C. N. Lee , Y. Y. Yang , H. M. Lee , M. S. Hsieh , C. J. Hu , Y. S. Ho , W. P. Deng , and C. Y. Hsu , Infrared Thermography to Mass-Screen Suspected SARS Patients with Fever , Asia Pac. J. Public Health , vol. 17 , pp. 26 – 28 , 2005 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• S. B. Wilson and V. A. Spence , A Tissue Heat Transfer Model for Relating Dynamic Skin Temperature Changes to Physiological Parameters , Phys. Med. Biol. , vol. 33 , pp. 895 – 912 , 1988 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• K. Das and S. C. Mishra , Estimation of Tumor Characteristics in a Breast Tissue with Known Skin Surface Temperature , J. Therm. Biol. , vol. 38 , pp. 311 – 317 , 2013 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• K. Das , R. Singh , and S. C. Mishra , Numerical Analysis for Determination of the Presence of a Tumor and Estimation of its Size and Location in Tissue , J. Therm. Biol. , vol. 38 , pp. 32 – 40 , 2013 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• C. M. Feasey , M. Davison , and W. B. James , Effects of Natural and Forced Cooling on the Thermographic Patterns of Tumours , Phys. Med. Biol. , vol. 16 , pp. 213 – 220 , 1971 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• X. Tang , W. Dai , R. Nassar , and A. Bejan , Optimal Temperature Distribution in a Three-Dimensional Triple-Layered Skin Structure Embedded with Artery and Vein Vasculature , Numer. Heat Transfer A , vol. 50 , pp. 809 – 834 , 2006 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R. Muthukumaran , S. C. Mishra , S. Maruyama , and K. Mitra , Assessment of Signals from a Tissue Phantom Subjected to Radiation Sources of Temporal Spans of the Order of a Nano-, a Pico- and a Femto-Second – A Numerical Study , Numer. Heat Transfer A , vol. 60 , pp. 154 – 170 , 2011 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. Bhowmik , R. Repaka , S. C. Mishra , and K. Mitra , Analysis of Radiative Signals from Normal and Malignant Human Skins Subjected to a Short-Pulse Laser , Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer , vol. 68 , pp. 278 – 294 , 2014 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• H. H. Pennes , Analysis of Tissue and Arterial Blood Flow Temperatures in the Resting Forearm , J. Appl. Physiol. , vol. 1 , pp. 93 – 122 , 1948 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. C. Chato , Reflections of the History of Heat and Mass Transfer in Bioengineering , J. Biomech. Eng. , vol. 103 , pp. 97 – 101 , 1981 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• A. Bhowmik , R. Singh , R. Repaka , and S. C. Mishra , Conventional and Newly Developed Bioheat Transport Models in Vascularized Tissues: A Review , J. Therm. Biol. , vol. 38 , pp. 107 – 125 , 2013 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R. B. Roemer , and T. C. Cetas , Application of Bioheat Transfer Simulations in Hyperthermia , Cancer Res. , vol. 44 , pp. 4788s – 4798s , 1984 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• E. Li , G. R. Liu , and V. Tan , Simulation of Hyperthermia Treatment Using the Edge-Based Smoothed Finite-Element Method , Numer. Heat Transfer A , vol. 57 , pp. 822 – 847 , 2010 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• L. Zhu and C. Diao , Theoretical Simulation of Temperature Distribution in the Brain During Mild Hypothermia Treatment for Brain Injury , Med. Biol. Eng. Comput. , vol. 39 , pp. 681 – 687 , 2001 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. P. Abraham , and E. M. Sparrow , A Thermal-Ablation Bioheat Model Including Liquid-to-Vapor Phase Change, Pressure-, and Necrosis-Dependent Perfusion, and Moisture-Dependent Properties , Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer , vol. 50 , pp. 2537 – 2544 , 2007 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. Zhou , Y. Zhang , and J. K. Chen , Non-Fourier Heat Conduction Effect on Laser-Induced Thermal Damage in Biological Tissues, Numer. Heat Transfer A , vol. 54, pp. 1–19, 2008.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• L. A. Dombrovsky , V. Timchenko , M. Jackson , and G. H. Yeoh , A Combined Transient Thermal Model for Laser Hyperthermia of Tumors with Embedded Gold Nanoshells , Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer , vol. 54 , pp. 5459 – 5469 , 2011 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S. Tungjitkusolmun , S. T. Staelin , D. Haemmerich , J. Tsai , H. Cao , J. G. Webster , F. T. Lee Jr ., D. M. Mahvi , and V. R. Vorperian , Three-Dimensional Finite-Element Analyses for Radio-Frequency Hepatic Tumor Ablation , IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. , vol. 49 , pp. 3 – 9 , 2002 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• C. Isaac and U. Nguyen , Thermal Modeling of Lesion Growth with Radio Frequency Ablation Devices , Biomed. Eng. Online , vol. 3 , pp. 1 – 19 , 2004 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• T. Wu , P. Li , Q. Shao , J. Hong , L. Yang , and S. Wu , A Simulation-Experiment Method to Characterize the Heat Transfer in Ex-Vivo Porcine Hepatic Tissue with a Realistic Microwave Ablation System , Numer. Heat Transfer A , vol. 64 , pp. 729 – 743 , 2013 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. Okajima , S. Maruyama , H. Takeda , and A. Komiya , Dimensionless Solutions and General Characteristics of Bioheat Transfer During Thermal Therapy , J. Therm. Biol. , vol. 34 , pp. 377 – 384 , 2009 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. R. Rossi and Y. Rabin , Experimental Verification of Numerical Simulations of Cryosurgery with Application to Computerized Planning , Phys. Med. Biol. , vol. 52 , pp. 4553 – 4567 , 2007 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Z. S. Deng and J. Liu , Numerical Simulation on 3-D Freezing and Heating Problems for the Combined Cryosurgery and Hyperthermia Therapy , Numer. Heat Transfer A , vol. 46 , pp. 587 – 611 , 2004 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• E. Y. K. Ng and L. T. Chua , Comparison of One- and Two-Dimensional Programmes for Predicting the State of Skin Burns , Burns , vol. 28 , pp. 27 – 34 , 2002 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• W. Dai , H. Wang , P. M. Jordan , R. E. Mickens , and A. Bejan , A Mathematical Model for Skin Burn Injury Induced by Radiation Heating , Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer , vol. 51 , pp. 5497 – 5510 , 2008 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. Ghazy and D. J. Bergstrom , Numerical Simulation of Transient Heat Transfer in a Protective Clothing System During a Flash Fire Exposure , Numer. Heat Transfer A , vol. 58 , pp. 702 – 724 , 2010 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. L. Cohen , Measurement of the Thermal Properties of Human Skin. A review , J. Invest. Dermatol. , vol. 69 , pp. 333 – 338 , 1977 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. Werner and M. Buse , Temperature Profiles with Respect to Inhomogeneity and Geometry of Human Body , J. Appl. Physiol. , vol. 65 , pp. 1110 – 1118 , 1988 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D. A. Torvi and J. D. Dale , A Finite Element Model of Skin Subjected to a Flash Fire , J. Biomech. Eng. , vol. 116 , pp. 250 – 525 , 1994 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Color versions of one or more of the figures in the article can be found online at www.tandfonline.com/unht.
   Google Scholar