1,347
Views
94
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review Article

Graphene-Based Materials as Solid Phase Extraction Sorbent for Trace Metal Ions, Organic Compounds, and Biological Sample Preparation

, &
Pages 267-283 | Published online: 18 May 2016

References

  • Allen, M. J.; Tung, V. C.; Kaner, R. B. Honeycomb Carbon: A Review of Graphene. Chem. Rev. 2010, 110, 132–145.
  • Alvand, M.; Shemirani, F. Preconcentration of Trace Cadmium Ion Using Magnetic Graphene Nanoparticles as an Efficient Adsorbent. Microchim. Acta 2013, 181, 181–188.
  • Ambrosi, A.; Chua, C. K.; Bonanni, A.; Pumera, M. Lithium Aluminum Hydride as Reducing Agent for Chemically Reduced Graphene Oxides. Chem. Mater. 2012, 24, 2292–2298.
  • An, H. Crab Shell for the Removal of Heavy Metals from Aqueous Solution. Water Res. 2001, 35, 3551–3556.
  • Aragay, G.; Pino, F.; Merkoçi, A. Nanomaterials for Sensing and Destroying Pesticides. Chem. Rev. 2012, 112, 5317–5338.
  • Asuha, S.; Zhou, X. G.; Zhao, S. Adsorption of Methyl Orange and Cr(VI) on Mesoporous TiO2 Prepared by Hydrothermal Method. J. Hazard. Mater. 2010, 181, 204–10.
  • Bagheri, H.; Mir, A.; Babanezhad, E. An Electropolymerized Aniline-Based Fiber Coating for Solid Phase Microextraction of Phenols from Water. Anal. Chim. Acta 2005, 532, 89–95.
  • Bai, S.-S.; Li, Z.; Zang, X.-H.; Wang, C.; Wang, Z. Graphene-Based Magnetic Solid Phase Extraction Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction Combined with Gas Chromatographic Method for Determination of Five Acetanilide Herbicides in Water and Green Tea Samples. Chin. J. Anal. Chem. 2013, 41, 1177–1182.
  • Banitaba, M. H.; Hosseiny Davarani, S. S.; Kazemi Movahed, S. Comparison of Direct, Headspace and Headspace Cold Fiber Modes in Solid Phase Microextraction of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons by a New Coating Based on Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/Graphene Oxide Composite. J. Chromatogr. A 2014, 1325, 23–30.
  • Behbahani, M.; Salarian, M.; Bagheri, A.; Tabani, H.; Omidi, F.; Fakhari, A. Synthesis, Characterization and Analytical Application of Zn(II)-Imprinted Polymer as an Efficient Solid-Phase Extraction Technique for Trace Determination of Zinc Ions in Food Samples. J. Food Compos. Anal. 2013, 34, 81–89.
  • Beydoun, D.; Amal, R.; Low, G.; McEvoy, S. Role of Nanoparticles in Photocatalysis. J. Nanoparticle Res. 1999, 1, 439–458.
  • Bhatt, K. D.; Vyas, D. J.; Gupte, H. S.; Makwana, B. A.; Darjee, S. M.; Jain, V. K. Solid Phase Extraction, Preconcentration and Sequential Separation of U(VI), Th(IV), La(III) and Ce(III) by Octa-O-methoxy Resorcin[4]arene Based Amberlite XAD-4 Chelating Resin. World J. Anal. Chem. 2014, 2, 31–41.
  • Chandra, V.; Park, J.; Chun, Y.; Lee, J. W.; Hwang, I.-C.; Kim, K. S. Water-Dispersible Magnetite-Reduced Graphene Oxide Composites for Arsenic Removal. ACS Nano 2010, 4, 3979–3986.
  • Chandra, V.; Kim, K. S. Highly Selective Adsorption of Hg2+ by a Polypyrrole-Reduced Graphene Oxide Composite. Chem. Commun. 2011, 47, 3942–3944.
  • Chandrasekaran, K.; Karunasagar, D.; Arunachalam, J. Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Micro-Extraction for Simultaneous Preconcentration of 14 Lanthanides at Parts per Trillion Levels from Groundwater and Determination Using a Micro-Flow Nebulizer in Inductively Coupled Plasma-Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 2012, 27, 1024–1031.
  • Chen, D.; Feng, H.; Li, J. Graphene Oxide: Preparation, Functionalization, and Electrochemical Applications. Chem. Rev. 2012, 112, 6027–6053.
  • Chen, J.; Zou, J.; Zeng, J.; Song, X.; Ji, J.; Wang, Y.; Ha, J.; Chen, X. Preparation and Evaluation of Graphene-Coated Solid-Phase Microextraction Fiber. Anal. Chim. Acta 2010, 678, 44–49.
  • Chen, L.; Lu, Y.; Li, S.; Lin, X.; Xu, Z.; Dai, Z. Application of Graphene-Based Solid-Phase Extraction for Ultra-Fast Determination of Malachite Green and Its Metabolite in Fish Tissues. Food Chem. 2013a, 141, 1383–1389.
  • Chen, L.; Zhou, T.; Zhang, Y.; Lu, Y. Rapid Determination of Trace Sulfonamides in Fish by Graphene-Based SPE Coupled with UPLC/MS/MS. Anal. Methods 2013b, 5, 4363–4370.
  • Cheng, H.; Zeng, K.; Yu, J. Adsorption of Uranium from Aqueous Solution by Graphene Oxide Nanosheets Supported on Sepiolite. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 2013, 298, 599–603.
