Ionic Liquids in Chemical Analysis

REFERENCES

• Walden , P. 1914 . Molecular weights and electrical conductivity of several fused salts . Bull. Acad. Imper. Sci. (St. Petersburg) , : 405 – 422 .
   Google Scholar
• Hurley , F. H. Electrodeposition of aluminum . U.S. Patent No. 2 445 331 . 1948 .
   Google Scholar
• Wier , T. P. and Hurley , F. H. U.S. Patent No. 2 446 349 . 1948 .
   Google Scholar
• Wier , T. P. U.S. Patent No. 2 446 350 . 1948 .
   Google Scholar
• Hurley , F. H. and Wier , T. P. 1951 . The electrodeposition of aluminium from nonaqueous solutions at room temperature . J. Electrochem. Soc. , 98 : 207 – 212 . [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilkes , J. S. , Levisky , J. A. , Wilson , R. A. and Hussey , C. L. 1982 . Dialkylimidazolium chloroaluminate melts: A new class of room-temperature ionic liquids for electrochemistry, spectroscopy, and synthesis . Inorg. Chem. , 21 : 1263 – 1264 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tait , S. and Osteryoung , R. A. 1984 . Infrared study of ambient-temperature chloroaluminates as a function of melt acidity . Inorg. Chem. , 23 : 4352 – 4360 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilkes , J. S. and Zaworodtko , M. J. 1992 . Air and water stable 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium based ionic liquids . J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. , 13 : 965 – 967 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Google Scholar
• Wilkes , J. S. 2002 . A short history of ionic liquids—From molten salts to neoteric solvents . Green Chem , 4 : 73 – 80 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilkes , J. S. 2004 . Propeties of ionic liquid solvents for catalysis . J. Mol. Cat. A. , 214 : 11 – 17 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Welton , T. 1999 . Room-temperature ionic liquids: Solvents for synthesis and catalysis . Chem. Rev , 99 : 2071 – 2084 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olivier , H. 1999 . Recent developments in the use of non-aqueous ionic liquids for two-phase catalysis . J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem , 146 ( 1–2 ) : 285 – 289 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Earle , M. J. and Seddon , K. R. 2000 . Ionic liquids: Green solvents for the future . Pure Appl. Chem , 72 ( 7 ) : 1391 – 1398 . [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wasserscheid , P. and Keim , W. 2000 . Ionic liquids—New “solutions” for transition metal catalysis . Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. , 39 : 3772 – 3789 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koel , M. 2000 . Physical and chemical properties of ionic liquids based on the dialkylimidazolium cation . Proc. Est. Acad. Sci. Chem. , 49 : 145 – 155 . [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Brennecke , J. F. and Maginn , E. J. 2001 . Ionic liquids: Innovative fluids for chemical processing . AIChE Jour. , 47 : 2384 – 2389 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheldon , R. A. , Lau , R. M. , Sorgedrager , M. J. , van Rantwijk , F. and Seddon , K. R. 2002 . Biocatalysis in ionic liquids . Green Chem , 4 : 147 – 151 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marsh , K. N. , Deev , A. , Wu , A. C. T. , Tran , E. and Klamt , A. 2002 . Room temperature ionic liquids as replacements for conventional solvents—A review . Korean J. Chem. Eng , 19 : 357 – 362 . [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olivier-Bourbigou , H. and Magna , L. 2002 . Ionic liquids: Perspectives for organic and catalytic reactions . J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem. , 182–183 : 419 – 437 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao , D. , Wu , M. , Kou , Y. and Min , E. 2002 . Ionic liquids: Applications in catalysis . Catal. Today , 74 : 157 – 189 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dupont , J. , de Souza , R. F. and Suarez , P. A. Z. 2002 . Ionic liquid (molten salt) phase organometallic catalysis . Chem. Rev , 102 : 3667 – 3692 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Rantwijk , F. , Lau , R. M. and Sheldon , R. A. 2003 . Biocatalytic transformations in ionic liquids . Trends in Biotechnology , 21 : 131 – 138 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilkes , J. S. 2004 . Properties of ionic liquid solvents for catalysis . J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem. , 214 : 11 – 17 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marsh , K. N. , Boxall , J. A. and Lichtenthaler , R. 2004 . Room temperature ionic liquids and their mixtures—A review . Fluid Phase Equil , 219 : 93 – 98 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seddon , K. R. Ionic liquids for clean technology: An update . Molten Salt Forum: Proceedings of 5th International Conference on Molten Salt Chemistry and Technology . Edited by: Wendt , H. Vol. 5–6 , pp. 53 – 62 . Switzerland : Trans Tech Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Rooney , D. W. and Seddon , K. R. 2001 . “ Ionic liquids ” . In Handbook of Solvents , Edited by: Wypych , G. 1459 – 1484 . Toronto : ChemTech Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• Earle , M. J. and Seddon , K. R. 2002 . “ Ionic liquids: Green solvents for the future ” . In Clean Solvents: Alternative Media for Chemical Reactions and Processing , ACS Symposium Series Edited by: Abraham , M. and Moens , L. Vol. 819 , 10 – 25 . Washington, D.C. : American Chemical Society .
   Google Scholar
• Ohno , H. , ed. 2003 . Ionic Liquids: The Front and Future of Material Development , Tokyo : CMC Press .
   Google Scholar
• Rogers , R. D. and Seddon , K. R. , eds. 2002 . Ionic Liquids: Industrial Applications for Green Chemistry , ACS Symposium Series Vol. 818 , Washington, D.C. : American Chemical Society .
   Google Scholar
• Rogers , R. D. and Seddon , K. R. , eds. 2003 . Ionic Liquids as Green Solvents: Progress and Prospects , ACS Symposium Series Vol. 856 , Washington, D.C. : American Chemical Society .
   Google Scholar
• Rogers , R. D. , Seddon , K. R. and Volkov , S. , eds. 2002 . Green Industrial Applications of Ionic Liquids , NATO Science Series II: Math., Phys. and Chem. Vol. 92 , Dordrecht : Kluwer .
   Google Scholar
• Wasserscheid , P. and Welton , T. , eds. 2003 . Ionic Liquids in Synthesis , Weinheim : Wiley-VCH .
   Google Scholar
• Endres , F. 2002 . Ionic liquids: Solvents for the electrodeposition of metals and semiconductors . ChemPhysChem , 3 : 144 – 154 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buzzeo , M. C. , Evans , R. G. and Compton , R. G. 2004 . Non-haloaluminate room-temperature ionic liquids in electrochemistry—A review . ChemPhysChem , 5 ( 8 ) : 1106 – 1120 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sato , T. , Maruo , T. , Marukane , S. and Takagi , K. 2004 . Ionic liquids containing carbonate solvent as electrolytes for lithium ion cells . J. Power Sources , 138 ( 1–2 ) : 253 – 261 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia , B. , Lavallee , S. , Perron , G. , Michot , C. and Armand , M. 2004 . Room temperature molten salts as lithium battery electrolyte . Electrochim. Acta , 49 : 4583 – 4588 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li , Z. , Liu , H. , Liu , Y. , He , P. and Li , J. 2004 . A room-temperature ionic-liquid-templated proton-conducting gelatinous electrolyte . J. Phys. Chem. B , 108 : 17512 – 17518 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zein El Abedin , S. , Borissenko , N. and Endres , F. 2004 . Electrodeposition of nanoscale silicon in a room temperature ionic liquid . Electrochem. Comm , 6 : 510 – 514 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wadhawan , J. D. , Schröder , U. , Neudeck , A. , Wilkins , S. J. , Compton , R. G. , Marken , F. , Consorti , C. S. , de Souza , R. F. and Dupont , J. 2000 . Ionic liquid modified electrodes: Unusual partitioning and diffusion effects of Fe(CN)64-/3- in droplet and thin layer deposits of 1-methyl-3-(2,6-(S)-dimethylocten-2-yl)-imidazolium tetrafluoroborate . J. Electroanal. Chem. , 493 ( 1–2 ) : 75 – 83 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaillon , L. and Bedioui , F. 2004 . Voltammetric analysis of the catalytic reactivity of electrogenerated CoI-salen with organohalogenated derivatives in an ionic liquid at room temperature . J. Mol. Cat. A: Chem. , 214 ( 1 ) : 91 – 94 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giovanelli , D. , Buzzeo , M. C. , Lawrence , N. S. , Hardacre , C. , Seddon , K. R. and Compton , R. G. 2004 . Determination of ammonia based on the electro-oxidation of hydroquinone in dimethylformamide or in the room temperature ionic liquid, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide . Talanta , 62 : 904 – 911 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu , W. , Fadeev , A. G. , Qi , B. and Mattes , B. R. 2004 . Fabricating conducting polymer electrochromic devices using ionic liquids . J. Electrochem. Soc , 151 : H33 – H39 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ding , J. , Zhou , D. , Spinks , G. , Wallace , G. , Forsyth , S. , Forsyth , M. and MacFarlane , D. 2003 . Use of ionic liquids as electrolytes in electromechanical actuator systems based on inherently conducting polymers . Chem. Materials , 15 : 2392 – 2398 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennett , M. D. and Leo , D. J. 2004 . Ionic liquids as stable solvents for ionic polymer transducers . Sensors and Actuators, A: Phys. , 115 : 79 – 90 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang , R. , Hoyano , S. and Ohsaka , T. 2004 . O2 gas sensor using supported hydrophobic room-temperature IL membrane-coated electrode . Chem. Lett , 33 : 6 – 7 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang , R. , Okajima , T. , Kitamura , F. and Ohsaka , T. 2004 . A novel amperometric O2 gas sensor based on supported room-temperature IL porous polyethylene membrane-coated electrodes . Electroanalysis , 16 ( 1–2 ) : 66 – 72 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brinz , T. and Simon , U. Electrochemical gas sensor with ionic liquids as electrolyte . German Patent DE 2002-10245337 . 2004 .
