An Optimistic Vision of Future: Diagnosis of Bacterial Infections by Sensing Their Associated Volatile Organic Compounds

References

• Ratiu, I.-A.; Ligor, T.; Bocos-Bintintan, V.; Buszewski, B. Mass Spectrometric Techniques for the Analysis of Volatile Organic Compounds Emitted from Bacteria. Bioanalysis. 2017, 9, 1069–1092. DOI:10.4155/bio-2017-0051.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sohrabi, M.; Zhang, L.; Zhang, K.; Ahmetagic, A.; Wei, M.-Q. Volatile Organic Compounds as Novel Markers for the Detection of Bacterial Infections. Clin. Microbial. 2014, 3, 1000151. DOI:10.4172/2327-5073.1000151.
   Google Scholar
• Nunvar, J.; Kalferstova, L.; Bloodworth, R.-A.-M.; Kolar, M.; Degrossi, J.; Lubovich, S.; Cardona, S.-T.; Drevinek, P. Understanding the Pathogenicity of Burkholderia Contaminants, an Emerging Pathogen in Cystic Fibrosis. PLoS ONE. 2016, 11, e0160975. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0160975.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips, M.; Basa-Dalay, V.; Blais, J.; Bothamley, G.; Chaturvedi, A.; Modi, K.-D.; Pandya, M.; Natividad, M.-P.; Patel, U.; Ramraje, N.-N. Point-of-Care Breath Test for Biomarkers of Active Pulmonary Tuberculosis. Tuberculosis. 2012, 92, 314–320. DOI:10.1016/j.tube.2012.04.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, J.; Fang, A.; Wang, B.; Kim, S.-H.; Bogdanov, B.; Zhou, Z.; McClain, C.; Zhang, X. iMatch: A Retention Index Tool for Analysis of Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Data. J. Chromatogr. A. 2011, 1218, 6522–6530. DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.07.039.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Woolfenden, E. Sorbent-Based Sampling Methods for Volatile and Semi-Volatile Organic Compounds in Air. Part 2. Sorbent Selection and Other Aspects of Optimizing Air Monitoring Methods. J. Chromatogr. A. 2010, 1217, 2685–2694. DOI:10.1016/j.chroma.2010.01.015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laaks, J.; Jochmann, M.-A.; Schmidt, T.-C. Solvent-Free Microextraction Techniques in Gas Chromatography. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2012, 402, 565–571. DOI:10.1007/s00216-011-5511-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ibrahim, W.; Wilde, M.; Cordell, R.; Salman, D.; Ruszkiewicz, D.; Bryant, L.; Richardson, M.; Free, R.-C.; Zhao, B.; Yousuf, A. Assessment of Breath Volatile Organic Compounds in Acute Cardiorespiratory Breathlessness: A Protocol Describing a Prospective Real-World Observational Study. BMJ Open. 2019, 9, e025486. DOI:10.1136/bmjopen.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu, J.; Bean, H.-D.; Kuo, Y.-M.; Hill, J.-E. Fast Detection of Volatile Organic Compounds from Bacterial Cultures by Secondary Electrospray Ionization-Mass Spectrometry. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2010, 48, 4426–4431. DOI:10.1128/JCM.00392-10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moll, V.-H.; Bocoş-Binţinţan, V.; Raţiu, I.-A.; Ruszkiewicz, D.; Thomas, C.-L.-P. Control of Dopants/Modifiers in Differential Mobility Spectrometry Using a Piezoelectric Injector. Analyst. 2012, 137, 1458–1465. DOI:10.1039/c2an16109e.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bocos-Bintintan, V.; Smolenschi, A.; Ratiu, I.-A. Rapid Determination of Indoor Air Contaminants in Shoe Shops Using Photoionization Detectors. Stud. UBB Chem. 2016, LXI, 203–212.
   Google Scholar
• Ghira, G.-B.; Raţiu, I.-A.; Bocoş-Binţinţan, V. Fast Characterization of Pyridine Using Ion Mobility Spectrometry and Photoionization Detection. Environ. Eng. Manag. J. 2013, 12, 251–256. DOI:10.30638/eemj.2013.029.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson, A.-D. Application of Electronic-Nose Technologies and VOC-Biomarkers for the Noninvasive Early Diagnosis of Gastrointestinal Diseases. Sensors. 2018, 18, 2613. DOI:10.3390/s18082613.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buszewski, B.; Rațiu, I. A.; Milanowski, M.; Pomastowski, P.; Ligor, T. The Effect of Biosilver Nanoparticles on Different Bacterial Strains’ Metabolism Reflected in Their VOCs Profiles. J. Breath Res. 2018, 12, 027105. DOI:10.1088/1752-7163/aa820f.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ratiu, I.-A.; Ligor, T.; Bocos-Bintintan, V.; Szeliga, J.; Machała, K.; Jackowski, M.; Buszewski, B. GC-MS Application in Determination of Volatile Profiles Emitted by Infected and Uninfected Human Tissue. J. Breath Res. 2019, 13, 026003. DOI:10.1088/1752-7163/aaf708.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lai, S.-Y.; Deffenderfer, O.-F.; Hanson, W.; Phillips, M.-P.; Thaler, E.-R. Identification of Upper Respiratory Bacterial Pathogens with the Electronic Nose. Laryngoscope. 2002, 112, 975–979. DOI:10.1097/00005537-200206000-00007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Filipiak, W.; Sponring, A.; Baur, M.-M.; Filipiak, A.; Ager, C.; Wiesenhofer, H.; Nagl, M.; Troppmair, J.; Amann, A. Molecular Analysis of Volatile Metabolites Released Specifically by Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. BMC Microbiol. 2012, 12, 113. DOI:10.1186/1471-2180-12-113.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ratiu, I.-A.; Bocos-Bintintan, V.; Patrut, A.; Moll, V.-H.; Turner, M.; Thomas, C.-L.-P. Discrimination of Bacteria by Rapid Sensing Theirmetabolic Volatiles Using an Aspiration-Type Ionmobility Spectrometer (a-IMS) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry GC-MS. Anal. Chim. Acta. 2017, 982, 209–217. https://doi.org/10.1088/1752-7163/aaf708. DOI:10.1016/j.aca.2017.06.031.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thorn, R.-M.-S.; Reynold, D.-M.; Greenman, J. Multivariate Analysis of Bacterial Volatile Compound Profiles for Discrimination between Selected Species and Strains in Vitro. J. Microbiol. Meth. 2011, 84, 258–264. DOI:10.1016/j.mimet.2010.12.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jünger, M.; Vautz, W.; Kuhns, M.; Hofmann, L.; Ulbricht, S.; Baumbach, J.-I.; Quintel, M.; Perl, T. Ion Mobility Spectrometry for Microbial Volatile Organic Compounds: A New Identification Tool for Human Pathogenic Bacteria. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2012, 93, 2603–2614. DOI:10.1007/s00253-012-3924-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips, M.; Basa-Dalay, V.; Bothamley, G.; Cataneo, R.-N.; Lam, P.-K.; Natividad, M.-P.-R.; Schmitt, P.; Wai, J. Breath Biomarkers of Active Pulmonary Tuberculosis. Tuberculosis 2010, 90, 145–151. DOI:10.1016/j.tube.2010.01.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Syhre, M.; Manning, L.; Phuanukoonnon, S.; Harino, P.; Chambers, S.-T. The Scent of Mycobacterium tuberculosis – Part II Breath. Tuberculosis. 2009, 89, 263–266. DOI:10.1016/j.tube.2009.04.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tait, E.; Perry, J.-D.; Stanforth, S.-P.; Dean, J.-R. Use of Volatile Compounds as a Diagnostic Tool for the Detection of Pathogenic Bacteria. Tr. Anal. Chem. 2014, 53, 117–125. DOI:10.1016/j.trac.2013.08.011.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeMilo, A.-B.; Lee, C.-J.; Moreno, D.-S.; Martinez, A.-J. Identification of Volatiles Derived from Citrobacter freundii Fermentation of a Trypticase Soy Broth. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1996, 44, 607–612. DOI:10.1021/jf950525o.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Probert, C.-S.-J.; Jones, P.-R.-H.; Ratcliffe, N.-M. A Novel Method for Rapidly Diagnosing the Causes of Diarrhoea. Gut. 2004, 53, 58–61. DOI:10.1136/gut.53.1.58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robroeks, C. M. H. H. T.; van Berkel, J. J. B. N.; Dallinga, J. W.; Jöbsis, Q.; Zimmermann, L. J. I.; Hendriks, H. J. E.; Wouters, M. F. M.; van der Grinten, C. P. M.; van de Kant, K. D. G.; van Schooten, F.-J.; Dompeling, E. Metabolomics of Volatile Organic Compounds in Cystic Fibrosis Patients and Controls. Pediatr. Res. 2010, 68, 75–80. DOI:10.1203/00006450-201011001-00143.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mgode, G. F.; Weetjens, B. J.; Nawrath, T.; Lazar, D.; Cox, C.; Jubitana, M.; Mahoney, A.; Kuipers, D.; Machang'u, R. S.; Weiner, J.; et al. Mycobacterium tuberculosis Volatiles for Diagnosis of Tuberculosis by Cricetomys Rats. Tuberculosis. 2012, 92, 535–542. DOI:10.1016/j.tube.2012.07.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karpas, Z.; Cohen, C.; Atweh, E.; Barnard, G.; Golan, M. Recent Applications of Ion Mobility Spectrometry in Diagnosis of Vaginal Infections. Int. J. Spec. 2012, 2012, 323859. DOI:10.1155/2012/323859.
   Google Scholar
• Storer, M.-K.; Hibbard-Melles, K.; Davis, B.; Scotter, J. Detection of Volatile Compounds Produced by Microbial Growth in Urine by Selected Ion Flow Tube Mass Spectrometry (SIFT-MS). J. Microbiol. Met. 2011, 87, 111–113. DOI:10.1016/j.mimet.2011.06.012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garner, C.-E.; Smith, S.; Bardhan, P.-K.; Ratcliffe, N.-M.; Probert, C.-S.-J. A Pilot Study of Faecal Volatile Organic Compounds in Faeces from Cholera Patients in Bangladesh to Determine Their Utility in Disease Diagnosis. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2009, 103, 1171–1173. DOI:10.1016/j.trstmh.2009.02.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ratiu, I.-A.; Ligor, T.; Monedeiro, F.; Al-Suod, H.; Bocos-Bintintan, V.; Szeliga, J.; Jackowski, M.; Buszewski, B. Features of Chemical Profiles Released from Infected versus Uninfected Human Exudates. Stud. UBB Chem. 2019, 64, 207. in press.
