438
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review Articles

Breath Analysis by Secondary Electro-Spray Ionization - Mass Spectrometry to Interrogate Biologically Significant Metabolites Non-Invasively

ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Pages 825-837 | Published online: 03 Oct 2021

References

  • Newson, A. J. The Promise of Public Health Ethics for Precision Medicine: The Case of Newborn Preventive Genomic Sequencing. Hum. Genet 2021. DOI: 10.1007/s00439-021-02269-0.
  • Pedrini, M.; Cao, B.; Nani, J. V. S.; Cerqueira, R. O.; Mansur, R. B.; Tasic, L.; Hayashi, M. A. F.; McIntyre, R. S.; Brietzke, E. Advances and Challenges in Development of Precision Psychiatry through Clinical Metabolomics on Mood and Psychotic Disorders. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry. 2019, 93, 182–188. DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2019.03.010.
  • Das, S.; Pal, M. Review—Non-Invasive Monitoring of Human Health by Exhaled Breath Analysis: A Comprehensive Review. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2020, 167, 037562. DOI: 10.1149/1945-7111/ab67a6.
  • Wang, T.; Pysanenko, A.; Dryahina, K.; Španěl, P.; Smith, D. Analysis of Breath, Exhaled via the Mouth and Nose, and the Air in the Oral Cavity. J Breath Res . 2008, 2, 037013 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/2/3/037013.
  • Bruderer, T.; Gaisl, T.; Gaugg, M. T.; Nowak, N.; Streckenbach, B.; Müller, S.; Moeller, A.; Kohler, M.; Zenobi, R. On-Line Analysis of Exhaled Breath Focus Review. Chem. Rev. 2019, 119, 10803–10828. DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00005.
  • Pauling, L.; Robinson, A. B.; Teranishi, R.; Cary, P. Quantitative Analysis of Urine Vapor and Breath by Gas-Liquid Partition Chromatography. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A … 1971, 68, 2374–2376. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.68.10.2374.
  • Davis, C.; Pleil, J.; Beauchamp, J. Breathborne Biomarkers and the Human Volatilome. Elsevier: Amsterdam, Netherlands, 2020.
  • Wang, Z.; Wang, C. Is Breath Acetone a Biomarker of Diabetes? A Historical Review on Breath Acetone Measurements. J Breath Res . 2013, 7, 037109 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/7/3/037109.
  • Van Muylem, A.; Malinovschi, A.; Haccuria, A.; Michils, A. Exhaled Nitric Oxide and Its Predictive Power Related to Lung Function and Bronchial Inflammation. Biochem. Pharmacol. 2020, 179, 114101. DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114101.
  • Jones, H. F.; Davidson, G. P.; Brooks, D. A.; Butler, R. N. Is Small-Bowel Bacterial Overgrowth an Underdiagnosed Disorder in Children with Gastrointestinal Symptoms? J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 2011, 52, 632–634. DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0b013e31820d5c16.
  • Spanĕl, P.; Smith, D. Selected Ion Flow Tube: A Technique for Quantitative Trace Gas Analysis of Air and Breath. Med. Biol. Eng. Comput. 1996, 34, 409–419. DOI: 10.1007/BF02523843.
  • Rieder, J.; Lirk, P.; Ebenbichler, C.; Gruber, G.; Prazeller, P.; Lindinger, W.; Amann, A. Analysis of Volatile Organic Compounds: Possible Applications in Metabolic Disorders and Cancer Screening. Wien. Klin. Wochenschr 2001, 113, 181–185.
  • Chen, H.; Wortmann, A.; Zhang, W.; Zenobi, R. Rapid in Vivo Fingerprinting of Nonvolatile Compounds in Breath by Extractive Electrospray Ionization Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 2007, 46, 580–583. DOI: 10.1002/anie.200602942.
  • Casas-Ferreira, A. M.; Nogal-Sánchez, M. d.; Pérez-Pavón, J. L.; Moreno-Cordero, B. Non-Separative Mass Spectrometry Methods for Non-Invasive Medical Diagnostics Based on Volatile Organic Compounds: A Review. Anal. Chim. Acta. 2019, 1045, 10–22. DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.07.005.
  • Smith, D.; Spanel, P. Pitfalls in the Analysis of Volatile Breath Biomarkers: Suggested Solutions and SIFT-MS quantification of single metabolites. J. Breath Res. 2015, 9, 022001 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/9/2/022001.
  • Tsou, P.-H.; Lin, Z.-L.; Pan, Y.-C.; Yang, H.-C.; Chang, C.-J.; Liang, S.-K.; Wen, Y.-F.; Chang, C.-H.; Chang, L.-Y.; Yu, K.-L.; et al. Exploring Volatile Organic Compounds in Breath for High-Accuracy Prediction of Lung Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021, 13, 1431. DOI: 10.3390/cancers13061431.
  • Blake, R. S.; Monks, P. S.; Ellis, A. M. Proton-Transfer Reaction Mass Spectrometry. Chem. Rev. 2009, 109, 861–896. DOI: 10.1021/cr800364q.
  • Grassin-Delyle, S.; Roquencourt, C.; Moine, P.; Saffroy, G.; Carn, S.; Heming, N.; Fleuriet, J.; Salvator, H.; Naline, E.; Couderc, L.-J.; Garches COVID-19 Collaborative Group RECORDS Collaborators and Exhalomics® Collaborators.; et al. Metabolomics of Exhaled Breath in Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients: A Pilot Study. EBioMedicine 2021, 63, 103154. DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.103154.
  • Gisler, A.; Lan, J.; Singh, K. D.; Usemann, J.; Frey, U.; Zenobi, R.; Sinues, P. Real-Time Breath Analysis of Exhaled Compounds upon Peppermint Oil Ingestion by Secondary Electrospray Ionization-High Resolution Mass Spectrometry: Technical Aspects. J. Breath Res. 2020, 14, 046001 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/ab9f8b.
  • Fenn, J. B.; Mann, M.; Meng, C. K.; Wong, S. F.; Whitehouse, C. M. Electrospray Ionization for Mass Spectrometry of Large Biomolecules. Science 1989, 246, 64–71. DOI: 10.1126/science.2675315.
  • Wu, C.; Siems, W. F.; Hill, H. H. Secondary Electrospray Ionization Ion Mobility Spectrometry/Mass Spectrometry of Illicit Drugs. Anal. Chem. 2000, 72, 396–403. DOI: 10.1021/ac9907235.
  • Martinez-Lozano Sinues, P.; Criado, E.; Vidal, G. Mechanistic Study on the Ionization of Trace Gases by an Electrospray Plume. Int. J. Mass Spectrom 2012, 313, 21–29. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijms.2011.12.010.
  • Martínez-Lozano, P.; Rus, J.; Fernández de la Mora, G.; Hernández, M.; Fernández de la Mora, J. Secondary Electrospray Ionization (SESI) of Ambient Vapors for Explosive Detection at Concentrations below Parts per Trillion. J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 2009, 20, 287–294. DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2008.10.006.
  • Martínez-Lozano, P. Mass Spectrometric Study of Cutaneous Volatiles by Secondary Electrospray Ionization. Int. J. Mass Spectrom 2009, 282, 128–132. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijms.2009.02.017.
  • Bean, H. D.; Zhu, J.; Hill, J. E. Characterizing Bacterial Volatiles Using Secondary Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (SESI-MS). J Vis Exp 2011, e2664. DOI: 10.3791/2664.
  • Martínez-Lozano, P.; Fernández de la Mora, J. Direct Analysis of Fatty Acid Vapors in Breath by Electrospray Ionization and Atmospheric Pressure Ionization-Mass Spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 2008, 80, 8210–8215. DOI: 10.1021/ac801185e.
  • Martínez-Lozano, P.; de la Mora, J. F. Electrospray Ionization of Volatiles in Breath. Int. J. Mass Spectrom 2007, 265, 68–72. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijms.2007.05.008.
  • García-Gómez, D.; Gaisl, T.; Bregy, L.; Cremonesi, A.; Sinues, P. M.-L.; Kohler, M.; Zenobi, R. Real-Time Quantification of Amino Acids in the Exhalome by Secondary Electrospray Ionization–Mass Spectrometry: A Proof-of-Principle Study. Clin. Chem 2016, 62, 1230–1237. DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2016.256909.
  • García-Gómez, D.; Gaisl, T.; Bregy, L.; Martínez-Lozano Sinues, P.; Kohler, M.; Zenobi, R. Secondary Electrospray Ionization Coupled to High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry Reveals Tryptophan Pathway Metabolites in Exhaled Human Breath. Chem. Commun. (Camb) 2016, 52, 8526–8528. DOI: 10.1039/C6CC03070J.
  • Tejero Rioseras, A.; Singh, K. D.; Nowak, N.; Gaugg, M. T.; Bruderer, T.; Zenobi, R.; Sinues, P. M.-L. Real-Time Monitoring of Tricarboxylic Acid Metabolites in Exhaled Breath. Anal. Chem. 2018, 90, 6453–6460. DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b04600.
  • Lee, J. H. J.; Zhu, J. Optimizing Secondary Electrospray Ionization High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (SESI-HRMS) for the Analysis of Volatile Fatty Acids from Gut Microbiome. Metabolites 2020, 10, 351. DOI: 10.3390/metabo10090351.
  • Singh, K. D.; Tancev, G.; Decrue, F.; Usemann, J.; Appenzeller, R.; Barreiro, P.; Jaumà, G.; Macia Santiago, M.; Vidal de Miguel, G.; Frey, U.; et al. Standardization Procedures for Real-Time Breath Analysis by Secondary Electrospray Ionization High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2019, 411, 4883–4898. DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-01764-8.
  • Gaugg, M. T.; Gomez, D. G.; Barrios-Collado, C.; Vidal-de-Miguel, G.; Kohler, M.; Zenobi, R.; Martinez-Lozano Sinues, P. Expanding Metabolite Coverage of Real-Time Breath Analysis by Coupling a Universal Secondary Electrospray Ionization Source and High Resolution Mass Spectrometry—a Pilot Study on Tobacco Smokers. J. Breath Res. 2016, 10, 016010. DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/10/1/016010.
  • Li, X.; Martinez-Lozano Sinues, P.; Dallmann, R.; Bregy, L.; Hollmén, M.; Proulx, S.; Brown, S. A.; Detmar, M.; Kohler, M.; Zenobi, R. Drug Pharmacokinetics Determined by Real-Time Analysis of Mouse Breath. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 2015, 54, 7815–7818. DOI: 10.1002/anie.201503312.
  • Chen, X.; Zhang, K.; Yin, Z.; Fang, M.; Pu, W.; Liu, Z.; Li, L.; Sinues, P.; Dallmann, R.; Zhou, Z.; et al. Online Real-Time Monitoring of Exhaled Breath Particles Reveals Unnoticed Transport of Nonvolatile Drugs from Blood to Breath. Anal. Chem. 2021, 93, 5005–5008. DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c00509.
  • Berchtold, C.; Meier, L.; Steinhoff, R.; Zenobi, R. A New Strategy Based on Real-Time Secondary Electrospray Ionization and High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry to Discriminate Endogenous and Exogenous Compounds in Exhaled Breath. Metabolomics 2014, 10, 291–301. DOI: 10.1007/s11306-013-0568-z.
  • Vidal-de-Miguel, G.; Herrero, A. Secondary Electrospray Ionization of Complex Vapor Mixtures. Theoretical and Experimental Approach. J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 2012, 23, 1085–1096. DOI: 10.1007/s13361-012-0369-z.
  • Li, H.; Zhu, J.; Hill, J. E. Secondary Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry for Breath Studies. In Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry, R.A. Meyers (Ed.). 2018, 1–14. DOI: 10.1002/9780470027318.a9607.
  • Lan, J.; Kaeslin, J.; Greter, G.; Zenobi, R. Minimizing Ion Competition Boosts Volatile Metabolome Coverage by Secondary Electrospray Ionization Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry. Anal. Chim. Acta. 2021, 1150, 338209. DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338209.
  • Fernandez de la Mora, J. Ionization of Vapor Molecules by an Electrospray Cloud. Int. J. Mass Spectrom 2011, 300, 182–193. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijms.2010.09.009.
  • Meier, L.; Schmid, S.; Berchtold, C.; Zenobi, R. Contribution of Liquid-Phase and Gas-Phase Ionization in Extractive Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry of Primary Amines. Eur. J. Mass Spectrom. (Chichester) 2011, 17, 345–351. DOI: 10.1255/ejms.1146.
  • Rioseras, A. T.; Gaugg, M. T.; Martinez-Lozano Sinues, P. Secondary Electrospray Ionization Proceeds via Gas-Phase Chemical Ionization. Anal. Methods 2017, 9, 5052–5057. DOI: 10.1039/C7AY01121K.
  • Schaart, D. R. Physics and Technology of Time-of-Flight PET Detectors. Phys. Med. Biol 2021, 66, 09TR01. DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/abee56.
  • Zubarev, R. A.; Makarov, A. Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 2013, 85, 5288–5296. DOI: 10.1021/ac4001223.
  • Vidal-de-Miguel, G.; Macía, M.; Pinacho, P.; Blanco, J. Low-Sample Flow Secondary Electrospray Ionization: Improving Vapor Ionization Efficiency. Anal. Chem. 2012, 84, 8475–8479. DOI: 10.1021/ac3005378.
  • Barrios-Collado, C.; Vidal-de-Miguel, G.; Martinez-Lozano Sinues, P. Numerical Modeling and Experimental Validation of a Universal Secondary Electrospray Ionization Source for Mass Spectrometric Gas Analysis in Real-Time. Sens. Actuators B Chem 2016, 223, 217–225. DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2015.09.073.
  • SUPER SESI Secondary Electrospray Ionization | by Fossiliontech Available online: https://www.fossiliontech.com/super-sesi-for-thermo. (accessed on 4 August 2021.
  • Cope, K. A.; Watson, M. T.; Foster, W. M.; Sehnert, S. S.; Risby, T. H. Effects of Ventilation on the Collection of Exhaled Breath in Humans. J. Appl. Physiol 2004, 96, 1371–1379. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01034.2003.
  • Gaugg, M. T.; Engler, A.; Nussbaumer-Ochsner, Y.; Bregy, L.; Stöberl, A. S.; Gaisl, T.; Bruderer, T.; Zenobi, R.; Kohler, M.; Martinez-Lozano Sinues, P. Metabolic Effects of Inhaled Salbutamol Determined by Exhaled Breath Analysis. J. Breath Res. 2017, 11, 046004 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/aa7caa.
  • Lan, J.; Gisler, A.; Bruderer, T.; Sinues, P.; Zenobi, R. Monitoring Peppermint Washout in the Breath Metabolome by Secondary Electrospray Ionization-High Resolution Mass Spectrometry. J. Breath Res 2021, 15, 2, 26003. DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/ab9f8a.
  • Pillans, P. Immunosuppressants - Mechanisms of Action and Monitoring. Aust. Prescr. 2006, 29, 99–101. DOI: 10.18773/austprescr.2006.064.
  • Grundmann, M.; Kacirova, I.; Urinovska, R. Therapeutic Monitoring of Psychoactive Drugs - Antidepressants: A Review. Biomed. Pap. Med. Fac. Univ. Palacky. Olomouc. Czech. Repub. 2015, 159, 35–43. DOI: 10.5507/bp.2013.020.
  • Bach, D. M.; Straseski, J. A.; Clarke, W. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring in Cancer Chemotherapy. Bioanalysis 2010, 2, 863–879. DOI: 10.4155/bio.10.48.
  • Ratiu, I.-A.; Ligor, T.; Bocos-Bintintan, V.; Buszewski, B. Mass Spectrometric Techniques for the Analysis of Volatile Organic Compounds Emitted from Bacteria. Bioanalysis 2017, 9, 1069–1092. DOI: 10.4155/bio-2017-0051.
  • Zhu, J.; Hill, J. E. Detection of Escherichia Coli via VOC Profiling Using Secondary Electrospray Ionization-Mass Spectrometry (SESI-MS). Food Microbiol. 2013, 34, 412–417. DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2012.12.008.
  • Zhu, J.; Bean, H. D.; Jiménez-Díaz, J.; Hill, J. E. Secondary Electrospray Ionization-Mass Spectrometry (SESI-MS) Breathprinting of Multiple Bacterial Lung Pathogens, a Mouse Model Study. J. Appl. Physiol 2013, 114, 1544–1549. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00099.2013.
  • Zhu, J.; Jiménez-Díaz, J.; Bean, H. D.; Daphtary, N. A.; Aliyeva, M. I.; Lundblad, L. K. A.; Hill, J. E. Robust Detection of P. Aeruginosa and S. Aureus Acute Lung Infections by Secondary Electrospray Ionization-Mass Spectrometry (SESI-MS) Breathprinting: From Initial Infection to Clearance. J. Breath Res. 2013, 7, 037106 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/7/3/037106.
  • Bean, H. D.; Zhu, J.; Sengle, J. C.; Hill, J. E. Identifying Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) Lung Infections in Mice via Breath Analysis Using Secondary Electrospray Ionization-Mass Spectrometry (SESI-MS). J. Breath Res. 2014, 8, 041001. DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/8/4/041001.
  • Gaugg, M. T. On-Line Breath Metabolomics in Respiratory Diseases Using Secondary Electrospray Ionization-Mass Spectrometry. Chimia. (Aarau) 2018, 72, 184–188. DOI: 10.2533/chimia.2018.184.
  • Bregy, L.; Nussbaumer-Ochsner, Y.; Martinez-Lozano Sinues, P.; García-Gómez, D.; Suter, Y.; Gaisl, T.; Stebler, N.; Gaugg, M. T.; Kohler, M.; Zenobi, R. Real-Time Mass Spectrometric Identification of Metabolites Characteristic of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in Exhaled Breath. Clin. Mass Spectrom 2018, 7, 29–35. DOI: 10.1016/j.clinms.2018.02.003.
  • Gaugg, M. T.; Nussbaumer-Ochsner, Y.; Bregy, L.; Engler, A.; Stebler, N.; Gaisl, T.; Bruderer, T.; Nowak, N.; Sinues, P.; Zenobi, R.; et al. Real-Time Breath Analysis Reveals Specific Metabolic Signatures of COPD Exacerbations. Chest 2019, 156, 269–276. DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2018.12.023.
  • Gaisl, T.; Bregy, L.; Stebler, N.; Gaugg, M. T.; Bruderer, T.; García-Gómez, D.; Moeller, A.; Singer, F.; Schwarz, E. I.; Benden, C.; et al. Real-Time Exhaled Breath Analysis in Patients with Cystic Fibrosis and Controls. J. Breath Res. 2018, 12, 036013. DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/aab7fd.
  • Bruderer, T.; Baghdasaryan, A.; Wyler, J.; Kohler, M.; Zenobi, R.; Möller, A. P246 Exhalomics SESI-MS Feasibility Study with Infants and Young Children for Early Detection of Cystic Fibrosis Inflammation and Infection. CHEST 2017, 151, A146. DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2017.04.153.
  • Gaugg, M. T.; Engler, A.; Bregy, L.; Nussbaumer-Ochsner, Y.; Eiffert, L.; Bruderer, T.; Zenobi, R.; Sinues, P.; Kohler, M. Molecular Breath Analysis Supports Altered Amino Acid Metabolism in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Respirology 2019, 24, 437–444. DOI: 10.1111/resp.13465.
  • Nowak, N.; Engler, A.; Thiel, S.; Stöberl, A. S.; Sinues, P.; Zenobi, R.; Kohler, M. Validation of Breath Biomarkers for Obstructive Sleep Apnea. Sleep Med 2021, 85:75-86. DOI: 10.1101/2021.03.16.21253612.
  • Martinez-Lozano Sinues, P.; Landoni, E.; Miceli, R.; Dibari, V. F.; Dugo, M.; Agresti, R.; Tagliabue, E.; Cristoni, S.; Orlandi, R. Secondary Electrospray Ionization-Mass Spectrometry and a Novel Statistical Bioinformatic Approach Identifies a Cancer-Related Profile in Exhaled Breath of Breast Cancer Patients: A Pilot Study. J. Breath Res. 2015, 9, 031001 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/9/3/031001.
  • Zhu, J.; Bean, H. D.; Wargo, M. J.; Leclair, L. W.; Hill, J. E. Detecting Bacterial Lung Infections: In Vivo Evaluation of in Vitro Volatile Fingerprints. J. Breath Res. 2013, 7, 016003. DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/7/1/016003.
  • Bean, H. D.; Jiménez-Díaz, J.; Zhu, J.; Hill, J. E. Breathprints of Model Murine Bacterial Lung Infections Are Linked with Immune Response. Eur. Respir. J. 2015, 45, 181–190. DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00015814.
  • Li, H.; Zhu, J. Differentiating Antibiotic-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Using Secondary Electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 2018, 90, 12108–12115. DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b03029.
  • Weber, R.; Haas, N.; Baghdasaryan, A.; Bruderer, T.; Inci, D.; Micic, S.; Perkins, N.; Spinas, R.; Zenobi, R.; Moeller, A. Volatile Organic Compound Breath Signatures of Children with Cystic Fibrosis by Real-Time SESI-HRMS. ERJ Open Res 2020, 6, 171–2019. DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00171-2019.
  • Schwarz, E. I.; Martinez-Lozano Sinues, P.; Bregy, L.; Gaisl, T.; Garcia Gomez, D.; Gaugg, M. T.; Suter, Y.; Stebler, N.; Nussbaumer-Ochsner, Y.; Bloch, K. E.; et al. Effects of CPAP Therapy Withdrawal on Exhaled Breath Pattern in Obstructive Sleep Apnoea. Thorax 2016, 71, 110–117. DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2015-207597.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.