587
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review Articles

Drawing Attention to the Measurement Uncertainty Arising from Sampling in Chemical and Physicochemical Analyses: An Overview

ORCID Icon, , & ORCID Icon
Pages 1605-1622 | Published online: 09 Feb 2022

References

  • Thompson, M. Uncertainty of Sampling in Chemical Analysis. Accredit. Qual. Assur. 1998, 3, 117–121. DOI: 10.1007/s007690050202.
  • Guigues, N.; Desenfant, M.; Lalere, B.; Vaslin-Reimann, S.; Eyl, D.; Mansuit, P.; Hance, E. Estimating Sampling and Analysis Uncertainties to Assess the Fitness for Purpose of a Water Quality Monitoring Network. Accred. Qual. Assur. 2016, 21, 101–112. DOI: 10.1007/S00769-015-1186-4/TABLES/7.
  • De Zorzi, P.; Belli, M.; Barbizzi, S.; et al. 2002 A Practical Approach to Assessment of Sampling Uncertainty. Accreditation and Qual. Assur. 7(5), 182–188. DOI: 10.1007/s00769-002-0447-1.
  • Steinborn, L. International Standard ISO/IEC 17025 General Requirements for the Competence of Testing and Calibration Laboratories. In GMP/ISO Quality Audit Manual for Healthcare Manufacturers and Their Suppliers, (Volume 2 Regulations, Standards, and Guidelines), 2021, vol. 2; pp. 433–467.
  • Hansen, J. B.; Grøn, C.; Lund, U.; Magnusson, B.; Nordbotten, A.; Oberender, A.; Ramsey, M. H. Uncertainty from Sampling: Workshop to Launch a Nordtest Handbook on Sampling Uncertainty Estimation and Control. Accred. Qual. Assur. 2007, 12, 377–381. DOI: 10.1007/s00769-007-0298-x.
  • JCGM. Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement–Part 6: Developing and using measurement models JCGM 100:2008 (GUM 1995 with minor corrections), 2008. http://www.bipm.org/utils/common/documents/jcgm/JCGM_100_2008_E.pdf.
  • Ramsey, M. H.; Ellison, S. L. R. Measurement Uncertainty Arising from Sampling: a Guide to Methods and Approaches. EURACHEM/CITAC Guide First Edition, 2007. https://eurachem.org/images/stories/Guides/pdf/UfS_2007.pdf.
  • Analytical Methods Committee AMC. What is Uncertainty from Sampling, and Why is It Important? AMC Tech Briefs 2004, 16A, 1–2.
  • O’Riordan, M. J.; Wilkinson, M. G. A Survey of the Incidence and Level of Aflatoxin Contamination in a Range of Imported Spice Preparations on the Irish Retail Market. Food Chem. 2008, 107, 1429–1435. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.09.073.
  • Kleeman, A. W. Sampling Error in the Chemical Analysis of Rocks. J. Geol. Soc. Aust. 1967, 14, 43–47. DOI: 10.1080/00167616708728644.
  • Agterberg, F. P. Sampling and Analysis of Chemical Element Concentration Distribution in Rock Units and Orebodies. Nonlin. Processes Geophys. 2012, 19, 23–44. DOI: 10.5194/npg-19-23-2012.
  • Ramsey, M. H. Sampling and Analytical Quality Control (SAX) for Improved Error Estimation in the Measurement of Pb in the Environment Using Robust Analysis of Variance. Appl Geochem. 1993, 8, 149–153. DOI: 10.1016/S0883-2927(09)80027-9.
  • Glavič-Cindro, D.; Hazou, E.; Korun, M.; Krištof, R.; Osterman, P.; Petrovič, T.; Vodenik, B.; Zorko, B. Measurement Uncertainty Arising from Sampling of Environmental Samples. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 2020, 156, 108978. DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2019.108978.
  • Tsukakoshi, Y. Sampling Variability and Uncertainty in Total Diet Studies. Analyst 2011, 136, 533–539. DOI: 10.1039/c0an00397b.
  • Ramsey, M. H.; Thompson, M. Uncertainty from Sampling, in the Context of Fitness for Purpose. Accred. Qual. Assur. 2007, 12, 503–513. DOI: 10.1007/S00769-007-0279-0/FIGURES/16.
  • Winefordner, J. D.; Kateman, G.; Buydens, L. Quality Control in Analytical Chemistry. 1993. 2nd Edition, Wiley.
  • Galas, C.; Sansone, U.; Belli, M.; et al. Intercomparison of Suspended Particles Sampling Methodologies. Accred. Qual. Assur. 2002, 7, 202–208. DOI: 10.1007/s00769-002-0469-8.
  • Separovic, L.; Simabukuro, R. S.; Couto, A. R.; Bertanha, M. L. G.; Dias, F. R. S.; Sano, A. Y.; Caffaro, A. M.; Lourenço, F. R. Measurement Uncertainty and Conformity Assessment Applied to Drug and Medicine Analyses–a Review. Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem. 2021, 1–16. DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2021.1940086.
  • De Oliveira, E. C.; De Aguiar, P. F. Comparison of Different Approaches to Evaluate the Uncertainty of Gas Chromatography for Natural Gas. Quím. Nova 2009, 32, 1655–1660. DOI: 10.1590/S0100-40422009000600051.
  • Hibbert, D. B.; Korte, E. H.; Örnemark, U. Metrological and Quality Concepts in Analytical Chemistry (IUPAC Recommendations 2021). Pure Appl. Chem. 2021, 93, 997–1048. DOI: 10.1515/pac-2019-0819.
  • Ruggieri, F.; Alimonti, A.; Bocca, B. Full Validation and Accreditation of a Method to Support Human Biomonitoring Studies for Trace and Ultra-Trace Elements. TrAC Trends Anal. Chem. 2016, 80, 471–485. DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2016.03.023.
  • Lehotay, S. J.; Han, L.; Sapozhnikova, Y. Use of a Quality Control Approach to Assess Measurement Uncertainty in the Comparison of Sample Processing Techniques in the Analysis of Pesticide Residues in Fruits and Vegetables. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2018, 410, 5465–5479. DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-0905-1.
  • Saviano, A. M.; Francisco, F. L.; Ostronoff, C. S.; Lourenço, F. R. Development, Optimization, and Validation of a Microplate Bioassay for Relative Potency Determination of Linezolid Using a Design Space Concept, and Its Measurement Uncertainty. J. AOAC Int. 2015, 98, 1267–1275. DOI: 10.5740/jaoacint.15-074.
  • Clough, R.; Floor, G. H.; Quétel, C. R.; Milne, A.; Lohan, M. C.; Worsfold, P. J. Measurement Uncertainty Associated with Shipboard Sample Collection and Filtration for the Determination of the Concentration of Iron in Seawater. Anal. Methods 2016, 8, 6711–6719. DOI: 10.1039/C6AY01551D.
  • Biazon, C. L.; Jesus, V. C. B. M.; De Oliveira, E. C. Metrological Analysis by Measurement Uncertainty of Water and Sediment in Crude Oil. Pet Sci. Technol. 2015, 33, 344–352. DOI: 10.1080/10916466.2014.980000.
  • Huxham, M.; P.; Thomas, C. L. Sampling Procedures for Intrinsically Valid Volatileorganic Compound Measurements. Analyst 2000, 125, 825–832. DOI: 10.1039/a910233g.
  • Damgaard, C. On the Problems of Not Accounting for Measurement- and Sampling Uncertainty in Ecological and Environmental Models. bioRxiv 2020, 2020.03.16.993477. DOI: 10.1101/2020.03.16.993477.
  • Wielopolski, L.; Johnsen, K.; Zhang, Y. Soil Analysis Based on Saples Withdrawn from Different Volumes: correlation versus Calibration. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 2010, 74, 812–819. DOI: 10.2136/sssaj2009.0205.
  • Toombs, R. W.; Connor, D. A. Proficiency Test Sample Media for Single and Mixed Pure Cultures of Water Pollution Indicator Bacteria. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1980, 40, 883–887. DOI: 10.1128/aem.40.5.883-887.1980.
  • Kadam, P.; Bhalerao, S. Sample Size Calculation. Int. J. Ayurveda Res. 2010, 1, 55–57. DOI: 10.4103/0974-7788.59946.
  • Martínez-Mesa, J.; González-Chica, D. A.; Bastos, J. L.; Bonamigo, R. R.; Duquia, R. P. Sample Size: How Many Participants Do I Need in my Research? An. Bras. Dermatol. 2014, 89, 609–615. DOI: 10.1590/abd1806-4841.20143705.
  • Wichitaksorn, N.; Choy, S. T. B.; Gerlach, R. A Generalized Class of Skew Distributions and Associated Robust Quantile Regression Models. Can. J. Statistics 2014, 44, n/a–n/a. DOI: 10.1002/cjs.
  • Israel, G. D. Determining Sample Size Degree of Variability. 2018. Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences - IFAS, University of Florida. Available in:https://www.tarleton.edu/academicassessment/documents/Samplesize.pdf
  • Faber, J.; Fonseca, L. M. How Sample Size Influences Research Outcomes. Dental Press J. Orthod. 2014, 19, 27–29. DOI: 10.1590/2176-9451.19.4.027-029.ebo.
  • Valcárcel, M. Principles of Analytical Chemistry; Springer: Berlin Heidelberg, 2000.
  • Vasileiou, K.; Barnett, J.; Thorpe, S.; Young, T. Characterising and Justifying Sample Size Sufficiency in Interview-Based Studies: systematic Analysis of Qualitative Health Research over a 15-Year Period. BMC Med. Res. Methodol. 2018, 18, 148. DOI: 10.1186/s12874-018-0594-7.
  • Jarvis, B.; Hedges, A. J. The Effect of the Number of Sample Units Tested on the Precision of Microbial Colony Counts. Food Microbiol. 2011, 28, 1211–1219. DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2011.04.008.
  • Briefs AMCT. Estimating Sampling Uncertainty-How Many Duplicate Samples Are Needed? Anal Methods 2014, 6, 24–26. DOI: 10.1039/c3ay90095a.
  • Lyn, J. A.; Ramsey, M. H.; Coad, D. S.; Damant, A. P.; Wood, R.; Boon, K. A. The Duplicate Method of Uncertainty Estimation: Are Eight Targets Enough? Analyst 2007, 132, 1147–1152. DOI: 10.1039/b702691a.
  • Ramsey, M. H.; Ellison, S. L. R.; Rostron, P. Measurement Uncertainty Arising from Sampling. A Guide to Methods and Approaches. 2nd ed.; EURACHEM/CITAC Guide, 2019. https://www.eurachem.org/images/stories/Guides/pdf/UfS_2019_EN_P2.pdf.
  • Heidaryan, E. A Note on Model Selection Based on the Percentage of Accuracy-Precision. J. Energy Resour. Technol. Trans. ASME 2019, 141, 045501. DOI: 10.1115/1.4041844.
  • Ramsey, M. H.; Argyraki, A. Estimation of Measurement Uncertainty from Field Sampling: Implications for the Classification of Contaminated Land. Sci. Total Environ. 1997, 198, 243–257. DOI: 10.1016/S0048-9697(97)05456-9.
  • de Zorzi, P.; Barbizzi, S.; Belli, M.; Barbina, M.; Fajgelj, A.; Jacimovic, R.; Jeran, Z.; Menegon, S.; Pati, A.; Petruzzelli, G.; et al. Estimation of Uncertainty Arising from Different Soil Sampling Devices: The Use of Variogram Parameters. Chemosphere 2008, 70, 745–752. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.07.068.
  • Magnusson, B.; Krysell, M.; Eskil Sahlin; Näykki, T. Uncertainty from Sampling – a Nordtest Handbook for Sampling Planners on Sampling Quality Assurance and Uncertainty Estimation. 2020. Available in: NT_TR_604ed2_Nordtest_Handbook_for_sampling.pdf
  • Boiero, A.; Hoef, J. V.; Al-Abdullah, M. S. Introduction to Geostatistics and Variogram Analysis. Academia, Accelerating the world's research. C&PE 940, 17 October 2005.
  • Lark, R. M. Two Robust Estimators of the Cross-Variogram for Multivariate Geostatistical Analysis of Soil Properties. Eur. J. Soil Sci. 2003, 54, 187–202. DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2389.2003.00506.x.
  • Marchant, B. P.; Lark, R. M. Estimating Variogram Uncertainty. Math Geol. 2004, 36, 867–898. DOI: 10.1023/B:MATG.0000048797.08986.a7.
  • Julián Ortiz, C.; Deutsch, C. V. Calculation of Uncertainty in the Variogram. Math Geol. 2002, 34, 169–183. DOI: 10.1023/A:1014412218427.
  • Borges, C.; Palma, C.; Da Silva, R. B. Optimization of River Sampling: Application to Nutrients Distribution in Tagus River Estuary. Anal. Chem. 2019, 91, 5698–5705. DOI: 10.1021/ACS.ANALCHEM.8B05781/SUPPL_FILE/AC8B05781_SI_002.ZIP.
  • Borges, C.; Bettencourt da Silva, R. J. N.; Palma, C. Determination of River Water Composition Trends with Uncertainty: Seasonal Variation of Nutrients Concentration in Tagus River Estuary in the Dry 2017 year. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2020, 158, 111371. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111371.
  • Borges, C.; Palma, C.; Dadamos, T.; Bettencourt da Silva, R. J. N. Evaluation of Seawater Composition in a Vast Area from the Monte Carlo Simulation of Georeferenced Information in a Bayesian framework. Chemosphere 2021, 263, 128036. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128036.
  • Papadopoulos, C. E.; Yeung, H. Uncertainty Estimation and Monte Carlo Simulation Method. Flow Meas Instrum. 2001, 12, 291–298. DOI: 10.1016/S0955-5986(01)00015-2.
  • Cox, M. G.; Dainton, M. P.; Forbes, A. B.; et al. Use of Monte Carlo Simulation for Uncertainty Evaluation in Metrology. 2001, 93–105. DOI: 10.1142/9789812811684_0011.
  • Cox, M.; Harris, P.; Siebert, B. R. L. Evaluation of Measurement Uncertainty Based on the Propagation of Distributions Using Monte Carlo Simulation. Meas. Tech. 2003, 46, 824–833. DOI: 10.1023/B:METE.0000008439.82231.ad.
  • Roberto, P.; Couto, G.; Damasceno, J. C.; P.; De Oliveira, S. Monte Carlo Simulations Applied to Uncertainty in Measurement. In Theory Appl. Monte Carlo Simulations, Wai Kin (Victor) Chan, Ed. IntechOpen, 2013. DOI: 10.5772/53014.
  • Farrance, I.; Frenkel, R. Uncertainty in Measurement: A Review of Monte Carlo Simulation Using Microsoft Excel for the Calculation of Uncertainties through Functional Relationships, Including Uncertainties in Empirically Derived Constants. Clin. Biochem. Rev. 2014, 35, 37–61.
  • Albert, D. R. Monte Carlo Uncertainty Propagation with the NIST Uncertainty Machine. J. Chem. Educ. 2020, 97, 1491–1494. DOI: 10.1021/acs.jchemed.0c00096.
  • McMurray, A.; Pearson, T.; Casarim, F. Guidance on Applying the Monte Carlo Approach to Uncertainty Analyses in Forestry and Greenhouse Gas Accounting. WINROCK Internacional, 2017; p 1–26.
  • Nakagawa, S.; De Villemereuil, P. A General Method for Simultaneously Accounting for Phylogenetic and Species Sampling Uncertainty via Rubin's Rules in Comparative Analysis. Syst. Biol. 2019, 68, 632–641. DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syy089.
  • Hofman, S. C. K.; Brus, D. J. How Many Sampling Points Are Needed to Estimate the Mean nitrate-N Content of Agricultural Fields? A Geostatistical Simulation Approach with Uncertain Variograms. Geoderma 2021, 385, 114816. DOI: 10.1016/j.geoderma.2020.114816.
  • Garijo, C.; Mediero, L. Assessment of Changes in Annual Maximum Precipitations in the Iberian Peninsula under Climate Change. Water (Switzerland) 2019, 11, 2375. DOI: 10.3390/w11112375.
  • Mahjabin, T.; Mejia, A.; Grady, C. Virtual Nitrogen and Virtual Water Transfers Embedded in Food Trade Networks across the US. Environ. Res. Lett. 2021, 16, 045015. DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/abe06f.
  • Bouvier, J. L.; Bontemps, S.; Mora, L. Uncertainty and Sensitivity Analyses Applied to a Dynamic Simulation of the Carbon Dioxide Concentration in a Detached House. Int. J. Energy Environ. Eng. 2019, 10, 47–65. DOI: 10.1007/s40095-018-0291-7.
  • Lin, J.; Kroll, C. N.; Nowak, D. J. An Uncertainty Framework for i-Tree Eco: A Comparative Study of 15 Cities across the United States. Urban for Urban Green 2021, 60, 127062. DOI: 10.1016/j.ufug.2021.127062.
  • Hilbers, A. P.; Brayshaw, D. J.; Gandy, A. Efficient Quantification of the Impact of Demand and Weather Uncertainty in Power System Models. IEEE Trans. Power Syst. 2021, 36, 1771–1779. DOI: 10.1109/TPWRS.2020.3031187.
  • Ramsey, M. H. Measurement Uncertainty Arising from Sampling: Implications for the Objectives of Geoanalysis†. Analyst 1997, 122, 1255–1260. DOI: 10.1039/a704995a.
  • Ramsey, M. H.; Ellison, S. L. R. Reply to Comments on EURACHEM/CITAC Guide “Measurement Uncertainty Arising from Sampling. Accred. Qual. Assur. 2010, 15, 533–535. DOI: 10.1007/s00769-010-0684-7.
  • Ramsey, M. H. H. Sampling as a Source of Measurement Uncertainty: techniques for Quantification and Comparison with Analytical Sources. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1998, 13, 97–104. DOI: 10.1039/a706815h.
  • Ramsey, M. H.; Thompson, M.; Hale, M. Objective Evaluation of Precision Requirements for Geochemical Analysis Using Robust Analysis of Variance. J. Geochemical. Explor. 1992, 44, 23–36. DOI: 10.1016/0375-6742(92)90046-B.
  • Thompson, M.; Ramsey, M. H. Quality Concepts and Practices Applied to Sampling-an Exploratory Study. Analyst 1995, 120, 261–270. DOI: 10.1039/AN9952000261.
  • Esbensen, K. H.; Wagner, C. Theory of Sampling (TOS) versus Measurement Uncertainty (MU) - a Call for Integration. TrAC - Trends Anal. Chem. 2014, 57, 93–106. DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2014.02.007.
  • Soc Bauer, E. L.; Craven, C. V.; et al. The Determination of Sampling and Analytical Errors in Exploration Geochemistry. Econ. Geol. 1969, 64, 568–569. DOI: 10.2113/GSECONGEO.64.5.568.
  • Schreiber, M. P.; Komppa, V.; Wahlström, M.; Laine-Ylijoki, J. Chemical and Environmental Sampling: Quality through Accreditation, Certification and Industrial Standards. Accred. Qual. Assur. 2006, 10, 510–514. DOI: 10.1007/S00769-005-0045-0/TABLES/1.
  • Bilonick, R. A.; Gy, P. M. Sampling of Particulate Materials: Theory and Practice. Technometrics 1984, 26, 293–294. DOI: 10.2307/1267561.
  • Ellison, S. L. R.; Williams, A.; EURACHEM/CITAC Guide Quantifying Uncertainty in Analytical Measurement Composition of the Working Group; et al. Eurachem Guid 2009, 141.
  • Jager, J.; Putnick, D. L.; Bornstein, M. H. II. More than Just Convenient: The Scientific Merits of Homogeneous Convenience Samples. Monogr. Soc. Res. Child. Dev. 2017, 82, 13–30. DOI: 10.1111/mono.12296.
  • Gy, P. M. Sampling of Heterogeneous and Dynamic Material Systems. Process Control Qual. 1993, 5, 67.
  • Riboldi, J.; Barbian, M. H.; Kolowski, A. B. S.; et al. Accuracy and Power of Parametric and Nonparametric Homocedasticy Tests Assessed for Simulation. Rev. Bras Biom. 2014, 32, 334–344.
  • Ohenoja, M. MMEA WP2: Measurement and Sampling Uncertainty–a Literature Review. Cleen Ltd. Research Report D2.1.13, 2015.
  • Rousseeuw, P. J.; Hubert, M. Anomaly Detection by Robust Statistics. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Data Min Knowl Discov 2018, 8, 1–14. DOI: 10.1002/widm.1236.
  • Royal Society of Chemistry. Analytical Methods Committee, 2020. https://www.rsc.org/Membership/Networking/InterestGroups/Analytical/AMC/Software/.
  • de Jesus Leite, V.; de Oliveira, E. C.; Aucélio, R. Q. Impact of the Sampling Process on the Measurement Uncertainty, a Case Study: Physicochemical Parameters in Diesel. Accred. Qual. Assur. 2021, 26, 1–9. DOI: 10.1007/s00769-020-01452-6.
  • Rede Metrologica, R. S. Rm 68 – Incerteza De Medição: Guia Prático Do Avaliador De Laboratórios. Rede Metrol Do Rio Gd Do Sul 2013, 1–32. https://redemetrologica.com.br/wp-content/uploads/arquivos_download/rm68rev05-incerteza-de-medicao-guia-pratico-do-avaliador-de-laboratorios-pdf_0a808c72de.pdf.
  • Reiter, E. V.; Dutton, M. F.; Agus, A.; Nordkvist, E.; Mwanza, M. F.; Njobeh, P. B.; Prawano, D.; Häggblom, P.; Razzazi-Fazeli, E.; Zentek, J.; et al. Uncertainty from Sampling in Measurements of Aflatoxins in Animal Feedingstuffs: Application of the Eurachem/CITAC Guidelines. Analyst 2011, 136, 4059–4069. DOI: 10.1039/c1an15124j.
  • Andersson, M. G.; Reiter, E. V.; Lindqvist, P.-A.; Razzazi-Fazeli, E.; Häggblom, P. Comparison of Manual and Automatic Sampling for Monitoring Ochratoxin a in Barley Grain. Food Addit. Contam. Part A. Chem. Anal. Control Expo. Risk Assess 2011, 28, 1066–1075. DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2011.576438.
  • Lyn, J. A.; Ramsey, M. H.; Fussell, R. J.; Wood, R. Measurement Uncertainty from Physical Sample Preparation: Estimation Including Systematic Error. Analyst 2003, 128, 1391–1398. DOI: 10.1039/b307581h.
  • Maroto, A.; Riu, J.; Boqué, R.; Xavier Rius, F. Estimating Uncertainties of Analytical Results Using Information from the Validation Process. Anal. Chim. Acta 1999, 391, 173–185. DOI: 10.1016/S0003-2670(99)00111-7.
  • Lyn, J. A.; Ramsey, M. H.; Damant, A. P.; Wood, R. Empirical versus Modelling Approaches to the Estimation of Measurement Uncertainty Caused by Primary Sampling. Analyst 2007, 132, 1231–1237. DOI: 10.1039/b709539m.
  • Rostron, P. D.; Ramsey, M. H. Cost Effective, Robust Estimation of Measurement Uncertainty from Sampling Using Unbalanced ANOVA. Accred. Qual. Assur. 2012, 17, 7–14. DOI: 10.1007/S00769-011-0846-2/FIGURES/5.
  • Ramsey, M. H.; Geelhoed, B.; Wood, R.; Damant, A. P. Improved Evaluation of Measurement Uncertainty from Sampling by Inclusion of between-Sampler Bias Using Sampling Proficiency Testing. Analyst 2011, 136, 1313–1321. DOI: 10.1039/c0an00705f.
  • Ramsey, M. H.; Squire, S.; Gardner, M. J. Synthetic Reference Sampling Target for the Estimation of Measurement Uncertainty. Analyst 1999, 124, 1701–1706. DOI: 10.1039/a905299b.
  • Lequy, E.; Sauvage, S.; Laffray, X.; Gombert-Courvoisier, S.; Pascaud, A.; Galsomiès, L.; Leblond, S. Assessment of the Uncertainty of Trace Metal and Nitrogen Concentrations in Mosses Due to Sampling, Sample Preparation and Chemical Analysis Based on the French Contribution to ICP-Vegetation. Ecol Indic 2016, 71, 20–31. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.06.046.
  • Omeroglu, P. Y.; Boyacioglu, D.; Ambrus, Á.; Karaali, A.; Saner, S. An Overview on Steps of Pesticide Residue Analysis and Contribution of the Individual Steps to the Measurement Uncertainty. Food Anal. Methods 2012, 5, 1469–1480. DOI: 10.1007/S12161-012-9396-4/FIGURES/1.
  • Demetriades, A. Use of Measurement Uncertainty in a Probabilistic Scheme to Assess Compliance of Bottled Water with Drinking Water Standards. J. Geochemical. Explor. 2010, 107, 410–422. DOI: 10.1016/j.gexplo.2010.11.001.
  • Niu, J.; Rasmussen, P. E.; Wheeler, A.; Williams, R.; Chénier, M. Evaluation of Airborne Particulate Matter and Metals Data in Personal, Indoor and Outdoor Environments Using ED-XRF and ICP-MS and co-Located Duplicate Samples. Atmos. Environ. 2010, 44, 235–245. DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.10.009.
  • Galas, C.; Sansone, U.; Belli, M.; Barbizzi, S.; Fanzutti, G. P.; Kanivets, V.; Pati, A.; Piani, R.; Repetti, M.; Terzoni, C.; et al. Freshwater Suspended Particles: An Intercomparison of Long-Term Integrating Sampling Systems Used for Environmental Radioactivity Monitoring. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 2006, 267, 623–629. DOI: 10.1007/s10967-006-0111-z.
  • Lee, J. C.; Ramsey, M. H. Modelling Measurement Uncertainty as a Function of Concentration: An Example from a Contaminated Land Investigation. Analyst 2001, 126, 1784–1791. DOI: 10.1039/b104946c.
  • Saari, E.; Perämäki, P.; Jalonen, J. Measurement Uncertainty in the Determination of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH) in Soil by GC-FID. Chemom. Intell. Lab. Syst. 2008, 92, 3–12. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemolab.2007.11.006.
  • 78 AMCAN. Proficiency Testing of Sampling. Anal. Methods 2017, 9, 4110–4111. DOI: 10.1039/c7ay90092a.
  • Ramsey, M. H.; Argyraki, A.; Thompson, M. On the Collaborative Trial in Sampling. Analyst 1995, 120, 2309–2312. DOI: 10.1039/an9952002309.
  • Minkkinen, P. Practical Applications of Sampling Theory. In: Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems; Elsevier, 2004, Vol. 74; pp. 85–94. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemolab.2004.03.013.
  • Farrington, D.; Jervis, A.; Shelley, S.; Damant, A.; Wood, R.; Thompson, M. A Pilot Study of Routine Quality Control of Sampling by the SAD Method, Applied to Packaged and Bulk Foods. Analyst 2004, 129, 359–363. DOI: 10.1039/b315644n.
  • Boon, K. A.; Ramsey, M. H. Judging the Fitness of on-Site Measurements by Their Uncertainty, Including the Contribution from Sampling. Sci. Total Environ. 2012, 419, 196–207. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.12.001.
  • Rostron, P. D.; Heathcote, J. A.; Ramsey, M. H. Evaluation of Uncertainties in in Situ and Ex Situ Gamma Measurements on Land Areas with Low Contamination Levels. J. Radiol. Prot. 2015, 35, 391–399. DOI: 10.1088/0952-4746/35/2/391.
  • Ramsey, M. H.; Taylor, P. D.; Lee, J. C. Optimized Contaminated Land Investigation at Minimum Overall Cost to Achieve Fitness-for-Purpose. J. Environ. Monit. 2002, 4, 809–814. DOI: 10.1039/b203096a.
  • Lyn, J. A.; Ramsey, M. H.; Damant, A. P.; Wood, R. Two-Stage Application of the Optimised Uncertainty Method: A Practical Assessment. Analyst 2005, 130, 1271–1279. DOI: 10.1039/b506274h.
  • Williams, A.; Magnusson, B. Eurachem/CITAC Guide: Use of Uncertainty Information in Compliance Assessment, 2021. https://www.eurachem.org/images/stories/Guides/pdf/MUC2021_P1_EN.pdf.
  • Carolina Hermógenes de Matos, A.; Cruz de Oliveira, E. Risk Assessment and Optimisation of Sulfur in Marketing Fuels. Fuel 2022, 313, 122705. DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2021.122705.
  • de Almeida, F. C.; Biazon, C. L.; de Oliveira, E. C. Uncertainty Evaluation and Validation of the Test Specimen Size Reduction in the Determination of Water Content in Crude Oils by Coulometric Karl Fischer Titration. Pet. Sci. Technol. 2017, 35, 1135–1140. DOI: 10.1080/10916466.2017.1310885.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.