   Google Scholar
• Eckenrode, B.-A. Environmental and Forensic Applications of Field-Portable GC-MS: An Overview. J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 2001, 12, 683–693. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1044-0305(01)00251-3. DOI:10.1016/S1044-0305(01)00251-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Hara, M.; Mayhew, C.-A.-A. Preliminary Comparison of Volatile Organic Compounds in the Headspace of Cultures of Staphylococcus aureus Grown in Nutrient, Dextrose and Brain Heart Bovine Broths Measured Using a Proton Transfer Reaction Mass Spectrometer. J. Breath Res. 2009, 3, 027001. DOI:10.1088/1752-7155/3/2/027001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhan, X.; Duan, J.; Duan, Y. Recent Developments of Proton Transfer Reaction Mass Spectrometry (PTR-MS) and Its Applications in Medical Research. Mass Spectrom. Rev. 2013, 32, 143–165. DOI:10.1002/mas.21357.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lough, F.; Perry, J.-D.; Stanforth, S.-P.; Dean, J.-R. Detection of Exogenous VOCs as a Novel in Vitro Diagnostic Technique for the Detection of Pathogenic Bacteria. Trends Anal. Chem. 2017, 87, 71–81. DOI:10.1016/j.trac.2016.12.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cumeras, R.; Figueras, E.; Davis, C.-E.; Baumbach, J.-I.; Gràcia, I. Review on Ion Mobility Spectrometry. Part 1: Current Instrumentation. Analyst. 2015, 140, 1376–1390. DOI:10.1039/C4AN01100G.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chouinard, C.-D.; Wei, M.-S.; Beekman, C.-R.; Kemperman, R.-H.; Yost, R.-A. Ion Mobility in Clinical Analysis: Current Progress and Future Perspectives. Clin. Chem. 2016, 62, 124–133. DOI:10.1373/clinchem.2015.238840.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holopainen, S.; Nousiainen, M.; Anttalainen, O.; Sillanpaa, M.-E.-T. Sample-Extraction Methods for Ion-Mobility Spectrometry in Water Analysis. Trends Anal. Chem. 2012, 37, 124–134. DOI:10.1016/j.trac.2012.03.014.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moll, V.-H.; Bocoş-Binţinţan, V.; Chappell, J.; Hutt, D.; Raţiu, I.-A.; Thomas, C.-L.-P. Optimisation of Piezoelectric Injection of Dopants and Drift Gas Modifiers in Transverse Ion Mobility Spectrometry. Int. J. Ion Mobil. Spec. 2010, 13, 149–155. DOI:10.1007/s12127-010-0053-6.
   Google Scholar
• Nazarov, E.-G.; Postlethwaite, T.; Markoski, K.; Koo, S.; Borenstein, J.-T. Planar Differential Mobility Spectrometry for Clinical Breath Diagnostics. In Diagnostic Devices with Microfluidics; Piraino, F., Selimovic, S., Eds.; Taylor & Francis Group, 2017. ISBN-13:978-1-4987-7293-8.
   Google Scholar
• Sethi, S.; Nanda, R.; Chakraborty, T. Clinical Application of Volatile Organic Compound Analysis for Detecting Infectious Diseases. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 2013, 26, 462–475. DOI:10.1128/CMR.00020-13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arasaradnam, R.-P.; Covington, J.-A.; Harmston, C.; Nwokolo, C.-U. Review Article: Next Generation Diagnostic Modalities in Gastroenterology – Gas Phase Volatile Compound Biomarker Detection, Aliment. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 2014, 39, 780–789. DOI:10.1111/apt.12657.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bijland, L.-R.; Bomers, M.-K.; Smulders, Y.-M. Smelling the Diagnosis: A Review on the Use of Scent in Diagnosing Disease. Neth. J. Med. 2013, 71, 300–307.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geldreich, E.-E.; Kenner, B.-A.; Kabler, P.-W. Occurrence of Coliforms, Fecal Coliforms, and Streptococci on Vegetation and Insects. Appl. Microbiol. 1964, 12, 63–69.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ratiu, I.-A.; Bocos-Bintintan, V.; Turner, M.; Moll, V.-H.; Thomas, C. Discrimination of Chemical Profiles of Some Bacterial Species by Analyzing Culture Headspace Air Samples Using TD-GC/MS. CAC. 2014, 10, 488–497. DOI:10.2174/157341101004140701105219.
   Google Scholar
• Timm, C.-M.; Lloyd, E.-P.; Egan, A.; Mariner, R.; Karig, D. Direct Growth of Bacteria in Headspace Vials Allows for Screening of Volatiles by Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry. Front Microbiol. 2018, 9, 491. DOI:10.3389/fmicb.2018.00491.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ratiu, I.-A.; Ligor, T.; Bocos-Bintintan, V.; Al-Suod, H.; Kowalkowski, T.; Rafińska, K.; Buszewski, B. The Effect of Growth Medium on Escherichia coli Pathway Mirrored into GC/MS Profiles. J. Breath Res. 2017, 11, 036012. DOI:10.1088/1752-7163/aa7ba2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Syhre, M.; Chambers, S.-T. The Scent of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Tuberculosis. 2008, 88, 317–323. DOI:10.1016/j.tube.2008.01.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mgode, G. F.; Weetjens, B. J.; Nawrath, T.; Cox, C.; Jubitana, M.; Machang'u, R. S.; Cohen-Bacrie, S.; Bedotto, M.; Drancourt, M.; Schulz, S.; Kaufmann, S. H. E. Diagnosis of Tuberculosis by Trained African Giant Pouched Rats and Confounding Impact of Pathogens and Microflora of the Respiratory Tract. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2012, 50, 274–280. DOI:10.1128/JCM.01199-11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duffy, E.; Morrin, A. Endogenous and Microbial Volatile Organic Compounds in Cutaneous Health and Disease. Tr. Anal. Chem. 2019, 111, 163–172. DOI:10.1016/j.trac.2018.12.012.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graham, J.-E. Bacterial Volatiles and Diagnosis of Respiratory Infections. Adv. Appl. Microbiol. 2013, 82, 29–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paschke, K.-M.; Mashir, A.; Dweik, R.-A. Clinical Applications of Breath Testing. F1000 Med Rep. 2010, 2, 56. DOI:10.3410/M2-56.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lemfack, M.-C.; Gohlke, B.-O.; Toguem, S.-M.-T.; Preissner, S.; Piechulla, B.; Preissner, R. mVOC 2.0: A Database of Microbial Volatiles. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018, 46, D1261–D1265. DOI:10.1093/nar/gkx1016.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, M.-D.; Fowler, S.-J.; Montpetit, A.-J. Exhaled Breath Testing – A Tool for the Clinician and Researcher. Paediatr. Respir. Rev. 2019, 29, 37–41. DOI:10.1016/j.prrv.2018.05.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kew, K.-M.; Chang, A.-B.; Petsky, H.-L. Exhaled Nitric Oxide Levels to Guide Treatment for Children with Asthma. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2016, 9, 11. DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD011439.pub2..
   Google Scholar
• Kuban, P.; Foret, F. Exhaled Breath Condensate: determination of Non-Volatile Compounds and Their Potential for Clinical Diagnosis and Monitoring. A Review. Anal Chim Acta 2013, 805, 1–18. DOI:10.1016/j.aca.2013.07.049.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rattray, N.-J.; Hamrang, Z.; Trivedi, D.-K.; Goodacre, R.; Fowler, S.-J. Taking Your Breath Away: Metabolomis Breathes Life into Personalized Medicine. Trends Biotechnol. 2014, 32, 538–548. DOI:10.1016/j.tibtech.2014.08.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lechner, M.; Karlseder, A.; Niederseer, D.; Lirk, P.; Neher, A.; Rieder, J.; Tilg, H. H. pylori Infection Increases Levels of Exhaled Nitrate. Helicobacter. 2005, 10, 385–390. DOI:10.1111/j.1523-5378.2005.00345.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grosset, J. Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the Extracellular Compartment: An Underestimated Adversary. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2003, 47, 833–836. DOI:10.1128/AAC.47.3.833-836.2003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prach, L.; Kirby, J.; Keasling, J.-D.; Alber, T. Diterpene Production in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. FEBS J. 2010, 277, 3588–3595. DOI:10.1111/j.1742-4658.2010.07767.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nawrath, T.; Mgode, G.-F.; Weetjens, B.; Kaufmann, S.-H.; Schulz, S. The Volatiles of Pathogenic and Nonpathogenic Mycobacteria and Related Bacteria. Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 290–299. DOI:10.3762/bjoc.8.31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chambers, S.; Syhre, M.; Murdoch, D.; McCartin, F.; Epton, M.-J. Detection of 2 Pentylfuran in the Breath of Patients with Aspergillus fumigatus. Med. Mycol. 2009, 47, 468–476. DOI:10.1080/13693780802475212.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karami, N.; Karimi, A.; Aliahmadi, A.; Mirzajan, F.; Rezadoost, H.; Ghassempour, A.; Fallah, F. Identification of Bacteria Using Volatile Organic Compounds. Cell. Mol. Biol. (Noisy-le-Grand) 2017, 63, 112–121. DOI:10.14715/cmb/2017.63.2.18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westenbrink, E.; Arasaradnam, R. P.; O'Connell, N.; Bailey, C.; Nwokolo, C.; Bardhan, K. D.; Covington, J. A. Development and Application of a New Electronic Nose Instrument for the Detection of Colorectal Cancer. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2015, 67, 733–738. DOI:10.1016/j.bios.2014.10.044.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Probert, C.-S.-J.; Ahmed, I.; Khalid, T.; Johnson, E.; Smith, S.; Ratcliffe, N. Volatile Organic Compounds as Diagnostic Biomarkers in Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases. Gastrointestin. Liver Dis. 2009, 18, 337–343.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson, A. D. Biomarker Metabolite Signatures Pave the Way for Electronic-Nose Applications in Early Clinical Disease Diagnoses. Curr. Metabolom. 2017, 5, 90–101. https://doi.org/ DOI:10.2174/2213235X04666160728161251..
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bond, A.; Vernon, A.; Reade, S.; Mayor, A.; Minetti, C.; Wastling, J.; Lamden, K.; Probert, C. Investigation of Volatile Organic Compounds Emitted from Faeces for the Diagnosis of Giardiasis. J. Gastrointestin. Liver Dis. 2015, 24, 281–286. DOI:10.15403/jgld.2014.1121.243.abo.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aathithan, S.; Plant, J.-C.; Chaudry, A.-N.; French, G.-L. Diagnosis of Bacteriuria by Detection of Volatile Organic Compounds in Urine Using an Automated Headspace Analyzer with Multiple Conducting Polymer Sensors. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2001, 39, 2590–‐2593. DOI:10.1128/JCM.39.7.2590-2593.2001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paczkowski, S.; Schütz, S. Post-Mortem Volatiles of Vertebrate Tissue. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2011, 9, 917–935. DOI:10.1007/s00253-011-3417-x.
   Google Scholar
• Choe, E.; Min, D.-B. Chemistry and Reactions of Reactive Oxygen Species in Foods. J. Food Sci. 2005, 70, 142–159. DOI:10.1080/10408390500455474.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashrafi, M.; Bates, M.; Baguneid, M.; Alonso-Rasgado, T.; Rautemaa-Richardson, R.; Bayat, A. Volatile Organic Compound Detection as a Potential Means of Diagnosing Cutaneous Wound Infections. Wound Rep. Reg. 2017, 25, 574–590. DOI:10.1111/wrr.12563.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boumba, V.-A.; Ziavrou, K.-S.; Vougiouklakis, T. Biochemical Pathways Generating Post-Mortem Volatile Compounds co-Detected during Forensic Ethanol Analyses. Forensic Sci. Int. 2008, 174, 133–151. DOI:10.1016/j.forsciint.2007.03.018.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moller, J. T.; Cluitmans, P.; Rasmussen, L. S.; Houx, P.; Rasmussen, H.; Canet, J.; Rabbitt, P.; Jolles, J.; Larsen, K.; Hanning, C. D.; et al. Long-Term Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction in the Elderly: ISPOCD1 Study. Lancet. 1998, 351, 857–861. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(97)07382-0. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(97)07382-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luengo, J.-L.; Garcia, J.-L.; Olivera, E.-R. The Phenylacetyl–CoA Catabolon: A Complex Catabolic Unit with Broad Biotechnological Applications. Mol. Microbiol. 2001, 39, 1434–1442. DOI:10.1046/j.1365-2958.2001.02344.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dent, B.-B.; Forbes, S.-L.; Stuart, B.-H. Review of Human Decomposition Processes in Soil. Environ. Geol. 2004, 45, 576–585. DOI:10.1007/s00254-003-0913-z.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, J.-H.; Lee, J. Indole as an Intercellular Signal in Microbial Communities. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 2010, 34, 426–444. DOI:10.1111/j.1574-6976.2009.00204.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schulz, S.; Dickschat, J.-S. Bacterial Volatiles: The Smell of Small Organisms. Nat. Prod. Rep. 2007, 24, 814–842. DOI:10.1039/b507392h.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sohlenkamp, C.; Geiger, O. Bacterial Membrane Lipids: Diversity in Structures and Pathways. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 2016, 40, 133–159. DOI:10.1093/femsre/fuv008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ladygina, N.; Dedyukhina, E.-G.; Vainshtein, M.-B. A Review on Microbial Synthesis of Hydrocarbons. Process Biochem. 2006, 41, 1001–1014. DOI:10.1016/j.procbio.2005.12.007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gandemer, G. Lipids in Muscles and Adipose Tissues Changes During Processing and Sensory Properties of Meat Products. Meat Sci. 2002, 62, 309–321. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0309-1740(02)00128-6. DOI:10.1016/S0309-1740(02)00128-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryu, C.-M.; Farag, M.-A.; Hu, C.-H.; Reddy, M. S.; Wei, H.-X.; Pare, P. W.; Kloepper, J. W. Bacterial Volatiles Promote Growth in Arabidopsis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2003, 100, 4927–4932. DOI:10.1073/pnas.0730845100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tellez, M.-R.; Schrader, K.-K.; Kobaisy, M. Volatile Components of the Cyanobacterium oscillatoria Perornata (Skuja). J. Agric. Food Chem. 2001, 49, 5989–5992. DOI:10.1021/jf010722p.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Audrain, B.; Farag, M.-A.; Ryu, C.-M.; Ghigo, J.-M. Role of Bacterial Volatile Compounds in Bacterial Biology. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 2015, 39, 222–233. DOI:10.1093/femsre/fuu013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• James, A.-G.; Austin, C.-J.; Cox, D.-S.; Taylor, D.; Calvert, R. Microbiological and Biochemical Origins of Human Axillary Odour. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 2013, 83, 527–540. DOI:10.1111/1574-6941.12054.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ara, K.; Hama, M.; Akiba, S.; Koike, K.; Okisaka, K.; Hagura, T.; Kamiya, T.; Tomita, F. Foot Odor Due to Microbial Metabolism and Its Control. Can. J. Microbiol. 2006, 52, 357–364. DOI:10.1139/w05-130.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gu, Y.-Q.; Mo, M.-H.; Zhou, J.-P.; Zou, C.-S.; Zhang, K.-Q. Evaluation and Identification of Potential Organic Nematicidal Volatiles from Soil Bacteria. Soil. Biol. Biochem. 2007, 39, 2567–2575. DOI:10.1016/j.soilbio.2007.05.011.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsing, C.-H.; Wang, J.-J. Clinical Implication of Perioperative Inflammatory Cytokine Alteration. Acta Anaesthesiol. Taiwan. 2015, 53, 23–28. DOI:10.1016/j.aat.2015.03.002.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thorn, R.-M.; Greenman, J. Microbial Volatile Compounds in Health and Disease Conditions. J. Breath Res. 2012, 6, 024001. DOI:10.1088/1752-7155/6/2/024001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suckling, D.-M.; Sagar, R.-L. Honeybees Apis mellifera Can Detect the Scent of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Tuberculosis (Edinb). 2011, 91, 327–328. DOI:10.1016/j.tube.2011.04.008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott-Thomas, A.-J.; Syhre, M.; Pattemore, P.-K.; Epton, M.; Laing, R.; Pearson, J.; Chambers, S.-T. 2-Aminoacetophenone as a Potential Breath Biomarker for Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the Cystic Fibrosis Lung. BMC Pulm. Med. 2010, 10, 56. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2466-10-56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shestivska, V.; Nemec, A.; Dřevínek, P.; Sovová, K.; Dryahina, K.; Španěl, P. Quantification of Methyl Thiocyanate in the Headspace of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Cultures and in the Breath of Cystic Fibrosis Patients by Selected Ion Flow Tube Mass Spectrometry. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 2011, 25, 2459–2467. DOI:10.1002/rcm.5146.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar