Modeling and optimizing of anode-supported solid oxide fuel cells with gradient anode: Part I. Model description and validation by experiments

References

• J. L. Yuan, M. Rokni, and B. Sundén, “Buoyancy effects on developing laminar gas flow and heat transfer in a rectangular fuel cell duct,” Numer. Heat Transfer A, vol. 39, no. 8, pp. 801–822, 2001. DOI: 10.1080/10407780152121155.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• B. S. Prakash, S. S. Kumar, and S. T. Aruna, “Properties and development of Ni/YSZ as an anode material in solid oxide fuel cell: a review,” Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev., vol. 36, pp. 149–179, 2014. DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2014.04.043.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Q. W. Shen et al., “Analysis of heat and mass transport characteristics in anode-supported solid oxide fuel cells at various operating conditions,” Numer. Heat Transfer A, vol. 75, no. 8, pp. 509–522, 2019. DOI: 10.1080/10407782.2019.1608773.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• N. Q. Minh, “Solid oxide fuel cell technology-features and applications,” Solid State Ionics, vol. 174, no. 1–4, pp. 271–277, 2004. DOI: 10.1016/j.ssi.2004.07.042.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• V. A. C. Haanappel et al., “Optimisation of processing and microstructural parameters of LSM cathodes to improve the electrochemical performance of anode-supported SOFCs,” J. Power Sources, vol. 141, no. 2, pp. 216–226, 2005. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2004.09.016.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• P. W. Li, S. P. Chen, and M. K. Chyu, “To achieve the best performance through optimization of gas delivery and current collection in solid oxide fuel cells,” J. Fuel Cell Sci. Tech., vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 188–194, 2006. DOI: 10.1115/1.2174068.
   Google Scholar
• R. J. Gorte and J. M. Vohs, “Nanostructured anodes for solid oxide fuel cells,” Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sci., vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 236–244, 2009. DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2009.04.006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. G. Kong et al., “Ni-YSZ gradient anodes for anode-supported SOFCs,” J. Power Sources, vol. 166, no. 2, pp. 337–342, 2007. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2006.12.042.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• C. Jin, Y. C. Mao, N. Q. Zhang, and K. N. Sun, “Fabrication and characterization of Ni-SSZ gradient anodes/SSZ electrolyte for anode-supported SOFCs by tape casting and co-sintering technique,” Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, vol. 40, no. 26, pp. 8433–8441, 2015. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2015.04.088.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• C. M. An, J. H. Song, I. Kang, and N. Sammes, “The effect of porosity gradient in a Nickel/Yttria Stabilized Zirconia anode for an anode-supported planar solid oxide fuel cell,” J. Power Sources, vol. 195, no. 3, pp. 821–824, 2010. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2009.08.043.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S. Lee, I. Park, H. Lee, and D. Shin, “Continuously gradient anode functional layer for BCZY based proton-conducting fuel cells,” Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, vol. 39, no. 26, pp. 14342–14348, 2014.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. Sukeshini, F. Meisenkothen, P. Gardner, and T. L. Reitz, “Aerosol Jet® Printing of functionally graded SOFC anode interlayer and microstructural investigation by low voltage scanning electron microscopy,” J. Power Sources, vol. 224, pp. 295–303, 2013. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.09.094.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. F. Beltran-Lopez, M. A. Laguna-Bercero, J. Gurauskis, and J. I. Peña, “Fabrication and characterization of graded anodes for anode-supported solid oxide fuel cells by tape casting and lamination,” Electrocatalysis, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 273–278, 2014. DOI: 10.1007/s12678-014-0193-2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• X. M. Hao et al., “Co-tape casting fabrication, field assistant sintering and evaluation of a coke resistant La0.2Sr0.7TiO3-Ni/YSZ functional gradient anode supported solid oxide fuel cell,” Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, vol. 40, no. 37, pp. 12790–12797, 2015. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2015.07.126.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• P. Fu, M. Zeng, and Q. W. Wang, “Effect of gradient anode on mass transfer performance for anode-supported planar solid oxide fuel cells,” presented at the ASME 2016 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, Phoenix, AZ, USA, V06BT08A022, 2016.
   Google Scholar
• S. J. Lee, C. H. Jung, K. B. Shim, and C. S. Yi, “Microstructural analysis of the functionally graded electrodes in solid oxide fuel cells,” J. Ceram. Process. Res., vol. 13, pp. 810–815, 2012.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. Andersson and B. Sundén, “Solid oxide fuel cell material structure grading in the direction normal to the electrode/electrolyte interface using COMSOL Multiphysics®,” COMSOL Conference Cambridge 2014, Cambridge, UK, 2014.
   Google Scholar
• J. X. Shi and X. J. Xue, “CFD analysis of a symmetrical planar SOFC with heterogeneous electrode properties,” Electrochim. Acta, vol. 55, no. 18, pp. 5263–5273, 2010. DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2010.04.060.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Y. X. Shi et al., “Modeling of an anode-supported Ni-YSZ|Ni-ScSZ|ScSZ|LSM-ScSZ multiple layers SOFC cell: part I. Experiments, model development and validation,” J. Power Sources, vol. 172, no. 1, pp. 235–245, 2007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Y. X. Shi et al., “Modeling of an anode-supported Ni-YSZ|Ni-ScSZ|ScSZ|LSM-ScSZ multiple layers SOFC cell: part II. Simulations and discussion,” J. Power Sources, vol. 172, no. 1, pp. 246–252, 2007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D. Simwonis, F. Tietz, and D. Stöver, “Nickel coarsening in annealed Ni/8YSZ anode substrates for solid oxide fuel cells,” Solid State Ionics, vol. 132, no. 3–4, pp. 241–251, 2000. DOI: 10.1016/S0167-2738(00)00650-0.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Y. Luo, Y. X. Shi, W. Y. Li, M. Ni, and N. S. Cai, “Elementary reaction modeling and experimental characterization of solid oxide fuel-assisted steam electrolysis cells,” Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, vol. 39, no. 20, pp. 10359–10373, 2014. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2014.05.018.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S. Li, J. L. Yuan, G. N. Xie, and B. Sundén, “Numerical investigation of transport phenomena in high temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells with different flow field designs,” Numer. Heat Transfer A, vol. 72, no. 11, pp. 807–820, 2017. DOI: 10.1080/10407782.2017.1412221.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• W. Y. Li, Y. X. Shi, Y. Luo, and N. S. Cai, “Theoretical modeling of air electrode operating in SOFC mode and SOEC mode: the effects of microstructure and thickness,” Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, vol. 39, no. 25, pp. 13738–13750, 2014. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2014.03.014.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D. H. Jeon, “A comprehensive CFD model of anode-supported solid oxide fuel cells,” Electrochim. Acta, vol. 54, no. 10, pp. 2727–2736, 2009. DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2008.11.048.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D. A. Nield and A. Bejan, Convection in Porous Media, vol. 3, 4th ed. New York: Springer Science & Business Media, 2006.
   Google Scholar
• B. Todd and J. B. Young, “Thermodynamic and transport properties of gases for use in solid oxide fuel cell modelling,” J. power Sources, vol. 110, no. 1, pp. 186–200, 2002. DOI: 10.1016/S0378-7753(02)00277-X.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. E. Richards, M. G. McNeeley, R. J. Kee, and N. P. Sullivan, “Gas transport and internal-reforming chemistry in Ni-YSZ and ferritic-steel supports for solid-oxide fuel cells,” J. Power Sources, vol. 196, no. 23, pp. 10010–10018, 2011. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2011.07.086.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• C. Wang, “Microscale correlations adoption in solid oxide fuel cell,” J. Fuel Cell Sci. Tech, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 041006, 2015. DOI: 10.1115/1.4031153.
   Google Scholar
• M. Andersson, H. Paradis, J. L. Yuan, and B. Sundén, “Modeling analysis of different renewable fuels in an anode supported SOFC,” J. Fuel Cell Sci. Tech., vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 031013, 2011. DOI: 10.1115/1.4002618.
   Google Scholar
• E. N. Fuller, P. D. Schettler, and J. C. Giddings, “A new method for prediction coefficients of binary gas-phase diffusion,” Ind. Eng. Chem., vol. 58, no. 5, pp. 18–27, 1966. DOI: 10.1021/ie50677a007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. Deseure, Y. Bultel, L. Dessemond, and E. Siebert, “Theoretical optimisation of a SOFC composite cathode,” Electrochim. Acta, vol. 50, no. 10, pp. 2037–2046, 2005. DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2004.09.012.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. M. Hussain, X. Li, and I. Dincer, “Mathematical modeling of planar solid oxide fuel cells,” J. Power Sources, vol. 161, no. 2, pp. 1012–1022, 2006. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2006.05.055.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• V. S. Bagotsky, Fundamentals of Electrochemistry, vol. 44, 2nd ed. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons Inc, 2005.
   Google Scholar
• C. Han and Z. Chen, “Numerical simulation for the effect of vaporization intensity in membrane on the performance of PEM fuel cell,” Numer. Heat Transfer A, vol. 73, no. 3, pp. 177–194, 2018. DOI: 10.1080/10407782.2017.1421370.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• L. Andreassi, G. Rubeo, S. Ubertini, P. Lunghi, and R. Bove, “Experimental and numerical analysis of a radial flow solid oxide fuel cell,” Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, vol. 32, no. 17, pp. 4559–4574, 2007. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2007.07.047.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• P. Yuan and S. F. Liu, “Numerical analysis of temperature and current density distribution of a planar solid oxide fuel cell unit with nonuniform inlet flow,” Numer. Heat Transfer A, vol. 51, no. 10, pp. 941–957, 2007. DOI: 10.1080/10407780601009066.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. X. Shi and X. J. Xue, “Modeling approach to identify physically distinct processes convoluted in electrochemical impedance spectra for proton-conducting solid oxide fuel cells,” J. Appl. Electrochem., vol. 44, no. 6, pp. 683–694, 2014. DOI: 10.1007/s10800-014-0682-2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• P. Costamagna, P. Costa, and V. Antonucci, “Micro-modelling of solid oxide fuel cell electrodes,” Electrochim. Acta, vol. 43, no. 3–4, pp. 375–394, 1998. DOI: 10.1016/S0013-4686(97)00063-7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. M. Hussain, X. Li, and I. Dincer, “A general electrolyte-electrode-assembly model for the performance characteristics of planar anode-supported solid oxide fuel cells,” J. Power Sources, vol. 189, no. 2, pp. 916–928, 2009. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2008.12.121.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• P. Francus, “An image-analysis technique to measure grain-size variation in thin sections of soft clastic sediments,” Sediment. Geol., vol. 121, no. 3–4, pp. 289–298, 1998. DOI: 10.1016/S0037-0738(98)00078-5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. Zeng, J. L. Yuan, J. Zhang, B. Sundén, and Q. W. Wang, “Investigation of thermal radiation effects on solid oxide fuel cell performance by a comprehensive model,” J. Power Sources, vol. 206, pp. 185–196, 2012. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.01.130.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. R. Ferguson, J. M. Fiard, and R. Herbin, “Three-dimensional numerical simulation for various geometries of solid oxide fuel cells,” J. Power Sources, vol. 58, no. 2, pp. 109–122, 1996. DOI: 10.1016/0378-7753(95)02269-4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar