1,946
Views
35
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review Article

Applications for Passive Sampling of Hydrophobic Organic Contaminants in Water—A Review

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Pages 20-54 | Published online: 10 Oct 2019

References

  • European Commission. Priority Substances under the Water Framework Directive; Dir. 2008/105/EC, 2000.
  • ONU. Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), 2009.
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2017. Water Quality Standards Handbook: Chapter 3: Water Quality Criteria. EPA-823-B-17-001. EPA Office of Water, Office of Science and Technology, Washington, DC. Accessed May 2019. https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2014-10/documents/handbook-chapter3.pdf.
  • Allan, I. J.; Vrana, B.; Greenwood, R.; Mills, G. A.; Roig, B.; Gonzalez, C. A “Toolbox” for Biological and Chemical Monitoring Requirements for the European Union’s Water Framework Directive. Talanta 2006, 69, 302–322. DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2005.09.043.
  • Bakir, A.; O’Connor, I. A.; Rowland, S. J.; Hendriks, A. J.; Thompson, R. C. Relative Importance of Microplastics as a Pathway for the Transfer of Hydrophobic Organic Chemicals to Marine Life. Environ. Pollut. 2016, 219, 56–65. DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.09.046.
  • Vrana, B.; Allan, I. J.; Greenwood, R.; Mills, G. A.; Dominiak, E.; Svensson, K.; Knutsson, J.; Morrison, G. Passive Sampling Techniques for Monitoring Pollutants in Water. Trends Anal. Chem. 2005, 24, 845–868. DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2005.06.006.
  • Mayer, P.; Tolls, J.; Hermens, J. L. M.; Mackay, D. Equilibrium Sampling Devices. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2003, 37, 184A. DOI: 10.1016/S0889-8561(03)00030-4.
  • Booij, K.; Vrana, B.; Huckins, J. N. Chapter 7: Theory, Modelling and Calibration of Passive Samplers Used in Water Monitoring. In Comprehensive Analytical Chemistry; Greenwood, R., Mills, G., Vrana, B., Eds.; Elsevier: Amsterdam, 2007; Vol. 48, pp 141–169. DOI: 10.1016/S0166-526X(06)48007-7.
  • Vrana, B.; Mills, G. A.; Leonards, P. E. G.; Kotterman, M.; Weideborg, M.; Hajšlová, J.; Kocourek, V.; Tomaniová, M.; Pulkrabová, J.; Suchanová, M.; et al. Field Performance of the Chemcatcher Passive Sampler for Monitoring Hydrophobic Organic Pollutants in Surface Water. J. Environ. Monit. 2010, 12, 863–872. DOI: 10.1039/b923073d.
  • Booij, K.; Robinson, C. D.; Burgess, R. M.; Mayer, P.; Roberts, C. A.; Ahrens, L.; Allan, I. J.; Brant, J.; Jones, L.; Kraus, U. R.; et al. Passive Sampling in Regulatory Chemical Monitoring of Nonpolar Organic Compounds in the Aquatic Environment. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2016, 50, 3–17. DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b04050.
  • Smedes, F. SSP Silicone–, Lipid– and SPMD–Water Partition Coefficients of Seventy Hydrophobic Organic Contaminants and Evaluation of the Water Concentration Calculator for SPMD. Chemosphere 2019, 223, 748–757. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.01.164.
  • Pintado-Herrera, M. G.; Lara-Martín, P. A.; González-Mazo, E.; Allan, I. J. Determination of Silicone Rubber and Low-Density Polyethylene Diffusion and Polymer/Water Partition Coefficients for Emerging Contaminants. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2016, 35, 2162–2172. DOI: 10.1002/etc.3390.
  • Yates, K.; Davies, I.; Webster, L.; Pollard, P.; Lawton, L.; Moffat, C. Passive Sampling: Partition Coefficients for a Silicone Rubber Reference Phase. J. Environ. Monit. 2007, 9, 1116–1121. DOI: 10.1039/b706716j.
  • Smedes, F. Silicone–Water Partition Coefficients Determined by Cosolvent Method for Chlorinated Pesticides, Musks, Organo Phosphates, Phthalates and More. Chemosphere 2018, 210, 662–671. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.07.054.
  • Josefsson, S.; Arp, H. P. H.; Kleja, D. B.; Enell, A.; Lundstedt, S. Determination of Polyoxymethylene (POM)—Water Partition Coefficients for Oxy-PAHs and PAHs. Chemosphere 2015, 119, 1268–1274. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.09.102.
  • Mills, G. A.; Fones, G. R.; Booij, K.; Greenwood, R. Passive Sampling Technologies. In Chemical Marine Monitoring: Policy Framework and Analytical Trends; Philippe Quevauviller, Patrick Roose, Gert Verreet. eds.; John Wiley & Sons: Chichester, 2012. DOI: 10.1002/9781119990826.ch13.
  • Huckins, J. N.; Petty, J. D.; Lebo, J. A.; Almeida, F. V.; Booij, K.; Alvarez, D. A.; Cranor, W. L.; Clark, R. C.; Mogensen, B. B. Development of the Permeability/Performance Reference Compound Approach for in Situ Calibration of Semipermeable Membrane Devices. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2002, 36, 85. DOI: 10.1021/es010991w.
  • Booij, K.; Smedes, F. An Improved Method for Estimating In Situ Sampling Rates of Nonpolar Passive Samplers. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2010, 44, 6789–6794. DOI: 10.1021/es101321v.
  • Rusina, T. P.; Smedes, F.; Koblizkova, M.; Klanova, J. Calibration of Silicone Rubber Passive Samplers: Experimental and Modeled Relations between Sampling Rate and Compound Properties. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2010, 44, 362–367. DOI: 10.1021/es900938r.
  • Rusina, T. P.; Smedes, F.; Klanova, J. Diffusion Coefficients of Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Polydimethylsiloxane and Low-Density Polyethylene Polymers. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2010, 116, 1803–1810. DOI: 10.1002/app.31704.
  • Ouyang, G.; Pawliszyn, J. Configurations and Calibration Methods for Passive Sampling Techniques. J. Chromatogr. A 2007, 1168, 226. DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.01.133.
  • Ter Laak, T. L.; Busser, F. J. M.; Hermens, J. L. M. Poly(Dimethylsiloxane) as Passive Sampler Material for Hydrophobic Chemicals: Effect of Chemical Properties and Sampler Characteristics on Partitioning and Equilibration Times. Anal. Chem. 2008, 80, 3859–3866. DOI: 10.1021/ac800258j.
  • Cornelissen, G.; Pettersen, A.; Broman, D.; Mayer, P.; Breedveld, G. D. Field Testing of Equilibrium Passive Samplers to Determine Freely Dissolved Native Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Concentrations. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2008, 27, 499–508. DOI: 10.1897/07-253.1.
  • Arp, H. P. H.; Hale, S. E.; Elmquist Kruså, M.; Cornelissen, G.; Grabanski, C. B.; Miller, D. J.; Hawthorne, S. B. Review of Polyoxymethylene Passive Sampling Methods for Quantifying Freely Dissolved Porewater Concentrations of Hydrophobic Organic Contaminants. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2015, 34, 710–720. DOI: 10.1002/etc.2864.
  • Greenwood, R.; Mills, G. A.; Vrana, B.; Allan, I.; Aguilar-Martínez, R.; Morrison, G. Chapter 9: Monitoring of Priority Pollutants in Water Using Chemcatcher Passive Sampling Devices. In Comprehensive Analytical Chemistry; Greenwood, R., Mills, G., Vrana, B., Eds.; Elsevier: Amsterdam, 2007; pp 199–229. DOI: 10.1016/S0166-526X(06)48009-0.
  • Vrana, B.; Rusina, T.; Okonski, K.; Prokeš, R.; Carlsson, P.; Kopp, R.; Smedes, F. Chasing Equilibrium Passive Sampling of Hydrophobic Organic Compounds in Water. Sci. Total Environ. 2019, 664, 424–435. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.242.
  • Gao, X.; Xu, Y.; Ma, M.; Rao, K.; Wang, Z. Simultaneous Passive Sampling of Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Emerging Organic Contaminants in Water. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 2019, 178, 25–32. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.04.014.
  • Jeong, Y.; Schäffer, A.; Smith, K. Comparison of the Sampling Rates and Partitioning Behaviour of Polar and Non-Polar Contaminants in the Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Sampler and a Monophasic Mixed Polymer Sampler for Application as an Equilibrium Passive Sampler. Sci. Total Environ. 2018, 627, 905–915. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.273.
  • Nabi, D.; Arey, J. S. Predicting Partitioning and Diffusion Properties of Nonpolar Chemicals in Biotic Media and Passive Sampler Phases by GC × GC. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2017, 51, 3001–3011. DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b05071.
  • Liu, H.; Wei, M.; Yang, X.; Yin, C.; He, X. Development of TLSER Model and QSAR Model for Predicting Partition Coefficients of Hydrophobic Organic Chemicals between Low Density Polyethylene Film and Water. Sci. Total Environ. 2017, 574, 1371–1378. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.08.051.
  • Lin, W.; Jiang, R.; Shen, Y.; Xiong, Y.; Hu, S.; Xu, J.; Ouyang, G. Effect of Dissolved Organic Matter on Pre-Equilibrium Passive Sampling: A Predictive QSAR Modeling Study. Sci. Total Environ. 2018, 635, 53–59. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.116.
  • Miège, C.; Mazzella, N.; Allan, I.; Dulio, V.; Smedes, F.; Tixier, C.; Vermeirssen, E.; Brant, J.; O’Toole, S.; Budzinski, H.; et al. Position Paper on Passive Sampling Techniques for the Monitoring of Contaminants in the Aquatic Environment—Achievements to Date and Perspectives. Trends Environ. Anal. Chem. 2015, 8, 20. DOI: 10.1016/j.teac.2015.07.001.
  • Allan, I. J.; Booij, K.; Paschke, A.; Vrana, B.; Mills, G. A.; Greenwood, R. Short-Term Exposure Testing of Six Different Passive Samplers for the Monitoring of Hydrophobic Contaminants in Water. J. Environ. Monit. 2010, 12, 696–703. DOI: 10.1039/b921326k.
  • Harman, C.; Booij, K. Letter to the Editor concerning the Viewpoint; “Recognizing the Limitations of Performance Reference Compound (PRC)-Calibration Technique in Passive Water Sampling. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2014, 48, 3. DOI: 10.1021/es405153c.
  • Huckins, J. N.; Booij, K.; Cranor, W. L.; Alvarez, D. A.; Gale, R. W.; Bartkow, M. E.; Robertson, G. L.; Clark, R. C.; Stewart, R. E. Fundamentals of the Use of Performance Reference Compounds (PRCs) in Passive Samplers. In Proc. SETAC North Am. 26th Annu. Meet., 2005.
  • Vrana, B.; Mills, G. A.; Kotterman, M.; Leonards, P.; Booij, K.; Greenwood, R. Modelling and Field Application of the Chemcatcher Passive Sampler Calibration Data for the Monitoring of Hydrophobic Organic Pollutants in Water. Environ. Pollut. 2007, 145, 895–904. DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2006.04.030.
  • Booij, K.; Hofmans, H. E.; Fischer, C. V.; Van Weerlee, E. M. Temperature-Dependent Uptake Rates of Nonpolar Organic Compounds by Semipermeable Membrane Devices and Low-Density Polyethylene Membranes. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2003, 37, 361. DOI: 10.1021/es025739i.
  • Stuer-Lauridsen, F. Review of Passive Accumulation Devices for Monitoring Organic Micropollutants in the Aquatic Environment. Environ. Pollut. 2005, 136, 503–524. DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2004.12.004.
  • Rummel, C. D.; Jahnke, A.; Gorokhova, E.; Kühnel, D.; Schmitt-Jansen, M. Impacts of Biofilm Formation on the Fate and Potential Effects of Microplastic in the Aquatic Environment. Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett. 2017, 4, 258–267. DOI: 10.1021/acs.estlett.7b00164.
  • Booij, K.; van Bommel, R.; Mets, A.; Dekker, R. Little Effect of Excessive Biofouling on the Uptake of Organic Contaminants by Semipermeable Membrane Devices. Chemosphere 2006, 65, 2485–2492. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.04.033.
  • Richardson, B. J.; Lam, P. K. S.; Zheng, G. J.; McClellan, K. E.; De Luca-Abbott, S. B. Biofouling Confounds the Uptake of Trace Organic Contaminants by Semi-Permeable Membrane Devices (SPMDs). Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2002, 44, 1372–1379. DOI: 10.1016/S0025-326X(02)00263-1..
  • Richardson, B. J.; De Luca Abbott, S. B.; McClellan, K. E.; Zheng, G. J.; Lam, P. K. S. The Use of Permeability Reference Compounds in Biofouled Semi-Permeable Membrane Devices (SPMDs): A Laboratory-Based Investigation. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2008, 56, 1663–1667. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2008.05.012.
  • Harman, C.; Bøyum, O.; Thomas, K. V.; Grung, M. Small but Different Effect of Fouling on the Uptake Rates of Semipermeable Membrane Devices and Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Samplers. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2009, 28, 2324–2332. DOI: 10.1897/09-090.1.
  • Birch, H.; Hammershøj, R.; Mayer, P. Determining Biodegradation Kinetics of Hydrocarbons at Low Concentrations: Covering 5 and 9 Orders of Magnitude of Kow and Kaw. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2018, 52, 2143. DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b05624.
  • Tcaciuc, A. P.; Borrelli, R.; Zaninetta, L. M.; Gschwend, P. M. Passive Sampling of DDT, DDE and DDD in Sediments: Accounting for Degradation Processes with Reaction–Diffusion Modeling. Environ. Sci. Process. Impacts 2018, 20, 220–231. DOI: 10.1039/C7EM00501F.
  • Margoum, C.; Morin, S.; Mazzella, N. Potential Toxicity of Pesticides in Freshwater Environments: Passive Sampling, Exposure and Impacts on Biofilms: The PoToMAC Project. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2015, 22, 3985–3987. DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3291-z.
  • Allan, I. J.; Jenssen, M. T. S. A Case of Anisotropic Exchange of Non-Polar Chemicals with Absorption-Based Passive Samplers in Water. Chemosphere 2019, 224, 455–460. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.02.135.
  • Jahnke, A.; Witt, G.; Schäfer, S.; Haase, N.; Escher, B. I. Combining Passive Sampling with Toxicological Characterization of Complex Mixtures of Pollutants from the Aquatic Environment. In vitro Environmental Toxicology - Concepts, Application and Assessment. Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology; Reifferscheid G., Buchinger S. (eds.); Springer: Cham, 2016; vol 157. pp 225–261. DOI: 10.1007/10_2015_5014.
  • Brack, W.; Ait-Aissa, S.; Burgess, R. M.; Busch, W.; Creusot, N.; Di Paolo, C.; Escher, B. I.; Mark Hewitt, L.; Hilscherova, K.; Hollender, J.; et al. Effect-Directed Analysis Supporting Monitoring of Aquatic Environments—An In-Depth Overview. Sci. Total Environ. 2016, 544, 1073. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.11.102.
  • Wernersson, A. S.; Carere, M.; Maggi, C.; Tusil, P.; Soldan, P.; James, A.; Sanchez, W.; Dulio, V.; Broeg, K.; Reifferscheid, G.; et al. The European Technical Report on Aquatic Effect-Based Monitoring Tools under the Water Framework Directive. Environ. Sci. Eur. 2015, 27, 7. DOI: 10.1186/s12302-015-0039-4.
  • Burgess, R. M.; Ho, K. T.; Brack, W.; Lamoree, M. Effects-Directed Analysis (EDA) and Toxicity Identification Evaluation (TIE): Complementary but Different Approaches for Diagnosing Causes of Environmental Toxicity. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2013, 32, 1935–1945. DOI: 10.1002/etc.2299.
  • Bergmann, A. J.; Tanguay, R. L.; Anderson, K. A. Using Passive Sampling and Zebrafish to Identify Developmental Toxicants in Complex Mixtures. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2017, 36, 2290–2298. DOI: 10.1002/etc.3802.
  • Allinson, M.; Kadokami, K.; Shiraishi, F.; Nakajima, D.; Zhang, J.; Knight, A.; Gray, S. R.; Scales, P. J.; Allinson, G. Wastewater Recycling in Antarctica: Performance Assessment of an Advanced Water Treatment Plant in Removing Trace Organic Chemicals. J. Environ. Manage. 2018, 224, 122–129. DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.07.020.
  • Novák, J.; Vrana, B.; Rusina, T.; Okonski, K.; Grabic, R.; Neale, P. A.; Escher, B. I.; Macová, M.; Ait-Aissa, S.; Creusot, N.; et al. Effect-Based Monitoring of the Danube River Using Mobile Passive Sampling. Sci. Total Environ. 2018, 636, 1608–1619. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.02.201.
  • Toušová, Z.; Vrana, B.; Smutná, M.; Novák, J.; Klučárová, V.; Grabic, R.; Slobodník, J.; Giesy, J. P.; Hilscherová, K. Analytical and Bioanalytical Assessments of Organic Micropollutants in the Bosna River Using a Combination of Passive Sampling, Bioassays and Multi-Residue Analysis. Sci. Total Environ. 2019, 650, 1599–1612. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.336.
  • Claessens, M.; Monteyne, E.; Wille, K.; Vanhaecke, L.; Roose, P.; Janssen, C. R. Passive Sampling Reversed: Coupling Passive Field Sampling with Passive Lab Dosing to Assess the Ecotoxicity of Mixtures Present in the Marine Environment. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2015, 93, 9–19. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.02.028.
  • Bryant, W. L., Jr.; Goodbred, S. L. The Response of Hydrophobic Organics and Potential Toxicity in Streams to Urbanization of Watersheds in Six Metropolitan Areas of the United States. Environ. Monit. Assess. 2009, 157, 419–447. DOI: 10.1007/s10661-008-0546-5.
  • Alvarez, D. A.; Cranor, W. L.; Perkins, S. D.; Clark, R. C.; Smith, S. B. Chemical and Toxicologic Assessment of Organic Contaminants in Surface Water Using Passive Samplers. J. Environ. Qual. 2008, 37, 1024–1033. DOI: 10.2134/jeq2006.0463.
  • Buschini, A.; Giordani, F.; Pellacani, C.; Rossi, C.; Poli, P. Cytotoxic and Genotoxic Potential of Drinking Water: A Comparison between Two Different Concentration Methods. Water Res. 2008, 42, 1999–2006. DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2007.12.005.
  • Rastall, A. C.; Getting, D.; Goddard, J.; Roberts, D. R.; Erdinger, L. A Biomimetic Approach to the Detection and Identification of Estrogen Receptor Agonists in Surface Waters Using Semipermeable Membrane Devices (SPMDs) and Bioassay-Directed Chemical Analysis. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int. 2006, 13, 256–267. DOI: 10.1065/espr2005.12.290.
  • Chung, I.-Y.; Park, Y.-M.; Lee, H.-J.; Kim, H.; Kim, D.-H.; Kim, I.-G.; Kim, S.-M.; Do, Y.-S.; Seok, K.-S.; Kwon, J.-H. Nontarget Screening Using Passive Air and Water Sampling with a Level II Fugacity Model to Identify Unregulated Environmental Contaminants. J. Environ. Sci. 2017, 62, 84–91. DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2017.06.036.
  • Allinson, G.; Allinson, M.; Kadokami, K. Combining Passive Sampling with a GC-MS-Database Screening Tool to Assess Trace Organic Contamination of Rivers: A Pilot Study in Melbourne, Australia. Water Air Soil Pollut. 2015, 226, 230. DOI: 10.1007/s11270-015-2423-5.
  • Allan, I. J.; Harman, C.; Ranneklev, S. B.; Thomas, K. V.; Grung, M. Passive Sampling for Target and Nontarget Analyses of Moderately Polar and Nonpolar Substances in Water. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2013, 32, 1718–1726. DOI: 10.1002/etc.2260.
  • Vrana, B.; Smedes, F.; Prokeš, R.; Loos, R.; Mazzella, N.; Miege, C.; Budzinski, H.; Vermeirssen, E.; Ocelka, T.; Gravell, A.; et al. An Interlaboratory Study on Passive Sampling of Emerging Water Pollutants. Trends Anal. Chem. 2016, 76, 153–165. DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2015.10.013.
  • Adams, R. G.; Lohmann, R.; Fernandez, L. A.; MacFarlane, J. K.; Gschwend, P. M. Polyethylene Devices: Passive Samplers for Measuring Dissolved Hydrophobic Organic Compounds in Aquatic Environments. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2007, 41, 1317–1323. DOI: 10.1021/es0621593.
  • Rusina, T. P.; Smedes, F.; Klanova, J.; Booij, K.; Holoubek, I. Polymer Selection for Passive Sampling: A Comparison of Critical Properties. Chemosphere 2007, 68, 1344–1351. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.01.025.
  • Esteve-Turrillas, F. A.; Yusà, V.; Pastor, A.; de la Guardia, M. New Perspectives in the Use of Semipermeable Membrane Devices as Passive Samplers. Talanta 2008, 74, 443–457. DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2007.06.019.
  • Alvarez, D. A. Estimated Water Concentration Calculator from SPMD Data Using Multiple PRCs, version 5.1. Microsoft Excel Spreadsheet, 2010.
  • Allan, I. J.; Booij, K.; Paschke, A.; Vrana, B.; Mills, G. A.; Greenwood, R. Field Performance of Seven Passive Sampling Devices for Monitoring of Hydrophobic Substances. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2009, 43, 5383–5390. DOI: 10.1021/es900608w.
  • Djedjibegovic, J.; Marjanovic, A.; Sober, M.; Skrbo, A.; Sinanovic, K.; Larssen, T.; Grung, M.; Fjeld, E.; Rognerud, S. Levels of Persistent Organic Pollutants in the Neretva River (Bosnia and Herzegovina) Determined by Deployment of Semipermeable Membrane Devices (SPMD). J. Environ. Sci. Health B: Pestic. Food Contam. Agric. Wastes 2010, 45, 128–136. DOI: 10.1080/03601230903472017.
  • Smedes, F.; Booij, K. Guidelines for Passive Sampling of Hydrophobic Contaminants in Water Using Silicone Rubber Samplers. ICES Tech. Mar. E: Environ. Sci. 2012, 52, 1–24.
  • Lohmann, R.; Muir, D. Global Aquatic Passive Sampling (AQUA-GAPS): Using Passive Samplers to Monitor POPs in the Waters of the World. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2010, 44, 860–864. DOI: 10.1021/es902379g.
  • O’Brien, D.; Komarova, T.; Mueller, J. F. Determination of Deployment Specific Chemical Uptake Rates for SPMD and PDMS Using a Passive Flow Monitor. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2012, 64, 1005–1011. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.02.004.
  • Emelogu, E. S.; Pollard, P.; Dymond, P.; Robinson, C. D.; Webster, L.; McKenzie, C.; Dobson, J.; Bresnan, E.; Moffat, C. F. Occurrence and Potential Combined Toxicity of Dissolved Organic Contaminants in the Forth Estuary and Firth of Forth, Scotland Assessed Using Passive Samplers and an Algal Toxicity Test. Sci. Total Environ. 2013, 461–462, 230–239. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.05.011.
  • Smedes, F.; Geertsma, R. W.; Van Der Zande, T.; Booij, K. Polymer-Water Partition Coefficients of Hydrophobic Compounds for Passive Sampling: Application of Cosolvent Models for Validation. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2009, 43, 7047–7054. DOI: 10.1021/es9009376.
  • Zhu, T.; Jafvert, C. T.; Fu, D.; Hu, Y. A Novel Method for Measuring Polymer-Water Partition Coefficients. Chemosphere 2015, 138, 973–979. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.12.040.
  • Hale, S. E.; Martin, T. J.; Goss, K.-U.; Arp, H. P. H.; Werner, D. Partitioning of Organochlorine Pesticides from Water to Polyethylene Passive Samplers. Environ. Pollut. 2010, 158, 2511–2517. DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2010.03.010.
  • Müller, J. F.; Manomanii, K.; Mortimer, M. R.; McLachlan, M. S. Partitioning of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Polyethylene/Water System. Fresenius’ Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2001, 371, 816–822. DOI: 10.1007/s002160101025.
  • Perron, M. M.; Burgess, R. M.; Suuberg, E. M.; Cantwell, M. G.; Pennell, K. G. Performance of Passive Samplers for Monitoring Estuarine Water Column Concentrations: 1. Contaminants of Concern. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2013, 32, 2182–2189. DOI: 10.1002/etc.2321.
  • Vrana, B.; Mills, G.; Greenwood, R.; Knutsson, J.; Svensson, K.; Morrison, G. Performance Optimisation of a Passive Sampler for Monitoring Hydrophobic Organic Pollutants in Water. J. Environ. Monit. 2005, 7, 612–620. DOI: 10.1039/b419070j.
  • Petersen, J.; Paschke, A.; Gunold, R.; Schüürmann, G. Calibration of Chemcatcher® Passive Sampler for Selected Highly Hydrophobic Organic Substances under Fresh and Sea Water Conditions. Environ. Sci: Water Res. Technol. 2015, 1, 218–226. DOI: 10.1039/C4EW00043A.
  • Vrana, B.; Mills, G. A.; Dominiak, E.; Greenwood, R. Calibration of the Chemcatcher Passive Sampler for the Monitoring of Priority Organic Pollutants in Water. Environ. Pollut. 2006, 142, 333–343. DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2005.10.033.
  • de la Cal, A.; Kuster, M.; de Alda, M. L.; Eljarrat, E.; Barceló, D. Evaluation of the Aquatic Passive Sampler Chemcatcher for the Monitoring of Highly Hydrophobic Compounds in Water. Talanta 2008, 76, 327–332. DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2008.02.049.
  • Difilippo, E. L.; Eganhouse, R. P. Assessment of PDMS-Water Partition Coefficients: Implications for Passive Environmental Sampling of Hydrophobic Organic Compounds. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2010, 44, 6917–6925. DOI: 10.1021/es101103x.
  • Ouyang, G.; Zhao, W.; Bragg, L.; Qin, Z.; Alaee, M.; Pawliszyn, J. Time-Weighted Average Water Sampling in Lake Ontario with Solid-Phase Microextraction Passive Samplers. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2007, 41, 4026–4031. DOI: 10.1021/es062647a.
  • Hawthorne, S. B.; Jonker, M. T. O.; Van Der Heijden, S. A.; Grabanski, C. B.; Azzolina, N. A.; Miller, D. J. Measuring Picogram per Liter Concentrations of Freely Dissolved Parent and Alkyl PAHs (PAH-34), Using Passive Sampling with Polyoxymethylene. Anal. Chem. 2011, 83, 6754–6761. DOI: 10.1021/ac201411v.
  • Endo, S.; Hale, S. E.; Goss, K.-U.; Arp, H. P. H. Equilibrium Partition Coefficients of Diverse Polar and Nonpolar Organic Compounds to Polyoxymethylene (POM) Passive Sampling Devices. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2011, 45, 10124–10132. DOI: 10.1021/es202894k.
  • Cui, X.; Mayer, P.; Gan, J. Methods to Assess Bioavailability of Hydrophobic Organic Contaminants: Principles, Operations, and Limitations. Environ. Pollut. 2013, 172, 223–234. DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2012.09.013.
  • Belles, A.; Alary, C.; Mamindy-Pajany, Y. Thickness and Material Selection of Polymeric Passive Samplers for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Water: Which More Strongly Affects Sampler Properties? Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2016, 35, 1708–1717. DOI: 10.1002/etc.3326.
  • Huckins, J. N.; Tubergen, M. W.; Manuweera, G. K. Semipermeable Membrane Devices Containing Model Lipid: A New Approach to Monitoring the Bioavaiiability of Lipophilic Contaminants and Estimating Their Bioconcentration Potential. Chemosphere 1990, 20, 533. DOI: 10.1016/0045-6535(90)90110-F..
  • Huckins, J. N.; Petty, J. D.; Booij, K. Monitors of Organic Chemicals in the Environment: Semipermeable Membrane Devices; Springer-Verlag: New York; 2006. DOI: 10.1007/0-387-35414-X.
  • Booij, K.; Smedes, F.; Van Weerlee, E. M.; Honkoop, P. J. C. Environmental Monitoring of Hydrophobic Organic Contaminants: The Case of Mussels versus Semipermeable Membrane Devices. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2006, 40, 3893–3900. DOI: 10.1021/es052492r.
  • Booij, K.; Sleiderink, H. M.; Smedes, F. Calibrating the Uptake Kinetics of Semipermeable Membrane Devices Using Exposure Standards. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 1998, 17, 1236–1245. DOI: 10.1897/1551-5028(1998)017 < 1236:CTUKOS>2.3.CO;2.
  • Alvarez, D. A. Development of Semipermeable Membrane Devices (SPMDs) and Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Samplers (POCIS) for Environmental Monitoring. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2013, 32, 2179–2181. DOI: 10.1002/etc.2339.
  • Martin, A.; Margoum, C.; Randon, J.; Coquery, M. Silicone Rubber Selection for Passive Sampling of Pesticides in Water. Talanta 2016, 160, 306–313. DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.07.019.
  • Vrana, B.; Komancová, L.; Sobotka, J. Calibration of a Passive Sampler Based on Stir Bar Sorptive Extraction for the Monitoring of Hydrophobic Organic Pollutants in Water. Talanta 2016, 152, 90–97. DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.01.040.
  • Da Silva, D. S.; Brenner, C. G. B.; Mayer, F. M.; Montipó, S.; Martins, A. F. PDMS Extraction Bars for the Determination of Volatile Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Water and Wastewater. J. Sep. Sci. 2013, 36, 362–368. DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200491.
  • van Pinxteren, M.; Paschke, A.; Popp, P. Silicone Rod and Silicone Tube Sorptive Extraction. J. Chromatogr. A 2010, 1217, 2589–2598. DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.11.025.
  • Martin, A.; Margoum, C.; Jolivet, A.; Assoumani, A.; El Moujahid, B.; Randon, J.; Coquery, M. Calibration of Silicone Rubber Rods as Passive Samplers for Pesticides at Two Different Flow Velocities: Modeling of Sampling Rates under Water Boundary Layer and Polymer Control. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2018, 37, 1208–1218. DOI: 10.1002/etc.4050.
  • QUASIMEME. Quasimeme Laboratory Performance Studies, Program 2019. http://www.quasimeme.org/gfx_content/documents/Brochurequasimeme2019.pdf (accessed Jun 29, 2019).
  • Lohmann, R. Critical Review of Low-Density Polyethylene’s Partitioning and Diffusion Coefficients for Trace Organic Contaminants and Implications for Its Use as a Passive Sampler. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2012, 46, 606–618. DOI: 10.1021/es202702y.
  • Kingston, J. K.; Greenwood, R.; Mills, G. A.; Morrison, G. M.; Persson, L. B. Development of a Novel Passive Sampling System for the Time-Averaged Measurement of a Range of Organic Pollutants in Aquatic Environments. J. Environ. Monit. 2000, 2, 487–495. DOI: 10.1039/b003532g.
  • Lobpreis, T.; Vrana, B.; Dominiak, E.; Dercová, K.; Mills, G. A.; Greenwood, R. Effect of Housing Geometry on the Performance of ChemcatcherTM Passive Sampler for the Monitoring of Hydrophobic Organic Pollutants in Water. Environ. Pollut. 2008, 153, 706–710. DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2007.09.011.
  • Pawliszyn, J.; Arthur, C. L. Solid Phase Microextraction with Thermal Desorption Using Fused Silica Optical Fibers. Anal. Chem. 1990, 62, 2145–2148. DOI: 10.1021/ac00218a019.
  • Ouyang, G.; Pawliszyn, J. Recent Developments in SPME for On-Site Analysis and Monitoring. Trends Anal. Chem. 2006, 25, 692–703. DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2006.05.005.
  • Duan, C.; Shen, Z.; Wu, D.; Guan, Y. Recent Developments in Solid-Phase Microextraction for on-Site Sampling and Sample Preparation. Trends Anal. Chem. 2011, 30, 1568–1574. DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2011.08.005..
  • Piri-Moghadam, H.; Ahmadi, F.; Pawliszyn, J. A Critical Review of Solid Phase Microextraction for Analysis of Water Samples. Trends Anal. Chem. 2016, 85, 133–143. DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2016.05.029..
  • Piri-Moghadam, H.; Alam, M. N.; Pawliszyn, J. Review of Geometries and Coating Materials in Solid Phase Microextraction: Opportunities, Limitations, and Future Perspectives. Anal. Chim. Acta 2017, 984, 42–65. DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.05.035.
  • Reyes-Garcés, N.; Gionfriddo, E.; Gómez-Ríos, G. A.; Alam, M. N.; Boyacı, E.; Bojko, B.; Singh, V.; Grandy, J.; Pawliszyn, J. Advances in Solid Phase Microextraction and Perspective on Future Directions. Anal. Chem. 2018, 90, 302–360. DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b04502.
  • Sajid, M.; Khaled Nazal, M.; Rutkowska, M.; Szczepańska, N.; Namieśnik, J.; Płotka-Wasylka, J. Solid Phase Microextraction: Apparatus, Sorbent Materials, and Application. Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem. 2019, 49, 271–288. DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2018.1517035.
  • Chen, Y.; Pawliszyn, J. Kinetics and the On-Site Application of Standards in a Solid-Phase Microextration Fiber. Anal. Chem. 2004, 76, 5807. DOI: 10.1021/ac0495081.
  • Lin, K.; Lao, W.; Lu, Z.; Jia, F.; Maruya, K.; Gan, J. Measuring Freely Dissolved DDT and Metabolites in Seawater Using Solid-Phase Microextraction with Performance Reference Compounds. Sci. Total Environ. 2017, 599–600, 364–371. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.05.022.
  • Pawliszyn, J. Handbook of Solid Phase Microextraction; Elsevier: London; 2012. DOI: 10.1016/C2011-0-04297-7.
  • Cornelissen, G.; Broman, D.; Naes, K. Freely Dissolved PCDDF/F Concentrations in the Frierfjord, Norway: Comparing Equilibrium Passive Sampling with “Active” Water Sampling. J. Soils Sediments 2010, 10, 162–171. DOI: 10.1007/s11368-009-0152-3.
  • Martin, A.; Margoum, C.; Coquery, M.; Randon, J. Combination of Sorption Properties of Polydimethylsiloxane and Solid-Phase Extraction Sorbents in a Single Composite Material for the Passive Sampling of Polar and Apolar Pesticides in Water. J. Sep. Sci. 2016, 39, 3990–3997. DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201600502.
  • Hale, S. E.; Endo, S.; Arp, H. P. H.; Zimmerman, A. R.; Cornelissen, G. Sorption of the Monoterpenes α-Pinene and Limonene to Carbonaceous Geosorbents Including Biochar. Chemosphere 2015, 119, 881–888. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.08.052.
  • Hale, S. E.; Tomaszewski, J. E.; Luthy, R. G.; Werner, D. Sorption of Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and Its Metabolites by Activated Carbon in Clean Water and Sediment Slurries. Water Res. 2009, 43, 4336–4346. DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2009.06.031.
  • Thomas, C.; Lampert, D.; Reible, D. Remedy Performance Monitoring at Contaminated Sediment Sites Using Profiling Solid Phase Microextraction (SPME) Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) Fibers. Environ. Sci. Process. Impacts 2014, 16, 445–452. DOI: 10.1039/C3EM00695F.
  • Wang, P.; Liu, X.; Wu, X.; Xu, J.; Dong, F.; Zheng, Y. Evaluation of Biochars in Reducing the Bioavailability of Flubendiamide in Water/Sediment Using Passive Sampling with Polyoxymethylene. J. Hazard. Mater. 2018, 344, 1000–1006. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.12.003.
  • Beckingham, B.; Ghosh, U. Polyoxymethylene Passive Samplers to Monitor Changes in Bioavailability and Flux of PCBs after Activated Carbon Amendment to Sediment in the Field. Chemosphere 2013, 91, 1401–1407. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.12.074.
  • Dou, Y.; Zhang, T. C.; Zeng, J.; Stansbury, J.; Moussavi, M.; Richter-Egger, D. L.; Klein, M. R. Polyurethane Foam (PUF) Passive Samplers for Monitoring Phenanthrene in Stormwater. Environ. Sci: Processes Impacts 2016, 18, 473–481. DOI: 10.1039/C5EM00591D.
  • Pogorzelec, M.; Piekarska, K. Application of Semipermeable Membrane Devices for Long-Term Monitoring of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons at Various Stages of Drinking Water Treatment. Sci. Total Environ. 2018, 631–632, 1431–1439. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.105.
  • Pogorzelec, M.; Piekarska, K. Concentration of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Water Samples from Different Stages of Treatment. Presented at the International Conference on Advances in Energy Systems and Environmental Engineering, ASEE 2017; EDP Sciences, 2017; Vol. 22. DOI: 10.1051/e3sconf/20172200135.
  • Gilli, G.; Schilirò, T.; Pignata, C.; Traversi, D.; Carraro, E.; Baiocchi, C.; Aigotti, R.; Giacosa, D.; Fea, E. Application of Semipermeable Membrane Device for Assessing Toxicity in Drinking Water. Chemosphere 2005, 61, 1691–1699. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.03.085.
  • Augulyte, L.; Kliaugaite, D.; Racys, V.; Jankunaite, D.; Zaliauskiene, A.; Andersson, P. L.; Bergqvist, P.-A. Chemical and Ecotoxicological Assessment of Selected Biologically Activated Sorbents for Treating Wastewater Polluted with Petroleum Products with Special Emphasis on Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Water. Air. Soil Pollut. 2008, 195, 243–256. DOI: 10.1007/s11270-008-9743-7.
  • Augulyte, L.; Kliaugaite, D.; Racys, V.; Jankunaite, D.; Zaliauskiene, A.; Bergqvist, P.-A.; Andersson, P. L. Multivariate Analysis of a Biologically Activated Carbon (BAC) System and Its Efficiency for Removing PAHs and Aliphatic Hydrocarbons from Wastewater Polluted with Petroleum Products. J. Hazard. Mater. 2009, 170, 103–110. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.04.129.
  • Chiu, J. M. Y.; Degger, N.; Leung, J. Y. S.; Po, B. H. K.; Zheng, G. J.; Richardson, B. J.; Lau, T. C.; Wu, R. S. S. A Novel Approach for Estimating the Removal Efficiencies of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals and Heavy Metals in Wastewater Treatment Processes. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2016, 112, 53–57. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.08.043.
  • Hoque, M. E.; Cloutier, F.; Arcieri, C.; McInnes, M.; Sultana, T.; Murray, C.; Vanrolleghem, P. A.; Metcalfe, C. D. Removal of Selected Pharmaceuticals, Personal Care Products and Artificial Sweetener in an Aerated Sewage Lagoon. Sci. Total Environ. 2014, 487, 801–812. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.12.063.
  • Gourlay-Francé, C.; Bressy, A.; Uher, E.; Lorgeoux, C. Labile, Dissolved and Particulate PAHs and Trace Metals in Wastewater: Passive Sampling, Occurrence, Partitioning in Treatment Plants. Water Sci. Technol. 2011, 63, 1327–1333. DOI: 10.2166/wst.2011.127.
  • Clarke, B. O.; Porter, N. A.; Symons, R. K.; Marriott, P. J.; Stevenson, G. J.; Blackbeard, J. R. Investigating the Distribution of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers through an Australian Wastewater Treatment Plant. Sci. Total Environ. 2010, 408, 1604–1611. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.11.059.
  • Gourlay-Francé, C.; Lorgeoux, C.; Tusseau-Vuillemin, M.-H. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Sampling in Wastewaters Using Semipermeable Membrane Devices: Accuracy of Time-Weighted Average Concentration Estimations of Truly Dissolved Compounds. Chemosphere 2008, 73, 1194–1200. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.07.049.
  • Augulyte, L.; Bergqvist, P.-A. Estimation of Water Sampling Rates and Concentrations of PAHs in a Municipal Sewage Treatment Plant Using SPMDs with Performance Reference Compounds. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2007, 41, 5044–5049. DOI: 10.1021/es070054+.
  • Barber, L. B.; Keefe, S. H.; Antweiler, R. C.; Taylor, H. E.; Wass, R. D. Accumulation of Contaminants in Fish from Wastewater Treatment Wetlands. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2006, 40, 603–611. DOI: 10.1021/es0514287.
  • Petrie, B.; Barden, R.; Kasprzyk-Hordern, B. A Review on Emerging Contaminants in Wastewaters and the Environment: Current Knowledge, Understudied Areas and Recommendations for Future Monitoring. Water Res. 2015, 72, 3–27. DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.08.053.
  • UWWTD. Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive, L. 135/43, 30/05/1991. Off. J. Eur. Union 1991, 40–52.
  • Soares, A.; Guieysse, B.; Jefferson, B.; Cartmell, E.; Lester, J. N. Nonylphenol in the Environment: A Critical Review on Occurrence, Fate, Toxicity and Treatment in Wastewaters. Environ. Int. 2008, 34, 1033. DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2008.01.004.
  • Hale, S. E.; Oen, A. M. P.; Cornelissen, G.; Jonker, M. T. O.; Waarum, I.-K.; Eek, E. The Role of Passive Sampling in Monitoring the Environmental Impacts of Produced Water Discharges from the Norwegian Oil and Gas Industry. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2016, 111, 33–40. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.07.051.
  • Lourenço, R. A.; de Oliveira, F. F.; de Souza, J. M.; Nudi, A. H.; de Luca Rebello Wagener, Â.; de Fátima Guadalupe Meniconi, M.; Francioni, E. Monitoring of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in a Produced Water Disposal Area in the Potiguar Basin, Brazilian Equatorial Margin. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2016, 23, 17113–17122. DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6903-y.
  • André Lourenço, R.; Francisco de Oliveira, F.; Haddad Nudi, A.; Rebello Wagener, Â. D. L.; Guadalupe Meniconi, M. D. F.; Francioni, E. PAH Assessment in the Main Brazilian Offshore Oil and Gas Production Area Using Semi-Permeable Membrane Devices (SPMD) and Transplanted Bivalves. Cont. Shelf Res. 2015, 101, 109–116. DOI: 10.1016/j.csr.2015.04.010.
  • Harman, C.; Brooks, S.; Sundt, R. C.; Meier, S.; Grung, M. Field Comparison of Passive Sampling and Biological Approaches for Measuring Exposure to PAH and Alkylphenols from Offshore Produced Water Discharges. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2011, 63, 141–148. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2010.12.023.
  • Harman, C.; Thomas, K. V.; Tollefsen, K. E.; Meier, S.; Bøyum, O.; Grung, M. Monitoring the Freely Dissolved Concentrations of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) and Alkylphenols (AP) around a Norwegian Oil Platform by Holistic Passive Sampling. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2009, 58, 1671–1679. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2009.06.022.
  • Durell, G.; Røe Utvik, T.; Johnsen, S.; Frost, T.; Neff, J. Oil Well Produced Water Discharges to the North Sea. Part I: Comparison of Deployed Mussels (Mytilus edulis), Semi-Permeable Membrane Devices, and the DREAM Model Predictions to Estimate the Dispersion of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Mar. Environ. Res. 2006, 62, 194–223. DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2006.03.013.
  • Burgos, M.; Cailleaud, K. Assessment of Alternative Devices for Trace Hydrocarbon Monitoring in the Environment Around Offshore Oil and Gas Facilities. In Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition and Conference, ADIPEC 2016; Society of Petroleum Engineers: TOTAL, France, 2016, Vol. 2016. DOI: 10.2118/183525-ms.
  • Orrego, R.; Hewitt, L. M.; McMaster, M.; Chiang, G.; Quiroz, M.; Munkittrick, K.; Gavilán, J. F.; Barra, R. Assessing Wild Fish Exposure to Ligands for Sex Steroid Receptors from Pulp and Paper Mill Effluents in the Biobio River Basin, Central Chile. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 2019, 171, 256–263. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.12.092.
  • Charlestra, L.; Courtemanch, D. L.; Amirbahman, A.; Patterson, H. Semipermeable Membrane Device (SPMD) for Monitoring PCDD and PCDF Levels from a Paper Mill Effluent in the Androscoggin River, Maine, USA. Chemosphere 2008, 72, 1171–1180. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.03.057.
  • Dixon-Anderson, E.; Lohmann, R. Field-Testing Polyethylene Passive Samplers for the Detection of Neutral Polyfluorinated Alkyl Substances in Air and Water. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2018, 37, 3002–3010. DOI: 10.1002/etc.4264.
  • Estoppey, N.; Omlin, J.; Schopfer, A.; Esseiva, P.; Vermeirssen, E. L. M.; Delémont, O.; De Alencastro, L. F. Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) Passive Samplers for the Investigation of Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB) Point Sources in Rivers. Chemosphere 2015, 118, 268–276. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.09.032.
  • Estoppey, N.; Schopfer, A.; Fong, C.; Delémont, O.; De Alencastro, L. F.; Esseiva, P. An in-Situ Assessment of Low-Density Polyethylene and Silicone Rubber Passive Samplers Using Methods with and without Performance Reference Compounds in the Context of Investigation of Polychlorinated Biphenyl Sources in Rivers. Sci. Total Environ. 2016, 572, 794–803. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.07.092.
  • Sultana, T.; Murray, C.; Ehsanul Hoque, M.; Metcalfe, C. D. Monitoring Contaminants of Emerging Concern from Tertiary Wastewater Treatment Plants Using Passive Sampling Modelled with Performance Reference Compounds. Environ. Monit. Assess. 2016, 189, 1. DOI: 10.1007/s10661-016-5706-4.
  • Bidwell, J. R.; Becker, C.; Hensley, S.; Stark, R.; Meyer, M. T. Occurrence of Organic Wastewater and Other Contaminants in Cave Streams in Northeastern Oklahoma and Northwestern Arkansas. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 2010, 58, 286–298. DOI: 10.1007/s00244-009-9388-6.
  • Grabic, R.; Jurcikova, J.; Tomsejova, S.; Ocelka, T.; Halirova, J.; Hypr, D.; Kodes, V. Passive Sampling Methods for Monitoring Endocrine Disruptors in the Svratka and Svitava Rivers in the Czech Republic. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010, 29, 550–555. DOI: 10.1002/etc.85.
  • Balmer, M. E.; Buser, H.-R.; Müller, M. D.; Poiger, T. Occurrence of Some Organic UV Filters in Wastewater, in Surface Waters, and in Fish from Swiss Lakes. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2005, 39, 953–962. DOI: 10.1021/es040055r.
  • Ouyang, X.; Leonards, P.; Legler, J.; van der Oost, R.; de Boer, J.; Lamoree, M. Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography Coupled to High Resolution Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry for Chemical Characterization of Sewage Treatment Plant Effluents. J. Chromatogr. A 2015, 1380, 139–145. DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.12.075.
  • Jeong, Y.; Schäffer, A.; Smith, K. A Comparison of Equilibrium and Kinetic Passive Sampling for the Monitoring of Aquatic Organic Contaminants in German Rivers. Water Res. 2018, 145, 248–258. DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.08.016.
  • Yao, Y.; Meng, X.-Z.; Wu, C.-C.; Bao, L.-J.; Wang, F.; Wu, F.-C.; Zeng, E. Y. Tracking Human Footprints in Antarctica through Passive Sampling of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Inland Lakes. Environ. Pollut. 2016, 213, 412–419. DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.02.035.
  • Schintu, M.; Marrucci, A.; Marras, B.; Atzori, M.; Pellegrini, D. Passive Sampling Monitoring of PAHs and Trace Metals in Seawater during the Salvaging of the Costa Concordia Wreck (Parbuckling Project). Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2018, 135, 819–827. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.08.011.
  • Faksness, L.-G.; Brandvik, P. J.; Daae, R. L.; Leirvik, F.; Børseth, J. F. The Monitoring of Oil in Water and MetOcean Interactions during a Large-Scale Oil-in-Ice Experiment in the Barents Sea. In 33rd AMOP Technical Seminar on Environmental Contamination and Response; SINTEF Materials and Chemistry: Trondheim, Norway, 2010; Vol. 2, pp 679–700.
  • O’Toole, S.; Metcalfe, C.; Craine, I.; Gross, M. Release of Persistent Organic Contaminants from Carcasses of Lake Ontario Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Environ. Pollut. 2006, 140, 102–113. DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2005.06.019.
  • Tucca, F.; Moya, H.; Barra, R. Ethylene Vinyl Acetate Polymer as a Tool for Passive Sampling Monitoring of Hydrophobic Chemicals in the Salmon Farm Industry. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2014, 88, 174–179. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.09.009.
  • Mundy, L. J.; Bilodeau, J. C.; Schock, D. M.; Thomas, P. J.; Blais, J. M.; Pauli, B. D. Using Wood Frog (Lithobates sylvaticus) Tadpoles and Semipermeable Membrane Devices to Monitor Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds in Boreal Wetlands in the Oil Sands Region of Northern Alberta, Canada. Chemosphere 2019, 214, 148–157. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.09.034.
  • Uher, E.; Mirande-Bret, C.; Gourlay-Francé, C. Assessing the Relation between Anthropogenic Pressure and PAH Concentrations in Surface Water in the Seine River Basin Using Multivariate Analysis. Sci. Total Environ. 2016, 557–558, 551–561. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.03.118.
  • Kim, U.-J.; Kim, H. Y.; Alvarez, D.; Lee, I.-S.; Oh, J.-E. Using SPMDs for Monitoring Hydrophobic Organic Compounds in Urban River Water in Korea Compared with Using Conventional Water Grab Samples. Sci. Total Environ. 2014, 470–471, 1537–1544. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.06.033.
  • Allan, I. J.; Christensen, G.; Baek, K.; Evenset, A. Photodegradation of PAHs in Passive Water Samplers. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2016, 105, 249–254. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.02.018.
  • Chang, W.-T.; Fang, M.-D.; Lee, C.-L.; Brimblecombe, P. Measuring Bioavailable PAHs in Estuarine Water Using Semipermeable Membrane Devices with Performance Reference Compounds. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2014, 89, 376–383. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.09.031.
  • Rosen, M. R.; Alvarez, D. A.; Goodbred, S. L.; Leiker, T. J.; Patiño, R. Sources and Distribution of Organic Compounds Using Passive Samplers in Lake Mead National Recreation Area, Nevada and Arizona, and Their Implications for Potential Effects on Aquatic Biota. J. Environ. Qual. 2010, 39, 1161–1172. DOI: 10.2134/jeq2009.0095.
  • Komarova, T. V.; Bartkow, M. E.; Rutishauser, S.; Carter, S.; Mueller, J. F. Evaluation and In Situ Assessment of Photodegradation of Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons in Semipermeable Membrane Devices Deployed in Ocean Water. Environ. Pollut. 2009, 157, 731–736. DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2008.11.040.
  • Sun, C.; Soltwedel, T.; Bauerfeind, E.; Adelman, D. A.; Lohmann, R. Depth Profiles of Persistent Organic Pollutants in the North and Tropical Atlantic Ocean. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2016, 50, 6172–6179. DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b05891.
  • Fernandez, L. A.; Lao, W.; Maruya, K. A.; White, C.; Burgess, R. M. Passive Sampling to Measure Baseline Dissolved Persistent Organic Pollutant Concentrations in the Water Column of the Palos Verdes Shelf Superfund Site. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2012, 46, 11937–11947. DOI: 10.1021/es302139y.
  • Sacks, V. P.; Lohmann, R. Freely Dissolved PBDEs in Water and Porewater of an Urban Estuary. Environ. Pollut. 2012, 162, 287–293. DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2011.11.028.
  • Aminot, Y.; Belles, A.; Alary, C.; Readman, J. W. Near-Surface Distribution of Pollutants in Coastal Waters as Assessed by Novel Polyethylene Passive Samplers. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2017, 119, 92–101. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.03.022.
  • Bradshaw, C.; Tjensvoll, I.; Sköld, M.; Allan, I. J.; Molvaer, J.; Magnusson, J.; Naes, K.; Nilsson, H. C. Bottom Trawling Resuspends Sediment and Releases Bioavailable Contaminants in a Polluted Fjord. Environ. Pollut. 2012, 170, 232–241. DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2012.06.019.
  • Schaanning, M. T.; Harman, C.; Staalstrøm, A. Release of Dissolved Trace Metals and Organic Contaminants during Deep Water Disposal of Contaminated Sediments from Oslo Harbour, Norway. J. Soils Sediments 2011, 11, 1477–1489. DOI: 10.1007/s11368-011-0436-2.
  • Sun, N.; Chen, Y.; Xu, S.; Zhang, Y.; Fu, Q.; Ma, L.; Wang, Q.; Chang, Y.; Man, Z. Remobilization and Bioavailability of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Estuarine Sediments under the Effects of Nereis Diversicolor Bioturbation. Environ. Pollut. 2018, 242, 931–937. DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.07.026.
  • Gourlay, C. Influence of Organic Matter on Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Bioavailability in Aquatic Ecosystems. Tech. Sci. Methodes 2007, 4, 47–59.
  • Claessens, M.; De Laender, F.; Monteyne, E.; Roose, P.; Janssen, C. R. Modelling the Fate of Micropollutants in the Marine Environment Using Passive Sampling. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2015, 96, 103–109. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.05.040.
  • Bayen, S.; Segovia Estrada, E.; Zhang, H.; Lee, W. K.; Juhel, G.; Smedes, F.; Kelly, B. C. Partitioning and Bioaccumulation of Legacy and Emerging Hydrophobic Organic Chemicals in Mangrove Ecosystems. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2019, 53, 2549–2558. DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b06122.
  • Sobek, A.; Arp, H. P. H.; Wiberg, K.; Hedman, J.; Cornelissen, G. Aerosol-Water Distribution of PCDD/Fs and PCBs in the Baltic Sea Region. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2013, 47, 781–789. DOI: 10.1021/es3028567.
  • McDonough, C. A.; Puggioni, G.; Helm, P. A.; Muir, D.; Lohmann, R. Spatial Distribution and Air-Water Exchange of Organic Flame Retardants in the Lower Great Lakes. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2016, 50, 9133–9141. DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b02496.
  • Liu, Y.; Wang, S.; McDonough, C. A.; Khairy, M.; Muir, D. C. G.; Helm, P. A.; Lohmann, R. Gaseous and Freely-Dissolved PCBs in the Lower Great Lakes Based on Passive Sampling: Spatial Trends and Air-Water Exchange. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2016, 50, 4932–4939. DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b04586.
  • Khairy, M.; Muir, D.; Teixeira, C.; Lohmann, R. Spatial Trends, Sources, and Air-Water Exchange of Organochlorine Pesticides in the Great Lakes Basin Using Low Density Polyethylene Passive Samplers. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2014, 48, 9315–9324. DOI: 10.1021/es501686a.
  • Apell, J. N.; Gschwend, P. M. The Atmosphere as a Source/Sink of Polychlorinated Biphenyls to/from the Lower Duwamish Waterway Superfund Site. Environ. Pollut. 2017, 227, 263–270. DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.04.070.
  • Khairy, M. A.; Lohmann, R. Using Polyethylene Passive Samplers to Study the Partitioning and Fluxes of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in an Urban River. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2017, 51, 9062–9071. DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b02418.
  • Friedman, C. L.; Cantwell, M. G.; Lohmann, R. Passive Sampling Provides Evidence for Newark Bay as a Source of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins and Furans to the New York/New Jersey, USA, Atmosphere. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012, 31, 253–261. DOI: 10.1002/etc.742.
  • Lohmann, R.; Klanova, J.; Kukucka, P.; Yonis, S.; Bollinger, K. Concentrations, Fluxes, and Residence Time of PBDEs across the Tropical Atlantic Ocean. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2013, 47, 13967–13975. DOI: 10.1021/es403494b.
  • Fernandez, L. A.; Lao, W.; Maruya, K. A.; Burgess, R. M. Calculating the Diffusive Flux of Persistent Organic Pollutants between Sediments and the Water Column on the Palos Verdes Shelf Superfund Site Using Polymeric Passive Samplers. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2014, 48, 3925–3934. DOI: 10.1021/es404475c.
  • Koelmans, A. A.; Bakir, A.; Burton, G. A.; Janssen, C. R. Microplastic as a Vector for Chemicals in the Aquatic Environment: Critical Review and Model-Supported Reinterpretation of Empirical Studies. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2016, 50, 3315–3326. DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b06069.
  • Wang, J.; Bi, Y.; Pfister, G.; Henkelmann, B.; Zhu, K.; Schramm, K.-W. Determination of PAH, PCB, and OCP in Water from the Three Gorges Reservoir Accumulated by Semipermeable Membrane Devices (SPMD). Chemosphere 2009, 75, 1119–1127. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.01.016.
  • Wang, J.; Henkelmann, B.; Bi, Y.; Zhu, K.; Pfister, G.; Hu, W.; Temoka, C.; Westrich, B.; Schramm, K.-W. Temporal Variation and Spatial Distribution of PAH in Water of Three Gorges Reservoir during the Complete Impoundment Period. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2013, 20, 7071–7079. DOI: 10.1007/s11356-012-1427-6.
  • Temoka, C.; Wang, J.; Bi, Y.; Deyerling, D.; Pfister, G.; Henkelmann, B.; Schramm, K.-W. Concentrations and Mass Fluxes Estimation of Organochlorine Pesticides in Three Gorges Reservoir with Virtual Organisms Using in Situ PRC-Based Sampling Rate. Chemosphere 2016, 144, 1521–1529. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.10.007.
  • Alvarez, D.; Perkins, S.; Nilsen, E.; Morace, J. Spatial and Temporal Trends in Occurrence of Emerging and Legacy Contaminants in the Lower Columbia River 2008–2010. Sci. Total Environ. 2014, 484, 322–330. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.07.128.
  • Abbasi, Y.; Mannaerts, C. M. Evaluating Organochlorine Pesticide Residues in the Aquatic Environment of the Lake Naivasha River Basin Using Passive Sampling Techniques. Environ. Monit. Assess. 2018, 190, 349. DOI: 10.1007/s10661-018-6713-4.
  • Chepchirchir, B. S.; Paschke, A.; Schüürmann, G. Passive Sampling for Spatial and Temporal Monitoring of Organic Pollutants in Surface Water of a Rural-Urban River in Kenya. Sci. Total Environ. 2017, 601–602, 453–460. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.05.143.
  • Naudé, Y.; Gorst-Allman, P.; Rohwer, E. A Cheap and Simple Passive Sampler Using Silicone Rubber for the Analysis of Surface Water by Gas Chromatography–Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry. Water Sa. 2016, 41, 182–188. DOI: 10.4314/wsa.v41i2.02.
  • Moschet, C.; Vermeirssen, E. L. M.; Seiz, R.; Pfefferli, H.; Hollender, J. Picogram per Liter Detections of Pyrethroids and Organophosphates in Surface Waters Using Passive Sampling. Water Res. 2014, 66, 411–422. DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.08.032.
  • Prokeš, R.; Vrana, B.; Klánová, J. Levels and Distribution of Dissolved Hydrophobic Organic Contaminants in the Morava River in Zlín District, Czech Republic as Derived from Their Accumulation in Silicone Rubber Passive Samplers. Environ. Pollut. 2012, 166, 157–166. DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2012.02.022.
  • Harman, C.; Grung, M.; Djedjibegovic, J.; Marjanovic, A.; Fjeld, E.; Braaten, H. F. V.; Sober, M.; Larssen, T.; Ranneklev, S. B. The Organic Pollutant Status of Rivers in Bosnia And Herzegovina as Determined by a Combination of Active and Passive Sampling Methods. Environ. Monit. Assess. 2018, 190, DOI: 10.1007/s10661-018-6667-6.
  • Schopfer, A.; Estoppey, N.; Omlin, J.; Udrisard, R.; Esseiva, P.; De Alencastro, L. F. The Use of Passive Samplers to Reveal Industrial and Agricultural Pollution Trends in Swiss Rivers. CHIMIA 2014, 68, 778–782. DOI: 10.2533/chimia.2014.778.
  • Anderson, K. A.; Seck, D.; Hobbie, K. A.; Traore, A. N.; McCartney, M. A.; Ndaye, A.; Forsberg, N. D.; Haigh, T. A.; Sower, G. J. Passive Sampling Devices Enable Capacity Building and Characterization of Bioavailable Pesticide along the Niger, Senegal and Bani Rivers of Africa. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 2014, 369, 20130110. DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0110.
  • Moles, A.; Holland, L.; Andersson, O. Assessment of the Significance of Direct and Indirect Pollution Inputs to a Major Salmon-Producing River Using Polyethylene Membrane Devices. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2006, 25, 2011–2017. DOI: 10.1897/05-654R.1.
  • Vrana, B.; Klučárová, V.; Benická, E.; Abou-Mrad, N.; Amdany, R.; Horáková, S.; Draxler, A.; Humer, F.; Gans, O. Passive Sampling: An Effective Method for Monitoring Seasonal and Spatial Variability of Dissolved Hydrophobic Organic Contaminants and Metals in the Danube River. Environ. Pollut. 2014, 184, 101–112. DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.08.018.
  • Mueller, J. F.; Mortimer, M. R.; O’Brien, J.; Komarova, T.; Carter, S. A Cleaner River: Long Term Use of Semipermeable Membrane Devices Demonstrate That Concentrations of Selected Organochlorines and PAHs in the Brisbane River Estuary, Queensland Have Reduced Substantially over the past Decade. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2011, 63, 73–76. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.03.026.
  • Polidoro, B. A.; Morra, M. J.; Ruepert, C.; Castillo, L. E. Pesticide Sequestration in Passive Samplers (SPMDs): Considerations for Deployment Time, Biofouling, and Stream Flow in a Tropical Watershed. J. Environ. Monit. 2009, 11, 1866–1874. DOI: 10.1039/b904329b.
  • Goodbred, S. L.; Bryant, W. L.; Rosen, M. R.; Alvarez, D.; Spencer, T. How Useful Are the “Other” Semipermeable Membrane Devices (SPMDs); the Mini-Unit (15.2 cm Long)? Sci. Total Environ. 2009, 407, 4149–4156. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.02.037.
  • Sower, G. J.; Anderson, K. A. Spatial and Temporal Variation of Freely Dissolved Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in an Urban River Undergoing Superfund Remediation. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2008, 42, 9065–9071. DOI: 10.1021/es801286z.
  • Tusseau-Vuillemin, M.-H.; Gourlay, C.; Lorgeoux, C.; Mouchel, J.-M.; Buzier, R.; Gilbin, R.; Seidel, J.-L.; Elbaz-Poulichet, F. Dissolved and Bioavailable Contaminants in the Seine River Basin. Sci. Total Environ. 2007, 375, 244–256. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.12.018.
  • McCarthy, K. Assessment of the Usefulness of Semipermeable Membrane Devices for Long-Term Watershed Monitoring in an Urban Slough System. Environ. Monit. Assess. 2006, 118, 293–318. DOI: 10.1007/s10661-006-1502-x.
  • Silva-Barni, M. F.; Smedes, F.; Fillmann, G.; Miglioranza, K. S. B. Passive Sampling of Pesticides and Polychlorinated Biphenyls along the Quequén Grande River Watershed, Argentina. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2019, 38, 340–349. DOI: 10.1002/etc.4325.
  • Goksøyr, A.; Tollefsen, K. E.; Grung, M.; Løken, K.; Lie, E.; Zenker, A.; Fent, K.; Schlabach, M.; Huber, S. Balsa Raft Crossing the Pacific Finds Low Contaminant Levels. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2009, 43, 4783–4790. DOI: 10.1021/es900154h.
  • Meire, R. O.; Khairy, M.; Targino, A. C.; Galvão, P. M. A.; Torres, J. P. M.; Malm, O.; Lohmann, R. Use of Passive Samplers to Detect Organochlorine Pesticides in Air and Water at Wetland Mountain Region Sites (S-SE Brazil). Chemosphere 2016, 144, 2175–2182. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.10.133.
  • European Commission. Directive 2013/39/EU. Off. J. Eur. Union, 2013.
  • Lohmann, R.; Muir, D.; Zeng, E. Y.; Bao, L.-J.; Allan, I. J.; Arinaitwe, K.; Booij, K.; Helm, P.; Kaserzon, S.; Mueller, J. F. Aquatic Global Passive Sampling (AQUA-GAPS) Revisited: First Steps toward a Network of Networks for Monitoring Organic Contaminants in the Aquatic Environment. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2017, 51, 1060–1067. DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b05159.
  • Redman, A. D.; Butler, J. D.; Letinski, D. J.; Di Toro, D. M.; Leon Paumen, M.; Parkerton, T. F. Technical Basis for Using Passive Sampling as a Biomimetic Extraction Procedure to Assess Bioavailability and Predict Toxicity of Petroleum Substances. Chemosphere 2018, 199, 585–594. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.02.024.
  • Letinski, D.; Parkerton, T.; Redman, A.; Manning, R.; Bragin, G.; Febbo, E.; Palandro, D.; Nedwed, T. Use of Passive Samplers for Improving Oil Toxicity and Spill Effects Assessment. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2014, 86, 274–282. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.07.006.
  • Viant, M. R.; Davis, J. E.; Duffy, C.; Engel, J.; Stenton, C.; Sebire, M.; Katsiadaki, I. Application of Passive Sampling to Characterise the Fish Exometabolome. Metabolites 2017, 7, 8. DOI: 10.3390/metabo7010008.
  • Brack, W.; Dulio, V.; Ågerstrand, M.; Allan, I.; Altenburger, R.; Brinkmann, M.; Bunke, D.; Burgess, R. M.; Cousins, I.; Escher, B. I.; et al. Towards the Review of the European Union Water Framework Management of Chemical Contamination in European Surface Water Resources. Sci. Total Environ. 2017, 576, 720. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.10.104.
  • Hamers, T.; Legradi, J.; Zwart, N.; Smedes, F.; de Weert, J.; van den Brandhof, E.-J.; van de Meent, D.; de Zwart, D. Time-Integrative Passive Sampling Combined with Toxicity Profiling (TIPTOP): An Effect-Based Strategy for Cost-Effective Chemical Water Quality Assessment. Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 2018, 64, 48–59. DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2018.09.005.
  • Gilbert, D.; Witt, G.; Smedes, F.; Mayer, P. Polymers as Reference Partitioning Phase: Polymer Calibration for an Analytically Operational Approach to Quantify Multimedia Phase Partitioning. Anal. Chem. 2016, 88, 5818–5826. DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b00393.
  • Verhagen, R.; O'Malley, E.; Smedes, F.; Mueller, J. F.; Kaserzon, S. Calibration Parameters for the Passive Sampling of Organic UV Filters by Silicone; Diffusion Coefficients and Silicone–Water Partition Coefficients. Chemosphere 2019, 223, 731–737. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.02.077.
  • Narváez Valderrama, J. F.; Baek, K.; Molina, F. J.; Allan, I. J. Implications of Observed PBDE Diffusion Coefficients in Low Density Polyethylene and Silicone Rubber. Environ. Sci: Processes Impacts 2016, 18, 87–94. DOI: 10.1039/C5EM00507H.
  • Schøyen, M.; Allan, I. J.; Ruus, A.; Håvardstun, J.; Hjermann, D. Ø.; Beyer, J. Comparison of Caged and Native Blue Mussels (Mytilus edulis spp.) for Environmental Monitoring of PAH, PCB and Trace Metals. Mar. Environ. Res. 2017, 130, 221–232. DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2017.07.025.
  • Belles, A.; Franke, C.; Alary, C.; Aminot, Y.; Readman, J. W. Understanding and Predicting the Diffusivity of Organic Compounds in Polydimethylsiloxane Material for Passive Sampler Applications Using a Simple Quantitative Structure–Property Relationship Model. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2018, 37, 1291–1300. DOI: 10.1002/etc.4101.
  • Jooshani, S.; Asgarpour Khansary, M.; Marjani, A.; Shirazian, S.; Shang, J. Contaminant Uptake by Polymeric Passive Samplers: A Modeling Study with Experimental Validation. Chem. Eng. Res. Des. 2018, 129, 231–236. DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2017.11.019.
  • Asgarpour Khansary, M.; Shirazian, S.; Asadollahzadeh, M. Polymer-Water Partition Coefficients in Polymeric Passive Samplers. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2017, 24, 2627–2631. DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-8029-7.
  • Chang, W.-T.; Lee, C.-L.; Brimblecombe, P.; Fang, M.-D.; Chang, K.-T.; Liu, J. T. The Effects of Flow Rate and Temperature on SPMD Measurements of Bioavailable PAHs in Seawater. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2015, 97, 217–223. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.06.013.
  • Jonker, M. T. O.; Van Der Heijden, S. A.; Kotte, M.; Smedes, F. Quantifying the Effects of Temperature and Salinity on Partitioning of Hydrophobic Organic Chemicals to Silicone Rubber Passive Samplers. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2015, 49, 6791–6799. DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b00286.
  • Estoppey, N.; Schopfer, A.; Omlin, J.; Esseiva, P.; Vermeirssen, E. L. M.; Delémont, O.; de Alencastro, L. F. Effect of Water Velocity on the Uptake of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) by Silicone Rubber (SR) and Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE) Passive Samplers: An Assessment of the Efficiency of Performance Reference Compounds (PRCs) in River-Like Flow Condition. Sci. Total Environ. 2014, 499, 319–326. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.08.047.
  • Booij, K.; Smedes, F.; Crum, S. Laboratory Performance Study for Passive Sampling of Nonpolar Chemicals in Water. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2017, 36, 1156–1161. DOI: 10.1002/etc.3657.
  • Kim, U.-J.; Jo, H.; Lee, I.-S.; Joo, G.-J.; Oh, J.-E. Investigation of Bioaccumulation and Biotransformation of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers, Hydroxylated and Methoxylated Derivatives in Varying Trophic Level Freshwater Fishes. Chemosphere 2015, 137, 108–114. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.05.104.
  • Figueiredo, K.; Mäenpää, K.; Lyytikäinen, M.; Taskinen, J.; Leppänen, M. T. Assessing the Influence of Confounding Biological Factors When Estimating Bioaccumulation of PCBs with Passive Samplers in Aquatic Ecosystems. Sci. Total Environ. 2017, 601–602, 340–345. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.05.140.
  • Joyce, A. S.; Portis, L. M.; Parks, A. N.; Burgess, R. M. Evaluating the Relationship between Equilibrium Passive Sampler Uptake and Aquatic Organism Bioaccumulation. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2016, 50, 11437–11451. DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b03273.
  • Heltsley, R. M.; Cope, W. G.; Shea, D.; Bringolf, R. B.; Kwak, T. J.; Malindzak, E. G. Assessing Organic Contaminants in Fish: Comparison of a Nonlethal Tissue Sampling Technique to Mobile and Stationary Passive Sampling Devices. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2005, 39, 7601–7608. DOI: 10.1021/es051037s.
  • Smedes, F.; Bakker, D.; de Weert, J. The Use of Passive Sampling in WFD Monitoring. Deltares: Delft, Netherlands, 2010.
  • EC. Guidance Document No. 32 on Biota Monitoring (The Implementation of EQSbiota) under the Water Framework Directive. Common Implementation Strategy for the Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EC), 2014. DOI: 10.2779/833200.
  • Bargar, T. A.; Whelan, K. R. T.; Alvarez, D.; Echols, K.; Peterman, P. H. Baseline Aquatic Contamination and Endocrine Status in a Resident Fish of Biscayne National Park. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2017, 115, 525–533. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.11.044.
  • Zhao, D.; Zhang, P.; Ge, L.; Zheng, G. J.; Wang, X.; Liu, W.; Yao, Z. The Legacy of Organochlorinated Pesticides (OCPs), Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) in Chinese Coastal Seawater Monitored by Semi-Permeable Membrane Devices (SPMDs). Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2018, 137, 222–230. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.10.004.
  • Marrucci, A.; Marras, B.; Campisi, S. S.; Schintu, M. Using SPMDs to Monitor the Seawater Concentrations of PAHs and PCBs in Marine Protected Areas (Western Mediterranean). Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2013, 75, 69–75. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.08.004.
  • Shaw, M.; Furnas, M. J.; Fabricius, K.; Haynes, D.; Carter, S.; Eaglesham, G.; Mueller, J. F. Monitoring Pesticides in the Great Barrier Reef. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2010, 60, 113–122. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2009.08.026.
  • Vetter, W.; Haase-Aschoff, P.; Rosenfelder, N.; Komarova, T.; Mueller, J. F. Determination of Halogenated Natural Products in Passive Samplers Deployed along the Great Barrier Reef, Queensland/Australia. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2009, 43, 6131–6137. DOI: 10.1021/es900928m.
  • Roach, A. C.; Muller, R.; Komarova, T.; Symons, R.; Stevenson, G. J.; Mueller, J. F. Using SPMDs to Monitor Water Column Concentrations of PCDDs, PCDFs and Dioxin-Like PCBs in Port Jackson (Sydney Harbour), Australia. Chemosphere 2009, 75, 1243–1251. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.01.071.
  • Shaw, M.; Müller, J. F. Preliminary Evaluation of the Occurrence of Herbicides and PAHs in the Wet Tropics Region of the Great Barrier Reef, Australia, Using Passive Samplers. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2005, 51, 876–881. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2005.04.015.
  • Neziri, A.; Marku, E.; Nuro, A. Identification of Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Shkodra Lake Water Using Bottle Sampling and Passive Sampling Technology. Asian J. Chem. 2010, 22, 7850–7856.
  • Helm, P. A.; Howell, E. T.; Li, H. L.; Metcalfe, T. M.; Chomicki, K.; D. Metcalfe, C. Influence of Nearshore Dynamics on the Distribution of Organic Wastewater-Associated Chemicals in Lake Ontario Determined Using Passive Samplers. J. Great Lakes Res. 2012, 38, 105–115. DOI: 10.1016/j.jglr.2012.01.005.
  • Fox, J. T.; Adams, G.; Sharum, M.; Steelman, K. L. Passive Sampling of Bioavailable Organic Chemicals in Perry County, Missouri Cave Streams. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2010, 44, 8835–8841. DOI: 10.1021/es1019367.
  • Levy, W.; Pandelova, M.; Henkelmann, B.; Bernhöft, S.; Fischer, N.; Antritter, F.; Schramm, K.-W. Persistent Organic Pollutants in Shallow Percolated Water of the Alps Karst System (Zugspitze Summit, Germany). Sci. Total Environ. 2017, 579, 1269–1281. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.11.113.
  • Kaźmierczak, B.; Kutyłowska, M.; Piekarska, K.; Jadwiszczak P. (Eds.). 10th Conference on Interdisciplinary Problems in Environmental Protection and Engineering (EKO-DOK 2018). Proceedings of a meeting held 16–18 April 2018, Polanica-Zdroj, Poland.
  • Wang, J.; Song, G.; Li, A.; Henkelmann, B.; Pfister, G.; Tong, A. Z.; Schramm, K.-W. Combined Chemical and Toxicological Long-Term Monitoring for AhR Agonists with SPMD-Based Virtual Organisms in Drinking Water Danjiangkou Reservoir, China. Chemosphere 2014, 108, 306–313. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.01.056.
  • Kočí, V.; Ocelka, T.; Dragoun, D.; Vít, M.; Grabic, R.; Šváb, M. Concentration of Organochlorine Pollutants in Surface Waters of the Central European Biosphere Reserve Krivoklatsko. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2007, 14, 94–101. DOI: 10.1065/espr2006.10.353.
  • Lembcke, D.; Ansell, A.; McConnell, C.; Ginn, B. Use of Semipermeable Membrane Devices to Investigate the Impacts of DDT (Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) in the Holland Marsh Environs of the Lake Simcoe Watershed (Ontario, Canada). J. Great Lakes Res. 2011, 37, 142–147. DOI: 10.1016/j.jglr.2011.01.002.
  • Gillis, P. L.; Gagné, F.; Mcinnis, R.; Hooey, T. M.; Choy, E. S.; André, C.; Hoque, M. E.; Metcalfe, C. D. The Impact of Municipal Wastewater Effluent on Field-Deployed Freshwater Mussels in the Grand River (Ontario, Canada). Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2014, 33, 134–143. DOI: 10.1002/etc.2401.
  • Jasinska, E. J.; Goss, G. G.; Gillis, P. L.; Van Der Kraak, G. J.; Matsumoto, J.; de Souza Machado, A. A.; Giacomin, M.; Moon, T. W.; Massarsky, A.; Gagné, F. Assessment of Biomarkers for Contaminants of Emerging Concern on Aquatic Organisms Downstream of a Municipal Wastewater Discharge. Sci. Total Environ. 2015, 530–531, 140–153. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.05.080.
  • Terzopoulou, E.; Voutsa, D. Study of Persistent Toxic Pollutants in a River Basin—Ecotoxicological Risk Assessment. Ecotoxicology 2017, 26, 625–638. DOI: 10.1007/s10646-017-1795-2.
  • Zounkova, R.; Jalova, V.; Janisova, M.; Ocelka, T.; Jurcikova, J.; Halirova, J.; Giesy, J. P.; Hilscherova, K. In Situ Effects of Urban River Pollution on the Mudsnail Potamopyrgus Antipodarum as Part of an Integrated Assessment. Aquat. Toxicol. 2014, 150, 83–92. DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2014.02.021.
  • Jálová, V.; Jarošová, B.; Bláha, L.; Giesy, J. P.; Ocelka, T.; Grabic, R.; Jurčíková, J.; Vrana, B.; Hilscherová, K. Estrogen-, Androgen- and Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Mediated Activities in Passive and Composite Samples from Municipal Waste and Surface Waters. Environ. Int. 2013, 59, 372–383. DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2013.06.024.
  • Metcalfe, T. L.; Dillon, P. J.; Metcalfe, C. D. Detecting the Transport of Toxic Pesticides from Golf Courses into Watersheds in the Precambrian Shield Region of Ontario, Canada. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2008, 27, 811–818. DOI: 10.1897/07-216.1.
  • Ke, R.; Li, J.; Qiao, M.; Xu, Y.; Wang, Z. Using Semipermeable Membrane Devices, Bioassays, and Chemical Analysis for Evaluation of Bioavailable Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Water. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 2007, 53, 313–320. DOI: 10.1007/s00244-006-0158-4.
  • Pickford, D. B.; Jones, A.; Velez-Pelez, A.; Iguchi, T.; Mitsui, N.; Tooi, O. Screening Breeding Sites of the Common Toad (Bufo bufo) in England and Wales for Evidence of Endocrine Disrupting Activity. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 2015, 117, 7–19. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.03.006.
  • Crootof, A.; Mullabaev, N.; Saito, L.; Atwell, L.; Rosen, M. R.; Bekchonova, M.; Ginatullina, E.; Scott, J.; Chandra, S.; Nishonov, B.; et al. Hydroecological Condition and Potential for Aquaculture in Lakes of the Arid Region of Khorezm, Uzbekistan. J. Arid Environ. 2015, 117, 37–46. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaridenv.2015.02.012.
  • Kočí, V.; Ocelka, T.; Grabic, R. Background Level of Pops in Ground Water Assessed on Chemical and Toxicity Analysis of Exposed Semipermeable Membrane Devices. Air Soil Water Res. 2009, 2, 1–14.
  • Spearow, J. L.; Kota, R. S.; Ostrach, D. J. Environmental Contaminant Effects on Juvenile Striped Bass in the San Francisco Estuary, California, USA. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011, 30, 393–402. DOI: 10.1002/etc.386.
  • Chȩć, E.; Podgórska, B.; Wȩgrzyn, G. Comparison of the Use of Mussels and Semipermeable Membrane Devices for Monitoring and Assessment of Accumulation of Mutagenic Pollutants in Marine Environment in Combination with a Novel Microbiological Mutagenicity Assay. Environ. Monit. Assess. 2008, 140, 83–90. DOI: 10.1007/s10661-007-9849-1.
  • Li, A. J.; Sang, Z.; Chow, C.-H.; Law, J. C.-F.; Guo, Y.; Leung, K. S.-Y. Environmental Behavior of 12 UV Filters and Photocatalytic Profile of Ethyl-4-Aminobenzoate. J. Hazard. Mater. 2017, 337, 115–125. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.04.067.
  • Gonçalves, A. D.; Robaina, N. F.; dos Reis, L. G. T.; Cassella, R. J. Optimization of a Methodology for Sampling of Five Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Saline Waters Using a Semipermeable Membrane Device. Microchem. J. 2015, 122, 96–101. DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2015.04.008.
  • Wang, P.; Hou, S.; Sun, S. Effect of Dissolved Organic Matter and Water Chemistry on the Uptake of Several Organic Contaminants by Semipermeable Membrane Device (SPMD). Fresenius Environ. Bull. 2012, 21, 2544–2550.
  • Prokeš, R.; Vrana, B.; Klánová, J.; Kupec, J. Calibration of Three Passive Samplers of Hydrophobic Organic Compounds in Water: Assessment of Critical Issues in Experimental Design Data Interpretation and Field Application. Fresenius Environ. Bull. 2010, 19, 2812–2822.
  • Harman, C.; Tollefsen, K.-E.; Bøyum, O.; Thomas, K.; Grung, M. Uptake Rates of Alkylphenols, PAHs and Carbazoles in Semipermeable Membrane Devices (SPMDs) and Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Samplers (POCIS). Chemosphere 2008, 72, 1510–1516. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.04.091.
  • Liu, F.; Zheng, H.-T.; Li, L. Simulation Experiment on the Sampling by triolein-SPMD for Underground Water. Kuangwu Yanshi 2005, 25, 113–116.
  • Temoka, P.; Pfister, G.; Henkelmann, B.; Schramm, K.-W. Adapting Current Model with Field Data of Related Performance Reference Compounds in Passive Samplers to Accurately Monitor Hydrophobic Organic Compounds in Aqueous Media. Environ. Monit. Assess. 2017, 189, 543. DOI: 10.1007/s10661-017-6252-4.
  • Forsberg, N. D.; Smith, B. W.; Sower, G. J.; Anderson, K. A. Predicting Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Concentrations in Resident Aquatic Organisms Using Passive Samplers and Partial Least-Squares Calibration. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2014, 48, 6291–6299. DOI: 10.1021/es5000534.
  • Allan, I. J.; Nilsson, H. C.; Tjensvoll, I.; Bradshaw, C.; Naes, K. Mobile Passive Samplers: Concept for a Novel Mode of Exposure. Environ. Pollut. 2011, 159, 2393–2397. DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2011.06.039.
  • Zhao, W.; Han, M.; Dai, S.; Xu, J.; Wang, P. Ionic Liquid-Containing Semipermeable Membrane Devices for Monitoring the Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Water. Chemosphere 2006, 62, 1623–1629. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.06.041.
  • Ke, R.; Xu, Y.; Wang, Z.; Khan, S. U. Estimation of the Uptake Rate Constants for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Accumulated by Semipermeable Membrane Devices and Triolein-Embedded Cellulose Acetate Membranes. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2006, 40, 3906–3911. DOI: 10.1021/es060493t.
  • Liao, L. B.; Xiao, X. M. Accumulation of Organochlorine Pesticides by Semipermeable Membrane Devices Using Composite Complex. Chemosphere 2006, 64, 1592–1600. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.11.014.
  • Booij, K.; Tucca, F. Passive Samplers of Hydrophobic Organic Chemicals Reach Equilibrium Faster in the Laboratory than in the Field. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2015, 98, 365–367. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.07.007.
  • Šetková, L.; Hajšlová, J.; Bergqvist, P.-A.; Kocourek, V.; Kazda, R.; Suchan, P. Fast Isolation of Hydrophobic Organic Environmental Contaminants from Exposed Semipermeable Membrane Devices (SPMDs) Prior to GC Analysis. J. Chromatogr. A 2005, 1092, 170–181. DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.07.059.
  • Fontenelle, F. R.; Taniguchi, S.; da Silva, J.; Lourenço, R. A. Environmental Quality Survey of an Industrialized Estuary and an Atlantic Forest Biosphere Reserve through a Comparative Appraisal of Organic Pollutants. Environ. Pollut. 2019, 248, 339–348. DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.02.023.
  • Chiu, J. M. Y.; Po, B. H. K.; Degger, N.; Tse, A.; Liu, W.; Zheng, G.; Zhao, D.-M.; Xu, D.; Richardson, B.; Wu, R. S. S. Contamination and Risk Implications of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals along the Coastline of China: A Systematic Study Using Mussels and Semipermeable Membrane Devices. Sci. Total Environ. 2018, 624, 1298–1307. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.214.
  • Okay, O. S.; Karacık, B.; Güngördü, A.; Yılmaz, A.; Koyunbaba, N. C.; Yakan, S. D.; Henkelmann, B.; Schramm, K.-W.; Ozmen, M. Monitoring of Organic Pollutants in Marine Environment by Semipermeable Membrane Devices and Mussels: Accumulation and Biochemical Responses. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2017, 24, 19114–19125. DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9594-0.
  • Bustamante, J.; Arana, G.; de Diego, A.; Madariaga, J. M. The Use of SPMDs and Implanted Oysters for Monitoring Pahs and PCBs in an Aquatic Environment in the Estuary of Urdaibai (Western Pyrenees). Environ. Eng. Manag. J. 2012, 11, 1707–1714. DOI: 10.30638/eemj.2012.211.
  • Degger, N.; Wepener, V.; Richardson, B. J.; Wu, R. S. S. Brown Mussels (Perna perna) and Semi-Permeable Membrane Devices (SPMDs) as Indicators of Organic Pollutants in the South African Marine Environment. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2011, 63, 91–97. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.04.024.
  • Berge, J. A.; Hylland, K.; Schlabach, M.; Ruus, A. Accumulation of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins and Furans in Atlantic Cod (Gadus morhua) Cage Experiments in a Norwegian Fjord. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A: Curr. Issues 2011, 74, 455–465. DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2011.550556.
  • Harman, C.; Holth, T. F.; Hylland, K.; Thomas, K.; Grung, M. Relationship between Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) Accumulation in Semipermeable Membrane Devices and PAH Bile Metabolite Levels in Atlantic Cod (Gadus morhua). J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A: Curr. Issues 2009, 72, 234–243. DOI: 10.1080/15287390802539160.
  • Gourlay, C.; Miège, C.; Noir, A.; Ravelet, C.; Garric, J.; Mouchel, J.-M. How Accurately Do Semi-Permeable Membrane Devices Measure the Bioavailability of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons to Daphnia Magna? Chemosphere 2005, 61, 1734–1739. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.04.039.
  • Ke, R.-H.; Qiao, M.; Xu, Y.-P.; Huang, S.-B.; Wang, Z.-J. Comparison between Biomimetic Sampling Technique Using Semipermeable Membrane Device and Bioconcentration in Caged Fish for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Huanjing Kexue/Environ. Sci. 2006, 27, 1410–1414.
  • Ke, R.; Xu, Y.; Huang, S.; Wang, Z.; Huckins, J. N. Comparison of the Uptake of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Organochlorine Pesticides by Semipermeable Membrane Devices and Caged Fish (Carassius carassius) in Taihu Lake, China. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2007, 26, 1258–1264. DOI: 10.1897/06-454R1.1.
  • Leiker, T. J.; Abney, S. R.; Goodbred, S. L.; Rosen, M. R. Identification of Methyl Triclosan and Halogenated Analogues in Male Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) from Las Vegas Bay and Semipermeable Membrane Devices from Las Vegas Wash, Nevada. Sci. Total Environ. 2009, 407, 2102–2114. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.11.009.
  • Wang, J.; Liang, W.; Henkelmann, B.; Pfister, G.; Schramm, K.-W. Organochlorine Pesticides Accumulated by SPMD-Based Virtual Organisms and Feral Fish in Three Gorges Reservoir, China. Environ. Pollut. 2015, 202, 160–167. DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.03.031.
  • Richardson, B. J.; Tse, E. S.; C.; De Luca-Abbott, S. B.; Martin, M.; Lam, P. K. S. Uptake and Depuration of PAHs and Chlorinated Pesticides by Semi-Permeable Membrane Devices (SPMDs) and Green-Lipped Mussels (Perna viridis). Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2005, 51, 975–993. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2005.04.028.
  • Hernando, M. D.; Martínez-Bueno, M. J.; Fernández-Alba, A. R. Seawater Quality Control of Microcontaminants in Fish Farm Cage Systems: Application of Passive Sampling Devices. Bol. Inst. Esp. Oceanogr. 2005, 21, 37–46.
  • Monteyne, E.; Roose, P.; Janssen, C. R. Application of a Silicone Rubber Passive Sampling Technique for Monitoring PAHs and PCBs at Three Belgian Coastal Harbours. Chemosphere 2013, 91, 390–398. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.11.074.
  • van der Oost, R.; Sileno, G.; Janse, T.; Nguyen, M. T.; Besselink, H.; Brouwer, A. SIMONI (Smart Integrated Monitoring) as a Novel Bioanalytical Strategy for Water Quality Assessment: Part II—Field Feasibility Survey. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2017, 36, 2400–2416. DOI: 10.1002/etc.3837.
  • Liscio, C.; Abdul-Sada, A.; Al-Salhi, R.; Ramsey, M. H.; Hill, E. M. Methodology for Profiling Anti-Androgen Mixtures in River Water Using Multiple Passive Samplers and Bioassay-Directed Analyses. Water Res. 2014, 57, 258–269. DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.03.039.
  • Emelogu, E. S.; Seiler, T.-B.; Pollard, P.; Robinson, C. D.; Webster, L.; McKenzie, C.; Heger, S.; Hollert, H.; Bresnan, E.; Best, J.; et al. Evaluations of Combined Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Embryo and Marine Phytoplankton (Diacronema lutheri) Toxicity of Dissolved Organic Contaminants in the Ythan Catchment, Scotland, UK. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2014, 21, 5537–5546. DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-2488-x.
  • Long, M.; Strand, J.; Lassen, P.; Krüger, T.; Dahllöf, I.; Bossi, R.; Larsen, M. M.; Wiberg-Larsen, P.; Bonefeld-Jørgensen, E. C. Endocrine-Disrupting Effects of Compounds in Danish Streams. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 2014, 66, 1–18. DOI: 10.1007/s00244-013-9959-4.
  • Emelogu, E. S.; Pollard, P.; Robinson, C. D.; Smedes, F.; Webster, L.; Oliver, I. W.; McKenzie, C.; Seiler, T. B.; Hollert, H.; Moffat, C. F. Investigating the Significance of Dissolved Organic Contaminants in Aquatic Environments: Coupling Passive Sampling with in Vitro Bioassays. Chemosphere 2013, 90, 210–219. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.06.041.
  • Schäfer, R. B.; Hearn, L.; Kefford, B. J.; Mueller, J. F.; Nugegoda, D. Using Silicone Passive Samplers to Detect Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Wildfires in Streams and Potential Acute Effects for Invertebrate Communities. Water Res. 2010, 44, 4590–4600. DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2010.05.044.
  • Booij, P.; Vethaak, A. D.; Leonards, P. E. G.; Sjollema, S. B.; Kool, J.; De Voogt, P.; Lamoree, M. H. Identification of Photosynthesis Inhibitors of Pelagic Marine Algae Using 96-Well Plate Microfractionation for Enhanced Throughput in Effect-Directed Analysis. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2014, 48, 8003–8011. DOI: 10.1021/es405428t.
  • Booij, P.; Sjollema, S. B.; Leonards, P. E. G.; de Voogt, P.; Stroomberg, G. J.; Vethaak, A. D.; Lamoree, M. H. Extraction Tools for Identification of Chemical Contaminants in Estuarine and Coastal Waters to Determine Toxic Pressure on Primary Producers. Chemosphere 2013, 93, 107–114. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.04.095.
  • Bi, H.; Rissik, D.; MacOva, M.; Hearn, L.; Mueller, J. F.; Escher, B. Recovery of a Freshwater Wetland from Chemical Contamination after an Oil Spill. J. Environ. Monit. 2011, 13, 713–720. DOI: 10.1039/c0em00406e.
  • Hale, S. E.; Škulcová, L.; Pípal, M.; Cornelissen, G.; Oen, A. M. P.; Eek, E.; Bielská, L. Monitoring Wastewater Discharge from the Oil and Gas Industry Using Passive Sampling and Danio Rerio Bioassay as Complimentary Tools. Chemosphere 2019, 216, 404–412. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.10.162.
  • Allan, I. J.; Harman, C.; Kringstad, A.; Bratsberg, E. Effect of Sampler Material on the Uptake of PAHs into Passive Sampling Devices. Chemosphere 2010, 79, 470–475. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.01.021.
  • Kibbey, T. C. G.; Chen, L.; Sabatini, D. A.; Mills, M. A.; Nietch, C. Model Stream Channel Testing of a UV-Transparent Polymer-Based Passive Sampler for Ultra-Low-Cost Water Screening Applications. Chemosphere 2010, 80, 908–913. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.06.035.
  • Nam, G.-U.; Bonifacio, R. G.; Kwon, J.-H.; Hong, Y. Kinetics and Equilibrium Partitioning of Dissolved BTEX in PDMS and POM Sheets. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2016, 23, 18901–18910. DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7098-y.
  • Zendong, Z.; Herrenknecht, C.; Abadie, E.; Brissard, C.; Tixier, C.; Mondeguer, F.; Séchet, V.; Amzil, Z.; Hess, P. Extended Evaluation of Polymeric and Lipophilic Sorbents for Passive Sampling of Marine Toxins. Toxicon 2014, 91, 57–68. DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2014.03.010.
  • Kibbey, T. C. G.; Chen, L.; Singhaputtangkul, N.; Sabatini, D. A. A UV-Transparent Passive Concentrator/Spectrum Deconvolution Method for Simultaneous Detection of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs) and Related Contaminants in Natural Waters. Chemosphere 2009, 76, 1249–1257. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.05.016.
  • Shea, D.; Tester, P.; Cohen, J.; Kibler, S.; Varnam, S. Accumulation of Brevetoxins by Passive Sampling Devices. Afr. J. Mar. Sci. 2006, 28, 379–381. DOI: 10.2989/18142320609504182.
  • Brockmeyer, B.; Kraus, U. R.; Theobald, N. Accelerated Solvent Extraction (ASE) for Purification and Extraction of Silicone Passive Samplers Used for the Monitoring of Organic Pollutants. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2015, 22, 19887–19895. DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5192-1.
  • Shahpoury, P.; Hageman, K. J. Pressurized Liquid Extraction of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Silicone Rubber Passive Samplers. J. Chromatogr. A 2013, 1314, 1–6. DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.08.092.
  • Burgess, R. M.; Lohmann, R.; Schubauer-Berigan, J. P.; Reitsma, P.; Perron, M. M.; Lefkovitz, L.; Cantwell, M. G. Application of Passive Sampling for Measuring Dissolved Concentrations of Organic Contaminants in the Water Column at Three Marine Superfund Sites. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2015, 34, 1720–1733. DOI: 10.1002/etc.2995.
  • Mäenpää, K.; Leppänen, M. T.; Figueiredo, K.; Mayer, P.; Gilbert, D.; Jahnke, A.; Gil-Allué, C.; Akkanen, J.; Nybom, I.; Herve, S. Fate of Polychlorinated Biphenyls in a Contaminated Lake Ecosystem: Combining Equilibrium Passive Sampling of Sediment and Water with Total Concentration Measurements of Biota. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2015, 34, 2463–2474. DOI: 10.1002/etc.3099.
  • Shahpoury, P.; Hageman, K. J.; Matthaei, C. D.; Alumbaugh, R. E.; Cook, M. E. Increased Concentrations of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Alpine Streams during Annual Snowmelt: Investigating Effects of Sampling Method, Site Characteristics, and Meteorology. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2014, 48, 11294–11301. DOI: 10.1021/es502999e.
  • Apostolopoulou, M.-V.; Monteyne, E.; Krikonis, K.; Pavlopoulos, K.; Roose, P.; Dehairs, F. Monitoring Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Northeast Aegean Sea Using Posidonia Oceanica Seagrass and Synthetic Passive Samplers. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2014, 87, 338–344. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.07.051.
  • Qin, Z.; Mok, S.; Ouyang, G.; Dixon, D. G.; Pawliszyn, J. Partitioning and Accumulation Rates of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons into Polydimethylsiloxane Thin Films and Black Worms from Aqueous Samples. Anal. Chim. Acta 2010, 667, 71–76. DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2010.04.003.
  • McDonough, C. A.; Khairy, M. A.; Muir, D. C. G.; Lohmann, R. Significance of Population Centers as Sources of Gaseous and Dissolved PAHs in the Lower Great Lakes. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2014, 48, 7789–7797. DOI: 10.1021/es501074r.
  • McDonough, C. A.; De Silva, A. O.; Sun, C.; Cabrerizo, A.; Adelman, D.; Soltwedel, T.; Bauerfeind, E.; Muir, D. C. G.; Lohmann, R. Dissolved Organophosphate Esters and Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Remote Marine Environments: Arctic Surface Water Distributions and Net Transport through Fram Strait. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2018, 52, 6208–6216. DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b01127.
  • Duncan, D. L.; Carls, M. G.; Rice, S. D.; Stekoll, M. S. The Toxicity of Creosote-Treated Wood to Pacific Herring Embryos and Characterization of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons near Creosoted Pilings in Juneau, Alaska. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2017, 36, 1261–1269. DOI: 10.1002/etc.3653.
  • Vincent-Hubert, F.; Uher, E.; Di Giorgio, C.; Michel, C.; De Meo, M.; Gourlay-France, C. Use of Low Density Polyethylene Membranes for Assessment of Genotoxicity of PAHs in the Seine River. Ecotoxicology 2017, 26, 165–172. DOI: 10.1007/s10646-016-1751-6.
  • Borrelli, R.; Tcaciuc, A. P.; Verginelli, I.; Baciocchi, R.; Guzzella, L.; Cesti, P.; Zaninetta, L.; Gschwend, P. M. Performance of Passive Sampling with Low-Density Polyethylene Membranes for the Estimation of Freely Dissolved DDx Concentrations in Lake Environments. Chemosphere 2018, 200, 227–236. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.02.077.
  • Perron, M. M.; Burgess, R. M.; Cantwell, M. G.; Fernandez, L. A. Evaluating Cost When Selecting Performance Reference Compounds for the Environmental Deployment of Polyethylene Passive Samplers. Integr. Environ. Assess. Manag. 2015, 11, 256–265. DOI: 10.1002/ieam.1582.
  • O’Connell, S. G.; McCartney, M. A.; Paulik, L. B.; Allan, S. E.; Tidwell, L. G.; Wilson, G.; Anderson, K. A. Improvements in Pollutant Monitoring: Optimizing Silicone for Co-Deployment with Polyethylene Passive Sampling Devices. Environ. Pollut. 2014, 193, 71–78. DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2014.06.019.
  • Bao, L.-J.; Xu, S.-P.; Liang, Y.; Zeng, E. Y. Development of a Low-Density Polyethylene-Containing Passive Sampler for Measuring Dissolved Hydrophobic Organic Compounds in Open Waters. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012, 31, 1012–1018. DOI: 10.1002/etc.1788.
  • Joyce, A. S.; Burgess, R. M. Using Performance Reference Compounds to Compare Mass Transfer Calibration Methodologies in Passive Samplers Deployed in the Water Column. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2018, 37, 2089–2097. DOI: 10.1002/etc.4167.
  • Lao, W.; Maruya, K. A.; Tsukada, D. An Exponential Model Based New Approach for Correcting Aqueous Concentrations of Hydrophobic Organic Chemicals Measured by Polyethylene Passive Samplers. Sci. Total Environ. 2019, 646, 11–18. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.192.
  • Zhu, T.-Y.; Jiang, Y.; Wu, J.; Chen, H.-M.; He, C.-D. Development of QSAR Model for Predicting Diffusion Coefficients of PCBs and PAHs in LDPE. Zhongguo Huanjing Kexue/China Environ. Sci. 2018, 38, 4631–4635.
  • Xue, J.; Liao, C.; Wang, J.; Cryder, Z.; Xu, T.; Liu, F.; Gan, J. Development of Passive Samplers for In Situ Measurement of Pyrethroid Insecticides in Surface Water. Environ. Pollut. 2017, 224, 516–523. DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.02.034.
  • Tcaciuc, A. P.; Apell, J. N.; Gschwend, P. M. Modeling the Transport of Organic Chemicals between Polyethylene Passive Samplers and Water in Finite and Infinite Bath Conditions. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2015, 34, 2739–2749. DOI: 10.1002/etc.3128.
  • Bruemmer, J.; Falcon, R.; Greenwood, R.; Mills, G. A.; Hastie, C.; Sparham, C.; van Egmond, R. Measurement of Cyclic Volatile Methylsiloxanes in the Aquatic Environment Using Low-Density Polyethylene Passive Sampling Devices Using an In-Field Calibration Study—Challenges and Guidance. Chemosphere 2015, 122, 38–44. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.10.069.
  • Fan, J.; Zhou, Y.-M. The Establishment and Application of Predict Model for Passive Sampling Technique with LDPE Membranes. Zhongguo Huanjing Kexue/China Environ. Sci. 2015, 35, 3340–3345.
  • Reitsma, P. J.; Adelman, D.; Lohmann, R. Challenges of Using Polyethylene Passive Samplers to Determine Dissolved Concentrations of Parent and Alkylated PAHs under Cold and Saline Conditions. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2013, 47, 10429–10437. DOI: 10.1021/es402528q.
  • Fries, E.; Zarfl, C. Sorption of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) to Low and High Density Polyethylene (PE). Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2012, 19, 1296–1304. DOI: 10.1007/s11356-011-0655-5.
  • Friedman, C. L.; Lohmann, R. Comparing Sediment Equilibrium Partitioning and Passive Sampling Techniques to Estimate Benthic Biota PCDD/F Concentrations in Newark Bay, New Jersey (U.S.A.). Environ. Pollut. 2014, 186, 172–179. DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.12.002.
  • Alvarez, D. A.; Maruya, K. A.; Dodder, N. G.; Lao, W.; Furlong, E. T.; Smalling, K. L. Occurrence of Contaminants of Emerging Concern along the California Coast (2009–10) Using Passive Sampling Devices. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2014, 81, 347–354. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.04.022.
  • Joyce, A. S.; Pirogovsky, M. S.; Adams, R. G.; Lao, W.; Tsukada, D.; Cash, C. L.; Haw, J. F.; Maruya, K. A. Using Performance Reference Compound-Corrected Polyethylene Passive Samplers and Caged Bivalves to Measure Hydrophobic Contaminants of Concern in Urban Coastal Seawaters. Chemosphere 2015, 127, 10–17. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.12.067.
  • Stewart, M.; Cameron, M.; McMurtry, M.; Sander, S. G.; Benedict, B.; Graham, L.; Hosie, M.; Green, T. Development of Passive Sampling Devices for Bioavailable Contaminants of Current and Emerging Concern: Waitemata Harbour Case Study. N. Z. J. Mar. Freshw. Res. 2016, 50, 526–548. DOI: 10.1080/00288330.2016.1181662.
  • Oziolor, E. M.; Apell, J. N.; Winfield, Z. C.; Back, J. A.; Usenko, S.; Matson, C. W. Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB) Contamination in Galveston Bay, Texas: Comparing Concentrations and Profiles in Sediments, Passive Samplers, and Fish. Environ. Pollut. 2018, 236, 609–618. DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.01.086.
  • Paulik, L. B.; Smith, B. W.; Bergmann, A. J.; Sower, G. J.; Forsberg, N. D.; Teeguarden, J. G.; Anderson, K. A. Passive Samplers Accurately Predict PAH Levels in Resident Crayfish. Sci. Total Environ. 2016, 544, 782–791. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.11.142.
  • Allinson, G.; Shiraishi, F.; Kamata, R.; Allinson, M. Combining Passive Sampling with Recombinant Receptor-Reporter Gene Bioassays to Assess the Receptor Activity of Victorian Rivers. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 2015, 95, 758–763. DOI: 10.1007/s00128-015-1577-6.
  • Ahkola, H.; Herve, S.; Knuutinen, J. Study of Different Chemcatcher Configurations in the Monitoring of Nonylphenol Ethoxylates and Nonylphenol in Aquatic Environment. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2014, 21, 9182–9192. DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-2828-5.
  • El-Shenawy, N. S.; Nabil, Z. I.; Abdel-Nabi, I. M.; Greenwood, R. Comparing the Passive and Active Sampling Devices with Biomonitoring of Pollutants in Langstone and Portsmouth Harbour, UK. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2010, 3, 1–17. DOI: 10.3923/jest.2010.1.17.
  • El-Shenawy, N. S.; Greenwood, R.; Abdel-Nabi, I. M.; Nabil, Z. I. Comparing the Passive Sampler and Biomonitoring of Organic Pollutants in Water: A Laboratory Study. Ocean Sci. J. 2009, 44, 69–77. DOI: 10.1007/s12601-009-0008-1.
  • Lang, S.-C.; Mayer, P.; Hursthouse, A.; Kötke, D.; Hand, I.; Schulz-Bull, D.; Witt, G. Assessing PCB Pollution in the Baltic Sea—An Equilibrium Partitioning Based Study. Chemosphere 2018, 191, 886–894. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.10.073.
  • Jonker, M. T. O. Determining Octanol–Water Partition Coefficients for Extremely Hydrophobic Chemicals by Combining “Slow Stirring” and Solid-Phase Microextraction. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2016, 35, 1371–1377. DOI: 10.1002/etc.3300.
  • Ouyang, G.; Cui, S.; Qin, Z.; Pawliszyn, J. One-Calibrant Kinetic Calibration for On-Site Water Sampling with Solid-Phase Microextraction. Anal. Chem. 2009, 81, 5629–5636. DOI: 10.1021/ac900315w.
  • Zhao, W.; Ouyang, G.; Alaee, M.; Pawliszyn, J. On-Rod Standardization Technique for Time-Weighted Average Water Sampling with a Polydimethylsiloxane Rod. J. Chromatogr. A 2006, 1124, 112–120. DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.05.062.
  • Ahmadi, F.; Sparham, C.; Boyacı, E.; Pawliszyn, J. Time Weighted Average Concentration Monitoring Based on Thin Film Solid Phase Microextraction. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2017, 51, 3929–3937. DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b06465.
  • Santos, D. M.; Williams, M.; Kookana, R.; De Marchi, M. R. R. Solid Phase Microextraction (SPME) Fibers: In Situ Measurements of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals in Seawater. J. Braz. Chem. Soc. 2018, 29, 888–894. DOI: 10.21577/0103-5053.20170193.
  • Cornelissen, G.; Arp, H. P. H.; Pettersen, A.; Hauge, A.; Breedveld, G. D. Assessing PAH and PCB Emissions from the Relocation of Harbour Sediments Using Equilibrium Passive Samplers. Chemosphere 2008, 72, 1581–1587. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.04.041.
  • Cornelissen, G.; Wiberg, K.; Broman, D. A. G.; Arp, H. P. H.; Persson, Y.; Sundqvist, K.; Jonsson, P. Freely Dissolved Concentrations and Sediment-Water Activity Ratios of PCDD/Fs and PCBs in the Open Baltic Sea. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2008, 42, 8733–8739. DOI: 10.1021/es8018379.
  • Carlsson, P.; Cornelissen, G.; Bøggild, C. E.; Rysgaard, S.; Mortensen, J.; Kallenborn, R. Hydrology-Linked Spatial Distribution of Pesticides in a Fjord System in Greenland. J. Environ. Monit. 2012, 14, 1437–1443. DOI: 10.1039/c2em30068k.
  • Josefsson, S.; Karlsson, O. M.; Malmaeus, J. M.; Cornelissen, G.; Wiberg, K. Structure-Related Distribution of PCDD/Fs, PCBs and HCB in a River-Sea System. Chemosphere 2011, 83, 85–94. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.01.019.
  • St. George, T.; Vlahos, P.; Harner, T.; Helm, P.; Wilford, B. A Rapidly Equilibrating, Thin Film, Passive Water Sampler for Organic Contaminants; Characterization and Field Testing. Environ. Pollut. 2011, 159, 481–486. DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2010.10.030.
  • Mijangos, L.; Ziarrusta, H.; Prieto, A.; Zugazua, O.; Zuloaga, O.; Olivares, M.; Usobiaga, A.; Paschke, A.; Etxebarria, N. Evaluation of Polar Organic Chemical Integrative and Hollow Fibre Samplers for the Determination of a Wide Variety of Organic Polar Compounds in Seawater. Talanta 2018, 185, 469–476. DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.03.103.
  • Posada-Ureta, O.; Olivares, M.; Zatón, L.; Delgado, A.; Prieto, A.; Vallejo, A.; Paschke, A.; Etxebarria, N. Uptake Calibration of Polymer-Based Passive Samplers for Monitoring Priority and Emerging Organic Non-Polar Pollutants in WWTP Effluents. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2016, 408, 3165–3175. DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9381-7.
  • Posada-Ureta, O.; Olivares, M.; Delgado, A.; Prieto, A.; Vallejo, A.; Irazola, M.; Paschke, A.; Etxebarria, N. Applicability of Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and Polyethersulfone (PES) as Passive Samplers of More Hydrophobic Organic Compounds in Intertidal Estuarine Environments. Sci. Total Environ. 2017, 578, 392–398. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.10.194.
  • Narvaez, V. J. F.; Lopez, C. A.; Molina, P. F. J. Passive Sampling in the Study of Dynamic and Environmental Impact of Pesticides in Water. Rev. Fac. Ing. 2013, 68, 147–159.
  • Esteve-Turrillas, F. A.; Pastor, A.; Yusà, V.; de la Guardia, M. Using Semi-Permeable Membrane Devices as Passive Samplers. Trends Anal. Chem. 2007, 26, 703–712. DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2007.05.006.
  • Muir, D.; Lohmann, R. Water as a New Matrix for Global Assessment of Hydrophilic POPs. Trends Anal. Chem. 2013, 46, 162–172. DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2012.12.019.
  • Wong, C. S.; MacLeod, S. L. JEM Spotlight: Recent Advances in Analysis of Pharmaceuticals in the Aquatic Environment. J. Environ. Monit. 2009, 11, 923–936. DOI: 10.1039/b819464e.
  • Bayen, S.; Laak, T. L. T.; Buffle, J.; Hermens, J. L. M. Dynamic Exposure of Organisms and Passive Samplers to Hydrophobic Chemicals. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2009, 43, 2206–2215. DOI: 10.1021/es8029895.
  • Gourlay-Francé, C.; Gonzalez, J.-L. Use of Passive Samplers to Evaluate Water Chemical Contamination. Tech. Sci. Methodes 2010, 3, 24–35.
  • Lohmann, R.; Booij, K.; Smedes, F.; Vrana, B. Use of Passive Sampling Devices for Monitoring and Compliance Checking of POP Concentrations in Water. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2012, 19, 1885–1895. DOI: 10.1007/s11356-012-0748-9.
  • Jones, L.; Ronan, J.; McHugh, B.; McGovern, E.; Regan, F. Emerging Priority Substances in the Aquatic Environment: A Role for Passive Sampling in Supporting WFD Monitoring and Compliance. Anal. Methods 2015, 7, 7976. DOI: 10.1039/C5AY01059D.
  • Prieto, A.; Basauri, O.; Rodil, R.; Usobiaga, A.; Fernández, L. A.; Etxebarria, N.; Zuloaga, O. Stir-Bar Sorptive Extraction: A View on Method Optimisation, Novel Applications, Limitations and Potential Solutions. J. Chromatogr. A 2010, 1217, 2642–2666. DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.12.051.
  • Charriau, A.; Lissalde, S.; Poulier, G.; Mazzella, N.; Buzier, R.; Guibaud, G. Overview of the Chemcatcher® for the Passive Sampling of Various Pollutants in Aquatic Environments Part A: Principles, Calibration, Preparation and Analysis of the Sampler. Talanta 2016, 148, 556–571. DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.06.064.
  • Lissalde, S.; Charriau, A.; Poulier, G.; Mazzella, N.; Buzier, R.; Guibaud, G. Overview of the Chemcatcher® for the Passive Sampling of Various Pollutants in Aquatic Environments Part B: Field Handling and Environmental Applications for the Monitoring of Pollutants and Their Biological Effects. Talanta 2016, 148, 572–582. DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.06.076.
  • Ahkola, H.; Herve, S.; Knuutinen, J. Overview of Passive Chemcatcher Sampling with SPE Pretreatment Suitable for the Analysis of NPEOs and NPs. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2013, 20, 1207–1218. DOI: 10.1007/s11356-012-1153-0.
  • Mills, G. A.; Greenwood, R.; Vrana, B.; Allan, I. J.; Ocelka, T. Measurement of Environmental Pollutants Using Passive Sampling Devices—A Commentary on the Current State of the Art. J. Environ. Monit. 2011, 13, 2979–2982. DOI: 10.1039/c1em10680e.
  • Komarova, T.; Bartkow, M.; Müller, J.; Carter, S.; Vanderzalm, J. Field Evaluation of Passive Samplers: Monitoring Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Stormwater. Polycycl. Aromat. Compd. 2006, 26, 221–236. DOI: 10.1080/10406630600760584.
  • Page, D.; Miotliński, K.; Gonzalez, D.; Barry, K.; Dillon, P.; Gallen, C. Environmental Monitoring of Selected Pesticides and Organic Chemicals in Urban Stormwater Recycling Systems Using Passive Sampling Techniques. J. Contam. Hydrol. 2014, 158, 65–77. DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2014.01.004.
  • Vrana, B.; Smedes, F.; Allan, I.; Rusina, T.; Okonski, K.; Hilscherová, K.; Novák, J.; Tarábek, P.; Slobodník, J. Mobile Dynamic Passive Sampling of Trace Organic Compounds: Evaluation of Sampler Performance in the Danube River. Sci. Total Environ. 2018, 636, 1597–1607. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.242.
  • Ahrens, L.; Daneshvar, A.; Lau, A. E.; Kreuger, J. Concentrations, Fluxes and Field Calibration of Passive Water Samplers for Pesticides and Hazard-Based Risk Assessment. Sci. Total Environ. 2018, 637–638, 835–843. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.039.
  • Liao, C.; Richards, J.; Taylor, A. R.; Gan, J. Development of Polyurethane-Based Passive Samplers for Ambient Monitoring of Urban-Use Insecticides in Water. Environ. Pollut. 2017, 231, 1412–1420. DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.09.002.
  • Emelogu, E. S.; Pollard, P.; Robinson, C. D.; Webster, L.; McKenzie, C.; Napier, F.; Steven, L.; Moffat, C. F. Identification of Selected Organic Contaminants in Streams Associated with Agricultural Activities and Comparison between Autosampling and Silicone Rubber Passive Sampling. Sci. Total Environ. 2013, 445–446, 261–272. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.12.053.
  • Anderson, K. A.; Sethajintanin, D.; Sower, G.; Quarles, L. Field Trial and Modeling of Uptake Rates of In Situ Lipid-Free Polyethylene Membrane Passive Sampler. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2008, 42, 4486–4493. DOI: 10.1021/es702657n.
  • Ahrens, L.; Daneshvar, A.; Lau, A. E.; Kreuger, J. Characterization and Application of Passive Samplers for Monitoring of Pesticides in Water. J. Vis. Exp. 2016, 114, e54053. DOI: 10.3791/54053.
  • Jacquet, R.; Miège, C.; Smedes, F.; Tixier, C.; Tronczynski, J.; Togola, A.; Berho, C.; Valor, I.; Llorca, J.; Barillon, B.; et al. Comparison of Five Integrative Samplers in Laboratory for the Monitoring of Indicator and Dioxin-Like Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Water. Chemosphere 2014, 98, 18–27. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.09.011.
  • Perron, M. M.; Burgess, R. M.; Suuberg, E. M.; Cantwell, M. G.; Pennell, K. G. Performance of Passive Samplers for Monitoring Estuarine Water Column Concentrations: 2. Emerging Contaminants. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2013, 32, 2190–2196. DOI: 10.1002/etc.2248.
  • Ahrens, L.; Daneshvar, A.; Lau, A. E.; Kreuger, J. Characterization of Five Passive Sampling Devices for Monitoring of Pesticides in Water. J. Chromatogr. A 2015, 1405, 1–11. DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.05.044.
  • Miège, C.; Schiavone, S.; Dabrin, A.; Coquery, M.; Mazzella, N.; Berho, C.; Ghestem, J.-P.; Togola, A.; Gonzalez, C.; Gonzalez, J.-L.; et al. An In Situ Intercomparison Exercise on Passive Samplers for Monitoring Metals, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Pesticides in Surface Waters. Trends Anal. Chem. 2012, 36, 128–143. DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2012.01.009.
  • Qian, J.; Jennings, B.; Cwiertny, D. M.; Martinez, A. Emerging Investigator Series: Development and Application of Polymeric Electrospun Nanofiber Mats as Equilibrium-Passive Sampler Media for Organic Compounds. Environ. Sci: Processes Impacts 2017, 19, 1445–1456. DOI: 10.1039/C7EM00289K.
  • ISO (International Organization for Standardization). ISO 5667-23:2011. Water Quality – Sampling – Part 23: Guidance on Passive Sampling in Surface Waters; ISO (International Organization for Standardization): Switzerland, 2011.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.