A discrete multicomponent droplet evaporation model; effects of O₂-enrichment, steam injection, and EGR on evaporation of diesel droplet

References

• A. Velji, M. Lüft, and S. Merkel, “Mixture formation, combustion and pollutant emissions in high-speed direct-injection diesel engines,” Advanced Direct Injection Combustion Engine Technologies and Development: Diesel Engines. H. Zhao, Ed. Chap. 3, Cornwall: Elsevier, 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Y. Liang, G. Shu, H. Wei, and W. Zhang, “Effect of oxygen enriched combustion and water–diesel emulsion on the performance and emissions of turbocharged diesel engine,” Energ. Convers. Manag., vol. 73, no. 1, pp. 69–77, 2013. DOI: 10.1016/j.enconman.2013.04.023.
   Google Scholar
• R. B. Poola and R. Sekar, “Reduction of NOx and particulate emissions by using oxygen-enriched combustion air in a locomotive diesel engine,” J. Eng. Gas Turbines Power., vol. 125, no. 2, pp. 524–533, 2003. DOI: 10.1115/1.1563236.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Q. Tan and Y. Hu, “A study on the combustion and emission performance of diesel engines under different proportions of O2 & N2 & CO2,” Appl. Ther. Eng., vol. 108, no. 1, pp. 508–515, 2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2016.07.151.
   Google Scholar
• W. Zhang, Z. Chen, W. Li, G. Shu, B. Xu, and Y. Shen, “Influence of EGR and oxygen-enriched air on diesel engine NO–smoke emission and combustion characteristic,” Appl. Energ., vol. 107, no. 1, pp. 304–314, 2013. DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2013.02.024.
   Google Scholar
• W. Zhang, et al., “Influence of water emulsified diesel & oxygen-enriched air on diesel engine NO-smoke emissions and combustion characteristics,” Energy, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 369–377, 2013. DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2013.03.042.
   Google Scholar
• G. Kökkülünk, G. Gonca, V. Ayhan, I. Cesur, and A. Parlak, “Theoretical and experimental investigation of diesel engine with steam injection system on performance and emission parameters,” Appl. Ther. Eng., vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 161–170, 2013. DOI: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2013.01.034.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• G. Kökkülünk, A. Parlak, V. Ayhan, İ. Cesur, G. Gonca, and B. Boru, “Theoretical and experimental investigation of steam injected diesel engine with EGR,” Energy, vol. 74, no. 1, pp. 331–339, 2014. DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2014.06.091.
   Google Scholar
• G. Gonca, “Investigation of the effects of steam injection on performance and NO emissions of a diesel engine running with ethanol–diesel blend,” Energ. Convers. Manag., vol. 77, no. 1, pp. 450–457, 2014. DOI: 10.1016/j.enconman.2013.09.031.
   Google Scholar
• D. T. Hountalas, S. I. Raptotasios, and T. C. Zannis, “Implications of exhaust gas, CO2, and N2 recirculation on heavy-duty diesel engine performance, soot, and NO emissions: a comparative study,” Energ. Fuel., vol. 27, no. 8, pp. 4910–4929, 2013. DOI: 10.1021/ef400289w.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• P. S. Divekar, X. Chen, J. Tjong, and M. Zheng, “Energy efficiency impact of EGR on organizing clean combustion in diesel engines,” Energ. Convers. Manag., vol. 112, no. 1, pp. 369–381, 2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.enconman.2016.01.042.
   Google Scholar
• C. Baumgarten, Mixture Formation in Internal Combustion Engines. Berlin: Springer Science & Business Media, 2006.
   Google Scholar
• E. Curtis, A. Uludogan, and R. D. Reitz, “A new high pressure droplet vaporization model for diesel engine modeling,” SAE Technical Paper, No. 952431, 1995. DOI: 10.4271/952431.
   Google Scholar
• B. Abramzon and W. A. Sirignano, “Droplet vaporization model for spray combustion calculation,” Int. J. Heat Mass Transf., vol. 32, no. 30, pp. 1605–1618, 1989. DOI: 10.1016/0017-9310(89)90043-4.
   Google Scholar
• C. Yin, “Transient heating and evaporation of moving mono-component liquid fuel droplets,” Appl. Ther. Eng., vol. 104, no. 1, pp. 497–503, 2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2016.05.098.
   Google Scholar
• S. Sazhin, et al., “A simplified model for bi-component droplet heating and evaporation,” Int. J. Heat Mass Transf., vol. 53, no. 21–22, pp. 4495–4505, 2010. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2010.06.044.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• L. Liu, Y. Liu, M. Mi, Z. Wang, and L. Jiang, “Evaporation of a bicomponent droplet during depressurization,” Int. J. Heat Mass Transf., vol. 100, no. 1, pp. 615–626, 2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2016.05.007.
   Google Scholar
• S. Sazhin, M. Al Qubeissi, R. Kolodnytska, A. Elwardany, R. Nasiri, and M. Heikal, “Modelling of biodiesel fuel droplet heating and evaporation,” Fuel, vol. 115, no. 1, pp. 559–572, 2014. DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2013.07.031.
   Google Scholar
• W. A. Sirignano, Fluid Dynamics and Transport of Droplets and Sprays, 2nd ed. New York, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press, 2010.
   Google Scholar
• M. Renksizbulut, M. Bussmann, and X. Li, “A droplet vaporization model for spray calculations,” Part. Part. Syst. Char., vol. 9, no. 9, pp. 59–65, 1992. DOI: 10.1002/ppsc.19920090110.
   Google Scholar
• A. W. Cook, “Enthalpy diffusion in multicomponent flows,” Phys. Fluids., vol. 21, no. 5, p. 055109, 2009. DOI: 10.1063/1.3139305.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Y. Ra and R. D. Reitz, “A vaporization model for discrete multi-component fuel sprays,” Int. J. Multip. Flow., vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 101–117, 2009. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2008.10.006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• V. Ebrahimian and C. Habchi, “Towards a predictive evaporation model for multi-component hydrocarbon droplets at all pressure conditions,” Int. J. Heat Mass Transf. vol. 54, no. 15–16, pp. 3552–3565, 2011. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2011.03.031.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• C. Tseng and R. Viskanta, “Effect of radiation absorption on fuel droplet evaporation,” Combust. Sci. Technol., vol. 177, no. 8, pp. 1511–1542, 2005. DOI: 10.1080/00102200590956696.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• W. Long, P. Yi, M. Jia, L. Feng, and J. Cui, “An enhanced multi-component vaporization model for high temperature and pressure conditions,” Int. J. Heat Mass Transf., vol. 90, no. 1, pp. 857–871, 2015. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2015.07.038.
   Google Scholar
• S. Sazhin, et al., “Transient heating of diesel fuel droplets,” Int. J. Heat Mass Transf., vol. 47, no. 14–16, pp. 3327–3340, 2004. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2004.01.011.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. Kryukov, V. Y. Levashov, and S. Sazhin, “Evaporation of diesel fuel droplets: kinetic versus hydrodynamic models,” Int. J. Heat Mass Transf., vol. 47, no. 12–13, pp. 2541–2549, 2004. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2004.01.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O. S. Abianeh and C. Chen, ‘A discrete multicomponent fuel evaporation model with liquid turbulence effects,” Int. J. Heat Mass Transf., vol. 55, no. 23–24, pp. 6897–6907, 2012. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2012.07.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• L. Zhang and S. C. Kong, “Modeling of multi-component fuel vaporization and combustion for gasoline and diesel spray,” Chem. Eng. Sci., vol. 64, no. 16, pp. 3688–3696, 2009. DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2009.05.013.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• G. S. Zhu and R. D. Reitz, “A model for high pressure vaporization of droplets of complex liquid mixtures using continuous thermodynamics,” Int. J. Heat Mass Transf., vol. 42, no. 3, pp. 495–507, 2002. DOI: 10.1016/S0017-9310(01)00173-9.
   Google Scholar
• P. Yi, W. Long, M. Jia, L. Feng, and J. Tian, “Development of an improved hybrid multi-component vaporization model for realistic multi-component fuels,” Int. J. Heat Mass Transf., vol. 77, no. 1, pp. 173–184, 2014. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2014.05.008.
   Google Scholar
• L. Zhang and S. C. Kong, “Vaporization modeling of petroleum–biofuel drops using a hybrid multi-component approach,” Combust. Flame., vol. 157, no. 11, pp. 2165–2174, 2010. DOI: 10.1016/j.combustflame.2010.05.011.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• X. Ma, F. Zhang, K. Han, and G. Song, “Numerical modeling of acetone–butanol–ethanol and diesel blends droplet evaporation process,” Fuel, vol. 174, no. 1, pp. 206–215, 2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2016.01.091.
   Google Scholar
• P. Yi, M. Jia, W. Long, L. Qiao, T. Yang, and L. Feng, “Evaporation of pure and blended droplets of diesel and alcohols (C2–C9) under diesel engine conditions,” Numer. Heat Transf. A Appl., vol. 71, no. 3, pp. 311–326, 2017. DOI: 10.1080/10407782.2016.1264749.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R. Banerjee, “Numerical investigation of evaporation of a single ethanol/iso-octane droplet,” Fuel, vol. 107, no. 1, pp. 724–739, 2013. DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2013.01.003.
   Google Scholar
• S. Gavhane, S. Pati, and S. Som, “Evaporation of multicomponent liquid fuel droplets: influences of component composition in droplet and vapor concentration in free stream ambience,” Int. J. Ther. Sci., vol. 105, no. 8, pp. 83–95, 2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2016.03.003.
   Google Scholar
• P. Yi, L. Feng, M. Jia, W. Long, and J. Tian, “Development of an improved multi-component vaporization model for application in oxygen-enriched and EGR conditions,” Numer. Heat Transf. Part A Appl., vol. 66, no. 8, pp. 904–927, 2014. DOI: 10.1080/10407782.2014.892395
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• T. Poinsot, and D. Veynante, Theoretical and Numerical Combustion. Phliladelphia: RT Edwards Inc., 2005.
   Google Scholar
• T. Kitano, J. Nishio, R. Kurose, and S. Komori, “Effects of ambient pressure, gas temperature and combustion reaction on droplet evaporation,” Combust. Flame., vol. 161, no. 2, pp. 551–564, 2014. DOI: 10.1016/j.combustflame.2013.09.009.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• C. Chiang, M. Raju, and W. Sirignano, “Numerical analysis of convecting, vaporizing fuel droplet with variable properties,” Int. J. Heat Mass Transf., vol. 35, no. 5, pp. 1307–1324, 1992. DOI: 10.1016/0017-9310(92)90186-V.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• K. Saha, E. Abu-Ramadan, and X. Li, “Multicomponent evaporation model for pure and blended biodiesel droplets in high temperature convective environment,” Appl. Energy, vol. 93, no. 1, pp. 71–79, 2012. DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2011.05.034.
   Google Scholar
• B. E. Poling, J. M. Prausnitz, and J. P. O’Connell, The Properties of Gases and Liquids, 5th ed., New York, NY, USA: McGraw-Hill, 2001.
   Google Scholar
• B. J. McBride, M. J. Zehe, and S. Gordon, NASA Glenn Coefficients for Calculating Thermodynamic Properties of Individual Species, Washington, D.C., USA: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, John H. Glenn Research Center at Lewis Field, 2002.
   Google Scholar
• R. A. Svehla, “Transport Coefficients for the NASA Lewis Chemical Equilibrium Program,” Washington, DC, USA: NASA, 1995.
   Google Scholar
• K. K. Kuo, Principles of Combustion, 2nd ed., Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & sons, 2005.
   Google Scholar
• M. R. Riazi, Characterization and Properties of Petroleum Fractions, Philadelphia, PA, USA: ASTM, 2005.
   Google Scholar
• C. L. Yaws, Thermophysical Properties of Chemicals and Hydrocarbons, Norwich, NY, USA: William Andrew, 2008.
   Google Scholar
• T. E. Daubert, and R. P. Danner, API Technical Data Book-Petroleum Refining, Washington, DC, USA: American Petroleum Institute (API), 1997.
   Google Scholar
• C. Chauveau, F. Halter, A. Lalonde, and I. Gökalp, “An experimental study on the droplet vaporization: Effects of heat conduction through the support fiber,” Como Lake, Italy: ILASS, 2008.
   Google Scholar
• K. Han, G. Song, X. Ma, and B. Yang, “An experimental and theoretical study of the effect of suspended thermocouple on the single droplet evaporation,” Appl. Therm. Eng., vol. 101, no. 1, pp. 568–575, 2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2015.12.022.
   Google Scholar
• X. Ma, F. Zhang, K. Han, B. Yang, and G. Song, “Evaporation characteristics of acetone–butanol–ethanol and diesel blends droplets at high ambient temperatures,” Fuel, vol. 160, no. 1, pp. 43–49, 2015. DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2015.07.079.
   Google Scholar
• J. Stengele, K. Prommersberger, M. Willmann, and S. Wittig, “Experimental and theoretical study of one-and two-component droplet vaporization in a high pressure environment,” Int. J. Heat Mass Transf., vol. 42, no. 14, pp. 2683–2694, 1999. DOI: 10.1016/S0017-9310(98)00285-3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• B. Abramzon and S. Sazhin, “Convective vaporization of a fuel droplet with thermal radiation absorption,” Fuel, vol. 85, no. 1, pp. 32–46, 2006. DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2005.02.027.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. Daıf, M. Bouaziz, X. Chesneau, and A. A. Cherif, “Comparison of multicomponent fuel droplet vaporization experiments in forced convection with the Sirignano model,” Exp. Therm. Fluid Sci., vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 282–290, 1999. DOI: 10.1016/S0894-1777(98)10035-3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• H. Sun, B. Bai, and H. Zhang, “Comparative investigation on droplet evaporation models for modeling spray in cross-flow,” Heat Transf. Eng., vol. 35, no. 6–8, pp. 664–673, 2014. DOI: 10.1080/01457632.2013.837707.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• L. Zhang and S. C. Kong, “High-pressure vaporization modeling of multi-component petroleum–biofuel mixtures under engine conditions,” Combust. Flame., vol. 158, no. 9, pp. 1705–1717, 2011. DOI: 10.1016/j.combustflame.2011.01.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• T. L. Bergman, F. P. Incropera, D. P. DeWitt, and A. S. Lavine, Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer, New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, 2011.
   Google Scholar