  • Deng, J.-H.; Zhang, X.-R.; Zeng, G.-M.; Gong, J.-L.; Niu, Q.-Y.; Liang, L. Simultaneous Removal of Cd(II) and Ionic Dyes from Aqueous Solution Using Magnetic Graphene Oxide Nanocomposite as an Adsorbent. Chem. Eng. J. 2013, 226, 189–200.
  • Du, Z.; Liu, M.; Li, G. Development of a Membrane Solid-Phase Extraction Method Based on Polyethyleneimine Modified MWNTs for On-Line Extraction and Preconcentration of Acidic Proteins in Serum Samples. Anal. Methods 2013, 5, 4921–4926.
  • Duran, A.; Tuzen, M.; Soylak, M. Preconcentration of Some Trace Elements via Using Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes as Solid Phase Extraction Adsorbent. J. Hazard. Mater. 2009, 169, 466–471.
  • European Commission. EU Pesticides Database, Pesticide EU-MRLs Regulation (EC) No 396/2005. Off. J. Eur. Union 2005, 48, 1–16. http://ec.europa.eu/sanco_pesticides/public/?even
  • European Community. Council Directive 98/83/EC of 3 November 1998 on the Quality of Water Intended for Human Consumption. Off. J. Eur. Communities 1998, L330, 32–54.
  • Fan, J.; Dong, Z.; Qi, M.; Fu, R.; Qu, L. Monolithic Graphene Fibers for Solid-Phase Microextraction. J. Chromatogr. A 2013, 1320, 27–32.
  • Farrington, J. W.; Takada, H. Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), and Plastics: Examples of the Status, Trend, and Cycling of Organic Chemicals of Envvironmental Concern in the Ocean. Oceanography 2014, 27, 196–213.
  • Fu, Q.; Yang, L.; Wang, Q. On-Line Preconcentration with a Novel Alkyl Phosphinic Acid Extraction Resin Coupled with Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry for Determination of Trace Rare Earth Elements in Seawater. Talanta 2007, 72, 1248–1254.
  • Gao, H.; Sun, Y.; Zhou, J.; Xu, R.; Duan, H. Mussel-Inspired Synthesis of Polydopamine-Functionalized Graphene Hydrogel as Reusable Adsorbents for Water Purification. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2013, 5, 425–32.
  • Georgakilas, V.; Otyepka, M.; Bourlinos, A. B.; Chandra, V.; Kim, N.; Kemp, K. C.; Hobza, P.; Zboril, R.; Kim. K. S. Functionalization of Graphene: Covalent and Non-Covalent Approaches, Derivatives and Applications. Chem. Rev. 2012, 112, 6156–6214.
  • Ghaedi, M.; Montazerozohori, M.; Nazari, E.; Nejabat, R. Functionalization of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes for the Solid-Phase Extraction of Silver, Cadmium, Palladium, Zinc, Manganese and Copper by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. Hum. Exp. Toxicol. 2013, 32, 687–697.
  • Giesy, J. P.; Solomon, K. R.; Mackay, D.; Anderson, J. Evaluation of Evidence That the Organophosphorus Insecticide Chlorpyrifos Is a Potential Persistent Organic Pollutant (POP) or Persistent, Bioaccumulative, and Toxic (PBT). Environ. Sci. Eur. 2014, 26, 29.
  • Gollavelli, G.; Chang, C.-C.; Ling, Y.-C. Facile Synthesis of Smart Magnetic Graphene for Safe Drinking Water: Heavy Metal Removal and Disinfection Control. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 2013, 1, 462–472.
  • Guan, W.; Li, Z.; Zhang, H.; Hong, H.; Rebeyev, N.; Ye, Y.; Ma, Y. Amine Modified Graphene as Reversed-Dispersive Solid Phase Extraction Materials Combined with Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry for Pesticide Multi-Residue Analysis in Oil Crops. J. Chromatogr. A 2013, 1286, 1–8.
  • Guan, W.; Li, C.; Liu, X.; Zhou, S.; Ma, Y. Graphene as Dispersive Solidphase Extraction Materials for Pesticides LC-MS/MS Multi-Residue Analysis in Leek, Onion and Garlic. Food Addit. Contam. Part A Chem. Anal. Control. Expo. Risk Assess. 2014, 31, 250–261.
  • Han, Q.; Wang, Z.; Xia, J.; Chen, S.; Zhang, X.; Ding, M. Facile and Tunable Fabrication of Fe3O4/Graphene Oxide Nanocomposites and Their Application in the Magnetic Solid-Phase Extraction of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Environmental Water Samples. Talanta 2012, 101, 388–395.
  • Huang, C.; Jiang, Z.; Hu, B. Mesoporous Titanium Dioxide as a Novel Solid-Phase Extraction Material for Flow Injection Micro-Column Preconcentration On-Line Coupled with ICP-OES Determination of Trace Metals in Environmental Samples. Talanta 2007, 73, 274–281.
  • Huang, D.; Wang, X.; Deng, C.; Song, G.; Cheng, H.; Zhang, X. Facile Preparation of Raisin-Bread Sandwich-Structured Magnetic Graphene/Mesoporous Silica Composites with C18-Modified Pore-Walls for Efficient Enrichment of Phthalates in Environmental Water. J. Chromatogr. A 2014, 1325, 65–71.
  • Huang, K. J.; Yu, S.; Li, J.; Wu, Z.-W.; Wei, C.-Y. Extraction of Neurotransmitters from Rat Brain Using Graphene as a Solid-Phase Sorbent, and Their Fluorescent Detection by HPLC. Microchim. Acta 2011, 176, 327–335.
  • Huang, K. J.; Li, J.; Liu, Y.-M.; Wang, L. Sensitive Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Water Samples by HPLC Coupled with SPE Based on Graphene Functionalized with Triethoxysilane. J. Sep. Sci. 2013, 36, 789–795.
  • Huang, K.-J.; Liu, Y.-J.; Li, J.; Gan, T.; Liu, Y.-M. Ultra-trace Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Using Solid-Phase Extraction Coupled with HPLC Based on Graphene-Functionalized Silica Gel Composites. Anal. Methods 2014, 6, 194–201.
  • Kalavathy, H.; Karthik, B.; Miranda, L. R. Removal and Recovery of Ni and Zn from Aqueous Solution Using Activated Carbon from Hevea brasiliensis: Batch and Column Studies. Colloids Surf. B. Biointerfaces 2010, 78, 291–302.
  • Kanzari, F.; Syakti, A. D.; Asia, L.; Malleret, L.; Piram, A.; Mille, G.; Doumenq, P. Distributions and Sources of Persistent Organic Pollutants (Aliphatic Hydrocarbons, PAHs, PCBs and Pesticides) in Surface Sediments of an Industrialized Urban River (Huveaune), France. Sci. Total Environ. 2014, 478, 141–151.
  • Karamani, A. A.; Douvalis, A.P; Stalikas, C. D. Zero-Valent Iron/Iron Oxide-Oxyhydroxide/Graphene as a Magnetic Sorbent for the Enrichment of Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons and Phthalates prior to Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. A 2013, 1271, 1–9.
  • Karimi, M.; Aboufazeli, F.; Zhad, H. R. L. Z.; Sadeghi, O.; Najafi, E. Cadmium Ions Determination in Sea Food Samples Using Dipyridyl-Functionalized Graphene Nano-sheet. Food Anal. Methods 2013, 7, 669–675.
  • Ke, Y.; Zhu, F.; Zeng, F.; Luan, T.; Su, C.; Ouyang, G. Preparation of Graphene-Coated Solid-Phase Microextraction Fiber and Its Application on Organochlorine Pesticides Determination. J. Chromatogr. A 2013, 1300, 187–192.
  • Kumar, M.; Rathore, D. P. S.; Singh, A. K. Metal Ion Enrichment with Amberlite XAD-2 Functionalized with Tiron: Analytical Applications. Analyst 2000, 125, 1221–1226.
  • Kumari, V.; Sasidharan, M.; Bhaumik, A. Mesoporous BaTiO3@ SBA-15 Derived via Solid State Reaction and Its Excellent Adsorption Efficiency for the Removal of Hexavalent Chromium from Water. Dalton Trans. 2015, 44, 1924–1932.
  • Lee, Y.-C.; Yang, J.-W. Self-Assembled Flower-Like TiO2 on Exfoliated Graphite Oxide for Heavy Metal Removal. J. Ind. Eng. Chem. 2012, 18, 1178–1185.
  • Lei, Y.; Chen, F.; Luo, Y.; Zhang, L. Synthesis of Three-Dimensional Graphene Oxide Foam for the Removal of Heavy Metal Ions. Chem. Phys. Lett. 2014, 593, 122–127.
  • Li, H.; Chi, Z.; Li, J. Covalent Bonding Synthesis of Magnetic Graphene Oxide Nanocomposites for Cr(III) Removal. Desalination Water Treat. 2014, 52, 1937–1946.
  • Li, L.; Fan, L.; Sun, M.; Qiu, H.; Li, X.; Duan, H.; Luo, C. Adsorbent for Chromium Removal Based on Graphene Oxide Functionalized with Magnetic Cyclodextrin-Chitosan. Colloids Surf. B. Biointerfaces 2013, 107, 76–83.
  • Li, S.; Lu, X.; Xue, Y.; Lei, J.; Zheng, T.; Wang, C. Fabrication of Polypyrrole/Graphene Oxide Composite Nanosheets and Their Applications for Cr(VI) Removal in Aqueous Solution. PLoS One 2012, 7, 4332–4328.
  • Li, X.-S.; Zhu, G.-T.; Luo, Y.-B.; Yuan, B.-F.; Feng, Y.-Q. Synthesis and Applications of Functionalized Magnetic Materials in Sample Preparation. TrAC Trends Anal. Chem. 2013, 45, 233–247.
  • Li, Y.-H.; Ding, J.; Luan, Z.; Di, Z.; Zhu, Y.; Xu, C.; Wu, D.; Wei, B. Competitive Adsorption of Pb2+, Cu2+ and Cd2+ Ions from Aqueous Solutions by Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes. Carbon 2003, 41, 2787–2792.
  • Li, Y.; Yang, J.; Jiang, Y. Trace Rare Earth Element Detection in Food and Agricultural Products Based on Flow Injection Walnut Shell Packed Microcolumn Preconcentration Coupled with Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2012, 60, 3033–3041.
  • Li, Z.; Chen, F.; Yuan, L.; Liu, Y.; Zhao, Y.; Chai, Z.; Shi, W. Uranium(VI) Adsorption on Graphene Oxide Nanosheets from Aqueous Solutions. Chem. Eng. J. 2012, 201, 539–546.