   Google Scholar
• Lee , Y. G. and Chou , T.-C. 2004 . Ionic liquid ethanol sensor . Biosensors and Bioelectronics , 20 : 33 – 40 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koch , P. and Kuesters , E. PCT Int. Appl . World Patent WO 2004013612 . 2004 . Ionic liquids as solvents in headspace gas chromatography
   Google Scholar
• Huddleston , J. G. , Willauer , H. D. , Swatloski , R. P. , Visser , A. E. and Rogers , R. D. 1998 . Room temperature ionic liquids as novel media for “clean” liquid-liquid extraction . Chem. Commun , 16 : 1765 – 1766 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seiler , M. , Jork , C. , Kavarnou , A. , Arlt , W. and Hirsch , R. 2004 . Separation of azeotropic mixtures using hyperbranched polymers or ionic liquids . AIChE Journal , 50 : 2439 – 2454 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jork , C. , Seiler , M. , Beste , Y. -A. and Arlt , W. 2004 . Influence of ionic liquids on the phase behavior of aqueous azeotropic systems . J. Chem. Eng. Data , 49 : 852 – 857 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Visser , A. E. , Holbrey , J. D. and Rogers , R. D. 2001 . Hydrophobic ionic liquids incorporating N-alkylisoquinolinium cations and their utilization in liquid-liquid separations . Chem. Commun , 23 : 2484 – 2485 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nobuoka , K. , Korenaga , W. and Ishikawa , Y. Environmentally safe ionic liquids for chiral resolution . Japan Patent JP 2004277351 . 2004 .
   Google Scholar
• Cull , S. G. , Holbrey , J. D. , Vargas-Mora , V. , Seddon , K. R. and Lye , G. J. 2000 . Room-temperature ionic liquids as replacements for organic solvents in multiphase bioprocess operations . Biotech. and Bioeng. , 69 : 227 – 233 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfruender , H. , Midjojo , M. , Kragl , U. and Weuster-Botz , D. 2004 . Efficient whole-cell biotransformation in a biphasic ionic liquid/water system . Angew. Chem., Int. Ed , 43 : 4529 – 4531 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsumoto , M. , Mochiduki , K. , Fukunishi , K. and Kondo , K. 2004 . Extraction of organic acids using imidazolium-based ionic liquids and their toxicity to Lactobacillus rhamnosus . Sep. Pur. Tech. , 40 : 97 – 101 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carda-Broch , S. , Berthod , A. and Armstrong , D. W. 2003 . Solvent properties of the 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ionic liquid . Anal. and Bioanal. Chem. , 375 : 191 – 199 . [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smirnova , S. V. , Torocheshnikova , I. I. , Formanovsky , A. A. and Pletnev , I. V. 2004 . Solvent extraction of amino acids into a room temperature ionic liquid with dicyclohexano-18-crown-6 . Anal. and Bioanal. Chem. , 378 : 1369 – 1375 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu , J.-F. , Jiang , G.-B. , Chi , Y.-G. , Cai , Y.-Q. , Zhou , Q.-X. and Hu , J.-T. 2003 . Use of ionic liquids for liquid-phase microextraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons . Anal. Chem. , 75 : 5870 – 5876 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu , J.-F. , Chi , Y.-G. , Jiang , G.-B. , Tai , C. , Peng , J.-F. and Hu , J.-T. 2004 . Ionic liquid-based liquid-phase microextraction, A new sample enrichment procedure for liquid chromatography . J. Chromatogr. A , 1026 ( 1–2 ) : 143 – 147 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Visser , A. E. , Swatloski , R. P. , Griffin , S. T. , Hartman , D. H. and Rogers , R. D. 2001 . Liquid/liquid extraction of metal ions in room temperature ionic liquids . Sep. Sci. and Tech. , 36 ( 5 to 6 ) : 785 – 804 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vidal , S. , Neiva Joana , C. M. , Marques , M. M. , Ismael , M. R. and Angelino Reis , M. T. 2004 . Studies on the use of ionic liquids as potential extractants of phenolic compounds and metal ions . Sep. Sci. and Tech , 39 : 2155 – 2169 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wei , G.-T. , Yang , Z. and Chen , C.