  • Li, Z.; Hou, M.; Bai, S.; Wang, C.; Wang, Z. Extraction of Imide Fungicides in Water and Juice Samples Using Magnetic Graphene Nanoparticles as Adsorbent Followed by Their Determination with Gas Chromatography and Electron Capture Detection. Anal. Sci. 2013, 29, 325–331.
  • Li, Z.; Ma, R.; Bai, S.; Wang, C.; Wang, Z. A Solid Phase Microextraction Fiber Coated with Graphene-Poly(ethylene glycol) Composite for the Extraction of Volatile Aromatic Compounds from Water Samples. Talanta 2014, 119, 498–504.
  • Liang, H.; Miao, X.; Gong, J. One-Step Fabrication of Layered Double Hydroxides/Graphene Hybrid as Solid-Phase Extraction for Stripping Voltammetric Detection of Methyl Parathion. Electrochem. Commun. 2012, 20, 149–152.
  • Liang, P.; Hu, B.; Jiang, Z.; Qin, Y.; Peng, T. Nanometer-Sized Titanium Dioxide Micro-Column On-Line Preconcentration of La, Y, Yb, Eu, Dy and Their Determination by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 2001, 16, 863–866.
  • Liang, R. P.; Wang, X.-N.; Liu, C.-M.; Meng, X.-Y.; Qiu, J.-D. Facile Preparation of Protein Stationary Phase Based on Polydopamine/Graphene Oxide Platform for Chip-Based Open Tubular Capillary Electrochromatography Enantioseparation. J. Chromatogr. A 2014, 1323, 135–142.
  • Liu, M.; Chen, C.; Hu, J.; Wu, X.; Wang, X. Synthesis of Magnetite/Graphene Oxide Composite and Application for Cobalt(II) Removal. J. Phys. Chem. C 2011, 115, 25234–25240.
  • Liu, Q.; Cheng, M.; Long, Y.; Yu, M.; Wang, T.; Jiang, G. Graphenized Pencil Lead Fiber: Facile Preparation and Application in Solid-Phase Microextraction. J. Chromatogr. A. 2014, 1325, 1–7.
  • Liu, Q.; Shi, J.; Jiang, G. Application of Graphene in Analytical Sample Preparation. TrAC Trends Anal. Chem. 2012a, 37, 1–11.
  • Liu, Q.; Shi, J.; Sun, J.; Wang, T.; Zeng, L.; Zhu, N.; Jiang, G. Graphene-Assisted Matrix Solid-Phase Dispersion for Extraction of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers and Their Methoxylated and Hydroxylated Analogs from Environmental Samples. Anal. Chim. Acta 2011a, 708, 61–68.
  • Liu, Q.; Shi, J.; Wang, T.; Guo, F.; Liu, L.; Jiang, G. Hemimicelles/Admicelles Supported on Magnetic Graphene Sheets for Enhanced Magnetic Solid-Phase Extraction. J. Chromatogr. A 2012b, 1257, 1–8.
  • Liu, Q.; Shi, J.; Zeng, L.; Wang, T.; Cai, Y.; Jiang, G. Evaluation of Graphene as an Advantageous Adsorbent for Solid-Phase Extraction with Chlorophenols as Model Analytes. J. Chromatogr. A 2011b, 1218, 197–204.
  • Liu, X.; Guan, W.; Hao, X.; Wu, X.; Ma, Y.; Pan, C. Pesticide Multi-Residue Analysis in Tea Using d-SPE Sample Cleanup with Graphene Mixed with Primary Secondary Amine and Graphitized Carbon Black prior to LC–MS/MS. Chromatographia 2013, 77, 31–37.
  • Liu, Y.; Guo, L.; Zhu, L.; Sun, X.; Chen, J. Removal of Cr(III, VI) by Quaternary Ammonium and Quaternary Phosphonium Ionic Liquids Functionalized Silica Materials. Chem. Eng. J. 2010, 158, 108–114.
  • Liu, Y.; Li, H.; Lin, J.-M. Magnetic Solid-Phase Extraction Based on Octadecyl Functionalization of Monodisperse Magnetic Ferrite Microspheres for the Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Aqueous Samples Coupled with Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Talanta 2009, 77, 1037–1042.
  • Liu, Y.; Yang, S.; Niu, W. Simple, Rapid and Green One-Step Strategy to Synthesis of Graphene/Carbon Nanotubes/Chitosan Hybrid as Solid-Phase Extraction for Square-Wave Voltammetric Detection of Methyl Parathion. Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces 2013, 108, 266–270.
  • Lu, C.; Chiu, H. Adsorption of Zinc(II) from Water with Purified Carbon Nanotubes. Chem. Eng. Sci. 2006, 61, 1138–1145.
  • Luo, Y. B.; Shi, Z.-G.; Gao, Q.; Feng, Y.-Q. Magnetic Retrieval of Graphene: Extraction of Sulfonamide Antibiotics from Environmental Water Samples. J. Chromatogr. A 2011, 1218, 1353–1358.
  • Luo, Y.-B.; Zhu, G.-T.; Li, X.-S.; Yuan, B.-F.; Feng, Y.-Q. Facile Fabrication of Reduced Graphene Oxide-Encapsulated Silica: A Sorbent for Solid-Phase Extraction. J. Chromatogr. A 2013, 1299, 10–17.
  • Ma, T.; Chang, P. R.; Zheng, P.; Zhao, F.; Ma, X. Fabrication of Ultra-Light Graphene-Based Gels and Their Adsorption of Methylene Blue. Chem. Eng. J. 2014, 240, 595–600.
  • Ma, J.; Xiao, R.; Li, J.; Yu, J.; Zhang, Y.; Chen, L. Determination of 16 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Environmental Water Samples by Solid-Phase Extraction Using Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes as Adsorbent Coupled with Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. A 2010, 1217, 5462–5469.
  • Madadrang, C. J.; Kim, H. Y.; Gao, G.; Wang, N.; Zhu, J.; Feng, H.; Gorring, M.; Kasner, M. L.; Hou, S. Adsorption Behavior of EDTA-Graphene Oxide for Pb (II) Removal. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2012, 4, 1186–1193.
  • Mao, H. Y.; Laurent, S.; Chen, W.; Akhavan, O.; Imani, M.; Ashkarran, A. A.; Mahmoudi, M.: Graphene: Promises, Facts, Opportunities, and Challenges in Nanomedicine. Chem. Rev. 2013, 113, 3407–3424.
  • Mehdinia, A.; Khani, H.; Mozaffari, S. Fibers Coated with a Graphene-Polyaniline Nanocomposite for the Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction of Organochlorine Pesticides from Seawater Samples. Microchim. Acta 2013, 181, 89–95.
  • Novoselov, K. S.; Geim, A. K.; Morozov, S. V.; Jiang, D.; Zhang, Y.; Dubonos, S. V.; Grigorieva, I. V.; Firsov, A. A. Electric Field Effect in Atomically Thin Carbon Films. Science 2004, 306, 666–669.
  • Ozcan, S. G.; Satiroglu, N.; Soylak, M. Column Solid Phase Extraction of Iron(III), Copper(II), Manganese(II) and Lead(II) Ions Food and Water Samples on Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2010, 48, 2401–2406.
  • Pan, N.; Guan, D.; He, T.; Wang, R.; Wyman, I.; Jin, Y.; Xia, C. Removal of Th4+ Ions from Aqueous Solutions by Graphene Oxide. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 2013, 298, 1999–2008.
  • Peigney, A.; Laurent, C.; Flahaut, E.; Bacsa, R. R.; Rousset, A. Specific Surface Area of Carbon Nanotubes and Bundles of Carbon Nanotubes. Carbon 2001, 39, 507–514.
  • Ponnusamy, V. K.; Jen, J. F. A Novel Graphene Nanosheets Coated Stainless Steel Fiber for Microwave Assisted Headspace Solid Phase Microextraction of Organochlorine Pesticides in Aqueous Samples Followed by Gas Chromatography with Electron Capture Detection. J. Chromatogr. A 2011, 1218, 6861–6868.
  • Pourjavid, M. R.; Sehat, A. A.; Arabieh, M.; Yousefi, S. R.; Hosseini, M. H.; Rezaee, M. Column Solid Phase Extraction and Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometric Determination of Manganese(II) and Iron(III) Ions in Water, Food and Biological Samples Using 3-(1-Methyl-1H-pyrrol-2-yl)-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxylic Acid on Synthesized Graphene Oxide. Mater. Sci. Eng. C Mater. Biol. Appl. 2014, 35, 370–378.
  • Qu, Q.; Shen, Y.; Gu, C.; Gu, Z.; Gu, Q.; Wang, C.; Hu, X. Capillary Column Coated with Graphene Oxide as Stationary Phase for Gas Chromatography. Anal. Chim. Acta 2012, 757, 83–87.
  • Ruparelia, J. P.; Duttagupta, S. P.; Chatterjee, A. K.; Mukherji, S. Potential of Carbon Nanomaterials for Removal of Heavy Metals from Water. Desalination 2008, 232, 145–156.
  • Saito, R.; Fujita, M.; Dresselhaus, G.; Dresselhaus, M. S. Electronic Structure of Chiral Graphene Tubules. Appl. Phys. Lett. 1992a, 60, 2204–2206.
  • Saito, R.; Fujita, M.; Dresselhaus, G.; Dresselhaus, M. Electronic Structure of Graphene Tubules Based on C60. Phys. Rev. B 1992b, 46, 1804–1811.
  • Sayar, O.; Mehrani, K.; Hoseinzadeh, F.; Mehrani, A.; Sadeghi, O. Comparison of the Performance of Different Modified Graphene Oxide Nanosheets for the Extraction of Pb(II) and Cd(II) from Natural Samples. Microchim. Acta 2013, 181, 313–320.
  • Seredych, M.; Bandosz, T. J. Removal of Ammonia by Graphite Oxide via Its Intercalation and Reactive Adsorption. Carbon 2007, 45, 2130–2132.
  • Shen, Q.; Gong, L.; Baibado, J. T.; Dong, W.; Wang, Y.; Dai, Z.; Cheung, H. Y. Graphene Based Pipette Tip Solid Phase Extraction of Marine Toxins in Shellfish Muscle Followed by UPLC-MS/MS Analysis. Talanta 2013, 116, 770–775.
  • Sitko, R.; Gliwinska, B.; Zawisza, B.; Feist, B. Ultrasound-Assisted Solid-Phase Extraction Using Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes for Determination of Cadmium by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 2013a, 28, 405–410.
  • Sitko, R.; Turek, E.; Zawisza, B.; Malicka, E.; Talik, E.; Heimann, J.; Gagor, A.; Feist, B.; Wrzalik, R. Adsorption of Divalent Metal Ions from Aqueous Solutions Using Graphene Oxide. Dalton Trans. 2013b, 42, 5682–5689.
  • Sitko, R.; Zawisza, B.; Malicka, E. Graphene as a New Sorbent in Analytical Chemistry. TrAC Trends Anal. Chem. 2013c, 51, 33–43.
  • Sitko, R.; Zawisza, B.; Talik, E.; Janik, P.; Osoba, G.; Feist, B.; Malicka, E. Spherical Silica Particles Decorated with Graphene Oxide Nanosheets as a New Sorbent in Inorganic Trace Analysis. Anal. Chim. Acta 2014, 834, 22–29.
  • Solgy, M.; Taghizadeh, M.; Ghoddocynejad, D. Adsorption of Uranium (VI) from Sulphate Solutions Using Amberlite IRA-402 Resin: Equilibrium, Kinetics and Thermodynamics Study. Ann. Nucl. Energy 2015, 75, 132–138.
  • Stankovich, S.; Dikin, D. A.; Dommett, G. H. B.; Kohlhaas, K. M.; Zimney, E. J.; Stach, E. A.; Piner, R. D.; Nguyen, S. T.; Ruoff, R. S. Graphene-Based Composite Materials. Nature 2006, 442, 282–286.
  • Su, S.; Chen, B.; He, M.; Hu, B.; Xiao, Z. Determination of Trace/Ultratrace Rare Earth Elements in Environmental Samples by ICP-MS after Magnetic Solid Phase Extraction with Fe3O4@SiO2@polyaniline-Graphene Oxide Composite. Talanta 2014, 119, 458–466.
  • Sun, M.; Ma, X.; Wang, J.; Wang, W.; Wu, Q.; Wang, C.; Wang, Z. Graphene Grafted Silica-Coated Fe3O4 Nanocomposite as Absorbent for Enrichment of Carbamates from Cucumbers and Pears prior to HPLC. J. Sep. Sci. 2013, 36, 1478–1485.
  • Sun, N.; Han, Y.; Yan, H.; Song, Y. A Self-Assembly Pipette Tip Graphene Solid-Phase Extraction Coupled with Liquid Chromatography for the Determination of Three Sulfonamides in Environmental Water. Anal. Chim. Acta 2014, 810, 25–31.
  • Sun, P.; Zhu, M.; Wang, K.; Zhong, M.; Wei, J.; Wu, D.; Xu, Z.; Zhu, H. Selective Ion Penetration of Graphene Oxide Membranes. ACS Nano 2013, 7, 428–437.
  • Tabani, H.; Fakhari, A. R.; Shahsavani, A.; Behbahani, M.; Salarian, M.; Bagheri, A.; Nojavan, S. Combination of Graphene Oxide-Based Solid Phase Extraction and Electro Membrane Extraction for the Preconcentration of Chlorophenoxy Acid Herbicides in Environmental Samples. J. Chromatogr. A 2013, 1300, 227–235.
  • Tian, J.; Xu, J.; Zhu, F.; Lu, T.; Su, C.; Ouyang, G. Application of Nanomaterials in Sample Preparation. J. Chromatogr. A 2013, 1300, 2–16.
  • Tong, S.; Zhou, X.; Zhou, C.; Li, Y.; Li, W.; Zhou, W.; Jia, Q. A Strategy to Decorate Porous Polymer Monoliths with Graphene Oxide and Graphene Nanosheets. Analyst 2013, 138, 1549–1557.
  • Tuzen, M.; Soylak, M. Chromium Speciation in Environmental Samples by Solid Phase Extraction on Chromosorb 108. J. Hazard. Mater. 2006, 129, 266–273.
  • Tuzen, M.; Soylak, M.; Elci, L. Multi-element Pre-concentration of Heavy Metal Ions by Solid Phase Extraction on Chromosorb 108. Anal. Chim. Acta 2005, 548, 101–108.
  • Wan Ibrahim, W. A.; Veloo, K. V.; Sanagi, M. M. Novel Sol-Gel Hybrid Methyltrimethoxysilane-Tetraethoxysilane as Solid Phase Extraction Sorbent for Organophosphorus Pesticides. J. Chromatogr. A 2012, 1229, 55–62.
  • Wang, H.; Yuan, X.; Wu, Y.; Huang, H.; Zeng, G.; Liu, Y.; Wang, X.; Lin, N.; Qi, Y. Adsorption Characteristics and Behaviors of Graphene Oxide for Zn(II) Removal from Aqueous Solution. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2013, 279, 432–440.
  • Wang, L.-L; Yu, S.; Yu, M. Ultrasensitive and Selective Spectrofluorimetric Determination of S-Nitrosothiols by Solid-Phase Extraction. Spectrochim. Acta A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc. 2012, 98, 337–342.
  • Wang, L.; Zang, X.; Wang, C.; Wang, Z. Graphene Oxide as a Micro-Solid-Phase Extraction Sorbent for the Enrichment of Parabens from Water and Vinegar Samples. J. Sep. Sci. 2014, 37, 1656–1662.
  • Wang, P.; Lo, I. M. C. Synthesis of Mesoporous Magnetic Gamma-Fe2O3 and Its Application to Cr(VI) Removal from Contaminated Water. Water Res. 2009, 43, 3727–3734.
  • Wang, S.; Lv, S.; Guo, Z.; Jiang, F. Solid-Phase Microextraction of Methylene Blue Using Carboxy Graphene-Modified Steel Wires, and Its Detection by Electrochemiluminescence. Microchim. Acta 2013a, 181, 427–433.
  • Wang, S.; Sun, H.; Ang, H. M.; Tadé, M. O. Adsorptive Remediation of Environmental Pollutants Using Novel Graphene-Based Nanomaterials. Chem. Eng. J. 2013b, 226, 336–347.
  • Wang, W. D.; Huang, Y.-M.; Shu, W.-Q.; Cao, J. Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes as Adsorbents of Solid-Phase Extraction for Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Environmental Waters Coupled with High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. J. Chromatogr. A 2007, 1173, 27–36.
  • Wang, W.; Ma, R.; Wu, Q.; Wang, C.; Wang, Z. Fabrication of Magnetic Microsphere-Confined Graphene for the Preconcentration of Some Phthalate Esters from Environmental Water and Soybean Milk Samples Followed by Their Determination by HPLC. Talanta 2013a, 109, 133–140.
  • Wang, W.; Ma, R.; Wu, Q.; Wang, C.; Wang, Z. Magnetic Microsphere-Confined Graphene for the Extraction of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Environmental Water Samples Coupled with High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Fluorescence Analysis. J. Chromatogr. A 2013b, 1293, 20–27.
  • Wang, W.; Ma, X.; Wu, Q.; Wang, C.; Zang, X.; Wang, Z. The Use of Graphene-Based Magnetic Nanoparticles as Adsorbent for the Extraction of Triazole Fungicides from Environmental Water. J. Sep. Sci. 2012, 35, 2266–2272.
  • Wang, Y.; Gao, S.; Zang, X.; Li, J.; Ma, J. Graphene-Based Solid-Phase Extraction Combined with Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry for a Sensitive Determination of Trace Amounts of Lead in Environmental Water and Vegetable Samples. Anal. Chim. Acta 2012a, 716, 112–118.
  • Wang, Y.; Ke, X.; Zhou, X.; Li, J.; Ma, J. Graphene for Separation and Preconcentration of Trace Amounts of Cobalt in Water Samples prior to Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. J. Saudi Chem. Soc. 2012b. doi:10.1016/j.jscs.2012.10.004
  • Wang, Y.; Liang, S.; Chen, B.; Guo, F.; Yu, S.; Tang, Y. Synergistic Removal of Pb(II), Cd(II) and Humic Acid by Fe3O4@mesoporous Silica-Graphene Oxide Composites. PLoS One 2013, 8, 6563–6564.
  • Wang, Y.; Wang, X.; Guo, Z.; Chen, Y. Ultrafast Coating Procedure for Graphene on Solid-Phase Microextraction Fibers. Talanta 2014a, 119, 517–523.
  • Wang, Y.; Wu, Y.; Ge, H.; Chen, H.; Ye, G.; Hu, X. Fabrication of Metal-Organic Frameworks and Graphite Oxide Hybrid Composites for Solid-Phase Extraction and Preconcentration of Luteolin. Talanta 2014b, 122, 91–96.
  • Wang, Z.; Cui, H.; Xia, J.; Han, Q.; Lv, N.; Gao, J.; Guo, X.; Zhang, F.; Ma, J.; Su, G. A Novel Method for Bisphenol A Analysis in Dairy Products Using Graphene as an Adsorbent for Solid Phase Extraction Followed by Ion Chromatography. Food Anal. Methods 2013a, 6, 1537–1543.
  • Wang, Z.; Han, Q.; Xia, J.; Xia, L.; Ding, M.; Tang, J. Graphene-Based Solid-Phase Extraction Disk for Fast Separation and Preconcentration of Trace Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Environmental Water Samples. J. Sep. Sci. 2013b, 36, 1834–1842.
  • Wu, J.; Chen, L.; Mao, P.; Lu, Y.; Wang, H. Determination of Chloramphenicol in Aquatic Products by Graphene-Based SPE Coupled with HPLC-MS/MS. J. Sep. Sci. 2012, 35, 3586–3592.
  • Wu, J.; Qian, Y.; Zhang, C.; Zheng, T.; Chen, L.; Lu, Y.; Wang, H. Application of Graphene-Based Solid-Phase Extraction Coupled with Ultra High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry for Determination of Macrolides in Fish Tissues. Food Anal. Methods 2013, 6, 1448–1457.
  • Wu, Q.; Feng, C.; Zhao, G.; Wang, C.; Wang, Z. Graphene-Coated Fiber for Solid-Phase Microextraction of Triazine Herbicides in Water Samples. J. Sep. Sci. 2011a, 35, 193–199.
  • Wu, Q.; Zhao, G.; Feng, C.; Wang, C.; Wang, Z. Preparation of a Graphene-Based Magnetic Nanocomposite for the Extraction of Carbamate Pesticides from Environmental Water Samples. J. Chromatogr. A 2011b, 1218, 7936–7942.
  • Wu, W.; Yang, Y.; Zhou, H.; Ye, T.; Huang, Z.; Liu, R.; Kuang, Y. Highly Efficient Removal of Cu(II) from Aqueous Solution by Using Graphene Oxide. Water, Air, Soil Pollut. 2012, 224, 1372.
  • Wu, X.; Hong, H.; Liu, X.; Guan, W.; Meng, L.; Ye, Y.; Ma, Y. Graphene-Dispersive Solid-Phase Extraction of Phthalate Acid Esters from Environmental Water. Sci. Total Environ. 2013, 444, 224–230.
  • Xie, S.-M.; Zhang, M.; Wang, Z.-Y.; Yuan, L.-M. Porous Metal Membranes for Solid-Phase Extraction of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Analyst 2011, 136, 3988–3996.
  • Yan, H.; Sun, N.; Liu, S.; Row, K. H.; Song, Y. Miniaturized Graphene-Based Pipette Tip Extraction Coupled with Liquid Chromatography for the Determination of Sulfonamide Residues in Bovine Milk. Food Chem. 2014, 158, 239–244.
  • *Yang, S.-T.; Chang, Y.; Wang, H.; Liu, G.; Chen, S.; Wang, Y.; Liu, Y.; Cao, A. Folding/Aggregation of Graphene Oxide and Its Application in Cu2+ removal. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2010, 351, 122–127.
  • Yang, K.; Feng, L.; Hong, H.; Cai, W.; Liu, Z. Preparation and Functionalization of Graphene Nanocomposites for Biomedical Applications. Nat. Protoc. 2013, 8, 2392–2403.
  • Yavuz, E.; Tokalıoğlu, Ş.; Şahan, H.; Patat, Ş. A Graphene/Co3O4 Nanocomposite as a New Adsorbent for Solid Phase Extraction of Pb(II), Cu(II) and Fe(III) Ions in Various Samples. RSC Adv. 2013, 3, 24650–24657.
  • Ye, N.; Shi, P.; Li, J.; Wang, Q. Application of Graphene as Solid Phase Extraction Absorbent for the Determination of Parabens in Cosmetic Products by Capillary Electrophoresis. Anal. Lett. 2013a, 46, 1991–2000.
  • Ye, N.; Shi, P.; Wang, Q.; Li, J. Graphene as Solid-Phase Extraction Adsorbent for CZE Determination of Sulfonamide Residues in Meat Samples. Chromatographia 2013b, 76, 553–557
  • Ye, Q.; Liu, L.; Chen, Z.; Hong, L. Analysis of Phthalate Acid Esters in Environmental Water by Magnetic Graphene Solid Phase Extraction Coupled with Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. A 2014, 1329, 24–29.
  • Yu, B.; Xu, J.; Liu, J.-H.; Yang, S.-T.; Luo, J.; Zhou, Q.; Wan, J.; Liao, R.; Wang, H.; Liu, Y. Adsorption Behavior of Copper Ions on Graphene Oxide–Chitosan Aerogel. J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 2013, 1, 1044–1050.
  • Zawisza, B.; Sitko, R.; Malicka, E.; Talik, E. Graphene Oxide as a Solid Sorbent for the Preconcentration of Cobalt, Nickel, Copper, Zinc and Lead prior to Determination by Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry. Anal. Methods 2013, 5, 6425–6430
  • Zeng, S.; Gan, N.; Weideman-Mera, R.; Cao, Y.; Li, T.; Sang, W. Enrichment of Polychlorinated Biphenyl 28 from Aqueous Solutions Using Fe3O4 Grafted Graphene Oxide. Chem. Eng. J. 2013, 218, 108–11
  • Zhang, B.-T.; Zheng, X.; Li, H.-F.; Lin, J.-M. Application of Carbon-Based Nanomaterials in Sample Preparation: A Review. Anal. Chim. Acta 2013, 784, 1–17.
  • Zhang, H.; Low, W. P.; Lee, H. K. Evaluation of Sulfonated Graphene Sheets as Sorbent for Micro-Solid-Phase Extraction Combined with Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. A 2012, 1233, 16–21.
  • Zhang, J.; Dong, X.; Cheng, J.; Li, J.; Wang, Y. Efficient Analysis of Non-Polar Environmental Contaminants by MALDI-TOF MS with Graphene as Matrix. J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 2011, 22, 1294–1298.
  • Zhang, Y.; Yan, L.; Xu, W.; Guo, X.; Cui, L.; Gao, L.; Wei, Q.; Du, B. Adsorption of Pb(II) and Hg(II) from Aqueous Solution Using Magnetic CoFe2O4-Reduced Graphene Oxide. J. Mol. Liq. 2014, 191, 177–182.
  • Zhang, Z.; Zhu, L.; Ma, Y.; Huang, Y.; Li, G. Preparation of Polypyrrole Composite Solid-Phase Microextraction Fiber Coatings by Sol-Gel Technique for the Trace Analysis of Polar Biological Volatile Organic Compounds. Analyst 2013, 138, 1156–1166.
  • Zhao, G.; Li, J.; Ren, X.; Chen, C.; Wang, X. Few-Layered Graphene Oxide Nanosheets as Superior Sorbents for Heavy Metal Ion Pollution Management. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2011a, 45, 10454–10462.
  • Zhao, G.; Song, S.; Wang, C.; Wu, Q.; Wang, Z. Determination of Triazine Herbicides in Environmental Water Samples by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Using Graphene-Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles as Adsorbent. Anal. Chim. Acta 2011b, 708, 155–159.
  • Zhao, Y.-G.; Shen, H.-Y.; Pan, S.-D.; Hu, M.-Q.; Xia, Q.-H. Preparation and Characterization of Amino-Functionalized Nano-Fe3O4 Magnetic Polymer Adsorbents for Removal of Chromium(VI) Ions. J. Mater. Sci. 2010, 45, 5291–5301.
  • Zhu, Y.; Murali, S.; Cai, W.; Li, X.; Suk, J. W.; Potts, J. R.; Ruoff, R. S. Graphene and Graphene Oxide: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications. Adv. Mater. 2010, 22, 3906–3924.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.