-J. 2003 . Room temperature ionic liquid as a novel medium for liquid/liquid extraction of metal ions . Anal. Chim. Acta , 488 : 183 – 192 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Visser , A. E. and Rogers , R. D. 2003 . Room-temperature ionic liquids : New solvents for f-element separations and associated solution chemistry . J. Solid State Chem. , 171 ( 1–2 ) : 109 – 113 . [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitehead , J. A. , Lawrance , G. A. and McCluskey , A. 2004 . “Green” leaching: Recyclable and selective leaching of gold-bearing ore in an ionic liquid . Green Chem , 6 : 313 – 315 . [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakashima , K. , Kubota , F. , Maruyama , T. and Goto , M. 2003 . Ionic liquids as a novel solvent for lanthanide extraction . Anal. Sci. , 19 : 1097 – 1098 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dai , S. , Ju , Y. H. and Barnes , C. E. 1999 . Solvent extraction of strontium nitrate by a crown ether using room-temperature ionic liquids . J. Chem. Soc. Dalton Trans.: Inorg. Chem. , 8 : 1201 – 1202 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Google Scholar
• Chun , S. , Dzyuba , S. V. and Bartsch , R. A. 2001 . Influence of structural variation in room-temperature ionic liquids on the selectivity and efficiency of competitive alkali metal salt extraction by a crown ether . Anal. Chem. , 73 : 3737 – 3741 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luo , H. , Dai , S. and Bonnesen , P. V. 2004 . Solvent extraction of Sr2+ and Cs+ based on room-temperature ionic liquids containing monoaza-substituted crown ethers . Anal. Chem. , 76 : 2773 – 2779 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dietz , M. L. and Dzielawa , J. A. 2001 . Ion-exchange as a mode of cation transfer into room-temperature ionic liquids containing crown ethers: Implications for the “greenness” of ionic liquids as diluents in liquid-liquid extraction . Chem. Commun. , 20 : 2124 – 2125 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dietz , M. l. , Dzielawa , J. A. , Laszak , I. , Young , B. A. and Jensen , M. P. 2003 . Influence of solvent structural variations on the mechanism of facilitated ion transfer into room-temperature ionic liquids . Green Chem. , 5 : 682 – 685 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shimojo , K. and Goto , M. 2004 . First application of calixarenes as extractants in room-temperature ionic liquids . Chem. Lett. , 33 : 320 – 321 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shimojo , K. and Goto , M. 2004 . Solvent extraction and stripping of silver ions in room-temperature ionic liquids containing calixarenes . Anal. Chem. , 76 : 5039 – 5044 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luo , H. , Dai , S. , Bonnesen , P. V. , Buchanan , A. C. , Holbrey , J. D. , Bridges , N. J. and Rogers , R. D. 2004 . Extraction of cesium ions from aqueous solutions using calix[4]arene-bis(tert-octylbenzo-crown-6) in ionic liquids . Anal. Chem. , 76 : 3078 – 3083 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Visser , A. E. , Swatloski , R. P. , Reichert , W. M. , Mayton , R. , Sheff , S. , Wierzbicki , A. , Davis , J. H. and Rogers , R. D. 2002 . Task-specific ionic liquids incorporating novel cations for the coordination and extraction of Hg2+ and Cd2+: Synthesis, characterization, and extraction studies . Envir. Sci. and Tech. , 36 : 2523 – 2529 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holbrey , J. D. , Visser , A. E. , Spear , S. K. , Reichert , W. M. , Swatloski , R. P. , Broker , G. A. and Rogers , R. D. 2003 . Mercury(II) partitioning from aqueous solutions with a new, hydrophobic ethylene-glycol functionalized bis-imidazolium IL . Green Chem. , 5 : 129 – 135 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bösmann , A. , Datsevich , L. , Jess , A. , Lauter , A. , Schmitz , C. and Wasserscheid , P. 2001 . Deep desulfurization of diesel fuel by extraction with ionic liquids . Chem. Commun. , 23 : 2494 – 2495 . [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eber , J. , Wasserscheid , P. and Jess , A. 2004 . Deep desulfurization of oil refinery streams by extraction with ionic liquids . Green Chem. , 6 : 316 – 322 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang , S. , Zhang , Q. and Conrad Zhang , Z. 2004 . Extractive desulfurization and denitrogenation of fuels using ionic liquids . Ind. and Eng. Chem. Res. , 43 : 614 – 622 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang , C. , Chen , B. , Zhang , J. , Liu , Z. and Li , Y. 2004 . Desulfurization of gasoline by extraction with new ionic liquids . Energy and Fuels , 18 ( 6 ) : 1862 – 1864 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lo , W.-H. , Yang , H.-Y. and Wei , G.-T. 2003 . One-pot desulfurization of light oils by chemical oxidation and solvent extraction with room temperature ionic liquids . Green Chem. , 5 : 639 – 642 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poole , C. F. 2004 . Chromatographic and spectroscopic methods for the determination of solvent properties of room temperature ionic liquids . J. Chromatogr. A. , 1037 ( 1–2 ) : 49 – 82 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armstrong , D. W. , He , L. and Liu , Y. S. 1999 . Examination of ionic liquids and their interaction with molecules, when used as stationary phases in gas chromatography . Anal. Chem. , 71 : 3873 – 3876 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson , J. L. and Armstrong , D. W. 2003 . High-stability ionic liquids: A new class of stationary phases for gas chromatography . Anal. Chem. , 75 : 4851 – 4858 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berthod , A. , He , L. and Armstrong , D. W. 2001 . Ionic liquids as stationary phase solvents for methylated cyclodextrins in gas chromatography . Chromatographia , 53 ( 1–2 ) : 63 – 68 . [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ding , J. , Welton , T. and Armstrong , D. W. 2004 . Chiral ionic liquids as stationary phases in gas chromatography . Anal. Chem. , 76 : 6819 – 6822 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Letcher , T. M. , Soko , B. , Reddy , P. and Deenadayalu , N. 2003 . Determination of activity coefficients at infinite dilution of solutes in the ionic liquid 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate using gas-liquid chromatography at the temperatures 298.15 K and 323.15 K . J. Chem. and Eng. Data , 48 : 1587 – 1590 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warren , D. , Trevor , L. M. , Deresh , R. and Raal , D. J. 2003 . Activity coefficients of hydrocarbon solutes at infinite dilution in the IL, 1-methyl-3-octyl-imidazolium chloride from gas-liquid chromatography . J. Chem. Thermodyn. , 35 : 1335 – 1341 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heintz , A. , Kulikov , D. V. and Verevkin , S. P. 2002 . Thermodynamic properties of mixtures containing ionic liquids: Activity coefficients at infinite dilution of polar solutes in 4-methyl-N-butyl-pyridinium tetrafluoroborate using gas-liquid chromatography . J. Chem. Thermodyn. , 34 : 1341 – 1347 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heintz , A. , Kulikov , D. V. and Verevkin , S. P. 2002 . Thermodynamic properties of mixtures ccontaining ionic liquids: II. Activity coefficients at infinite dilution of hydrocarbons and polar solutes in 1-methyl-3-ethyl-imidazolium bis(trifluoromethyl-sulfonyl) amide and in 1,2-dimethyl-3-ethyl-imidazolium bis(trifluoromethyl-sulfonyl) amide using gas-liquid chromatography . J. Chem. and Eng. Data , 47 : 894 – 899 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Planeta , J. and Roth , M. 2004 . Partition coefficients of low-volatility solutes in the ionic liquid 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate-supercritical CO2 system from chromatographic retention measurements . J. Phys. Chem. , 108 : 11244 – 11249 . [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berthod , A. and Carda-Broch , S. 2003 . A new class of solvents for CCC: The room temperature ionic liquids . J. Liq. Chrom. and Rel. Technol. , 26 ( 9–10 ) : 1493 – 1508 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berthod , A. and Carda-Broch , S. 2004 . Use of the IL 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate in countercurrent chromatography . Anal. and Bioanal. Chem. , 380 : 168 – 177 . [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Appleby , D. , Hussey , C. L. , Seddon , K. R. and Turp , J. E. 1986 . Room-temperature ionic liquids as solvents for electronic absorption spectroscopy of halide complexes . Nature. , 323 : 614 – 615 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seddon , K. R. 1987 . Electronic Absorption Spectroscopy in Room-Temperature Ionic Liquids , NATO ASI Series. Ser. C: Math. Phys. Sci., 202 (Molten Salt Chemistry) 365 – 381 . Dordrecht : Reidel Publishing Co. .
   Google Scholar
• Billard , I. , Moutiers , G. , Labet , A. , El Azzi , A. , Gaillard , C. , Mariet , C. and Luetzenkirchen , K. 2003 . Stability of divalent europium in an ionic liquid: Spectroscopic investigations in 1-methyl-3-butylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate . Inorg. Chem. , 42 : 1726 – 1733 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu , J. , Liotta , C. L. and Eckert , C. A. 2003 . Spectroscopically probing microscopic solvent properties of room-temperature ionic liquids with the addition of carbon dioxide . J. Phys. Chem. A , 107 : 3995 – 4000 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Álvaro , M. , Ferrer , B. , García , H. and Narayana , M. 2002 . Screening of an ionic liquid as medium for photochemical reactions . Chem. Phys. Lett. , 362 ( 5–6 ) : 435 – 440 . [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armstrong , D. W. , Zhang , L.-K. , He , L. and Gross , M. L. 2001 . Ionic liquids as matrixes for matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry . Anal. Chem. , 73 : 3679 – 3686 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zabet-Moghaddam , M. , Heinzle , E. and Tholey , A. 2004 . Qualitative and quantitative analysis of low molecular weight compounds by ultraviolet matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry using ionic liquid matrices . Rapid Comm. Mass Spec. , 18 : 141 – 148 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carda-Broch , S. , Berthod , A. and Armstrong , D. W. 2003 . Ionic matrices for matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight detection of DNA oligomers . Rapid Comm. Mass Spec. , 17 : 553 – 560 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mank , M. , Stahl , B. and Boehm , G. 2004 . 2,5-Dihydroxybenzoic acid butylamine and other ionic liquid matrixes for enhanced MALDI-MS analysis of biomolecules . Anal. Chem. , 76 : 2938 – 2950 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romero-Sanz , I. , Bocanegra , R. , Fernandez de la Mora , J. and Gamero-Castano , M. 2003 . Source of heavy molecular ions based on Taylor cones of ionic liquids operating in the pure ion evaporation regime . J. Appl. Phys. , 94 : 3599 – 3605 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romero-Sanz , I. and Fernandez de la Mora , J. 2004 . Energy distribution and spatial structure of electrosprays of ionic liquids in vacuo . J. Appl. Phys. , 95 : 2123 – 2129 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dyson , P. J. , Khalaila , I. , Luettgen , S. , McIndoe , J. S. and Zhao , D. 2004 . Direct probe electrospray (and nanospray) ionization mass spectrometry of neat ionic liquids . Chem. Commun. , 19 : 2204 – 2205 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jackson , G. P. and Duckworth , D. C. 2004 . Electrospray mass spectrometry of undiluted ionic liquids . Chem. Commun. , 5 : 522 – 523 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kärkkäinen , J. , Asikkala , J. , Laitinen , R. S. and Lajunen , M. 2004 . Effect of temperature on the purity of product in the preparation of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium-based ionic liquids . Zeitsch. Naturforsch. B: Chem. Sci. , 59 : 763 – 770 . [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao , D. 2004 . Analysis of ionic liquids and dissolved species by electrospray ionization MS . Australian J. Chem. , 57 : 509 – 510 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaliszan , R. , Marszall , M. P. , Markuszewski , M. J. , Baczek , T. and Pernak , J. 2004 . Suppression of deleterious effects of free silanols in liquid chromatography by imidazolium tetrafluoroborate ionic liquids . J. Chromatogr. , 1030 ( 1–2 ) : 263 – 271 . [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He , L. , Zhang , W. , Zhao , L. , Liu , X. and Jiang , S. 2003 . Effect of 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium-based ionic liquids as the eluent on the separation of ephedrines by liquid chromatography . J. Chromatogr. A , 1007 ( 1–2 ) : 39 – 45 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiao , X. , Liang , Z. , Xia , L. and Jiang , S. 2004 . Ionic liquids as additives in high performance liquid chromatography: Analysis of amines and the interaction mechanism of ionic liquids . Anal. Chim. Acta , 519 : 207 – 211 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson , N. G. and Braatz , J. A. Gel electrophoresis process using ionic liquids for solubilizing highly hydrophobic proteins . U.S. Patent Appl. US 2004031685 . 2004 .
   Google Scholar
• Vaher , M. , Koel , M. and Kaljurand , M. 2001 . Non-aqueous capillary electriphoresis in acetonitrile using ionic liquid buffer electrolytes . Chromatographia , 53 : 302 – 306 . [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaher , M. , Koel , M. and Kaljurand , M. 2002 . Application of 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium-based ionic liquids in non-aqueous capillary electrophoresis . J. Chromatogr. A , 979 ( 1–2 ) : 27 – 32 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaher , M. , Koel , M. and Kaljurand , M. 2002 . Ionic liquids as electrolytes for nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis . Electrophoresis , 23 : 426 – 430 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yanes , E. G. , Gratz , S. R. , Baldwin , M. J. , Robison , S. E. and Stalcup , A. M. 2001 . Capillary electrophoretic application of 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium-based ionic liquids . Anal. Chem. , 73 : 3838 – 3844 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang , T.-F. , Gu , Y.-L. , Liang , B. , Li , J.-B. , Shi , Y.-P. and Ou , Q.-Y. 2003 . Dynamically coating the capillary with 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium-based ionic liquids for separation of basic proteins by capillary electrophoresis . Anal. Chim. Acta , 479 : 249 – 254 . [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cabovska , B. , Kreishman , G. P. , Wassell , D. F. and Stalcup , A. M. 2003 . Capillary electrophoretic and nuclear magnetic resonance studies of interactions between halophenols and ionic liquid or tetraalkylammonium cations . J. Chromatogr. A , 1007 ( 1–2 ) : 179 – 187 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qin , W. , Wei , H. and Li , S. F. Y. 2003 . 1,3-Dialkylimidazolium-based room-temperature ionic liquids as background electrolyte and coating material in aqueous capillary electrophoresis . J. Chromatogr. A , 985 ( 1–2 ) : 447 – 454 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qin , W. and Li , S. F.Y. 2002 . An ionic liquid coating for determination of sildenafil and UK-103,320 in human serum by capillary zone electrophoresis-ion trap mass spectrometry . Electrophoresis , 23 : 4110 – 4116 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qin , W. and Li , S. F. Y. 2003 . Electrophoresis of DNA in IL coated capillary . Analyst , 128 : 37 – 41 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qin , W. and Li , S. F. Y. 2004 . Determination of ammonium and metal ions by capillary electrophoresis-potential gradient detection using ionic liquid as background electrolyte and covalent coating reagent . J. Chromatogr. A , 1048 : 253 – 256 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mwongela , S. M. , Numan , A. , Gill , N. L. , Agbaria , R. A. and Warner , I. M. 2003 . Separation of achiral and chiral analytes using polymeric surfactants with ionic liquids as modifiers in micellar electrokinetic chromatography . Anal. Chem. , 75 : 6089 – 6096 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitehead , J. A. , Lawrance , G. A. and McCluskey , A. 2004 . Analysis of gold in solutions containing ionic liquids by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry . Australian J. Chem. , 57 : 151 – 155 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson , J. L. , Ding , J. , Welton , T. and Armstrong , D. W. 2002 . Characterizing ionic liquids on the basis of multiple solvation interactions . J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 124 : 14247 – 14254 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar