Atomic Ionization Spectrometry: Prospects and Results

References

• Green , R. B. , Keller , R. A. , Luther , G. G. , Schenk , P. K. and Travis , J. C. 1976 . Galvanic detection of optical absorption in a gas discharge . Appl. Phys. Lett. , 29 : 727
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bridges , W. B. 1978 . Characteristics of an opto-galvanic effect in cesium and other gas discharge plasmas . J. Opt. Soc. Am. , 68 : 352
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feldman , D. 1979 . Optogalvanic spectroscopy of some molecules in discharges: NH3, NO2, H2, and N2 . Opt. Commun. , 29 : 67
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green , R. B. , Keller , R. A. , Schenk , P. K. , Travis , J. C. and Luther , G. G. 1976 . Opto-galvanic detection of species in flames . J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 98 : 8517
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alkemade , C. Th.J. 1981 . Single-atom detection . J. Appl. Spectrosc. , 35 : 1
   Google Scholar
• Turk , G. C. , Travis , J. C. , DeVoe , J. R. and O'Haver , T. C. 1978 . Analytical flame spectrometry with laser enhanced ionization . Anal. Chem. , 50 : 817
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zorov , N. B. , Kuzyakov , Yu. Ya. and Matveev , O. I. 1982 . Atomic-ionization analysis by tunable lasers . Zh. Anal. Khim. , 37 : 520
   Google Scholar
• Travis , J. C. , Turk , G. C. and Green , R. B. 1982 . Laser-enhanced ionization spectrometry . Anal. Chem , 54 : 1006A
   Google Scholar
• Turk , G. C. , Travis , J. C. and DeVoe , J. R. 1983 . Laser-enhanced ionization spectrometry for trace metal analysis . J. Phys. (Paris) , 44 : C7 – 301 .
   Google Scholar
• Sysoev , A. A. and Chupakhin , M. S. 1977 . Introduction to Mass Spectrometry , 302 Moscow : Atomizdat .
   Google Scholar
• Ambartsumyan , R. V. , Kalinin , V. P. and Letokhov , V. S. 1971 . Two-stage selective photoionization of rubidium atoms by laser radiation . Pis'ma Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. , 13 : 305 Selective two-photon photoionization of Rb atoms by laser radiation, IEEE J. Quantum Electron., 7, 305, 1971
   Google Scholar
• Letokhov , V. S. and Moore , C. B. 1976 . Laser separation of isotopes. I . Kvantovaya Elektron (Moscow) , 3 : 248 Laser isotope, separation, Part II, Kvantovaya Elektron (Moscow), 3, 485, 1976
   Google Scholar
• Ambartsumyan , R. V. , Apatin , V. M. , Letokhov , V. S. , Makarov , A. A. , Mishin , V. I. , Puretskii , A. A. and Furzikov , N. D. 1976 . Selective two-step ionization of rubidium atoms by laser radiation . Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. , 70 : 1660
   Google Scholar
• Letokhov , V. S. 1980 . “ Laser selective determination of single atoms ” . In Chemical and Biochemical Application of Lasers , Edited by: Moore , C. B. New York : Academic Press . chap. 1
   Google Scholar
• Hurst , G. S. , Nayfeh , M. H. and Young , J. P. 1977 . A demonstration of one-atom detection . Appl. Phys. Lett. , 30 : 229
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Letokhov , V. S. , Mishin , V. I. and Puretskii , A. A. 1977 . “ Selective photoionization of atoms by laser radiation ” . In Khimia Plasmy , 4th ed. , Edited by: Smirnov , B. M. 3 Moscow : Atomizdat .
   Google Scholar
• Ivanov , L. N. and Letokhov , V. S. 1975 . Selective ionization of atoms by light and electric fields . Kvantovaya Elektron. (Moscow) , 2 : 589
   Google Scholar
• Van Dijk , C. A. , Curran , F. M. , Lin , K. C. and Crouch , S. D. 1981 . Two-step laser assisted ionization of sodium in a hydrogen-oxygen-argon flame . Anal. Chem. , 53 : 1275
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schenk , P. K. , Travis , J. C. , Turk , G. C. and O'Haver , T. C. 1981 . Collection of ions produced by continuous wave laser-enhanced ionization in a hydrogen/air flame . J. Phys. Chem. , 85 : 2547
   Google Scholar
• Messman , J. D. , Schmidt , N. E. , Parli , J. R. and Green , R. B. 1985 . Laser-enhanced ionization of refractory elements in a nitrous oxide-acetylene flame . Appl. Spectrosc. , 39 : 504
   Google Scholar
• Travis , J. C. , Schenk , P. K. , Turk , G. C. and Mallard , W. G. 1979 . Effect of selective laser excitation on the ionization of atomic species in flames . Anal. Chem. , 51 : 1516
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turk , G. C. , Travis , J. C. , DeVoe , J. R. and O'Haver , T. C. 1979 . Laser-enhanced ionization spectrometry in analytical flames . Anal. Chem. , 51 : 1890
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schenk , P. K. , Mallard , W. G. , Travis , J. C. and Smyth , K. G. 1978 . Absorption spectra of metal oxydes using optogalvanic spectroscopy . J. Chem. Phys. , 69 : 5147
   Google Scholar
• Chaplygin , V. I. , Zorov , N. B. and Kuzyakov , Yu. Ya. 1983 . Laser atomic ionization determination of cesium in flames . Talanta , 30 : 505
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Curran , F. M. , Lin , K. C. , Leroi , G. E. , Hunt , P. M. and Crouch , S. R. 1983 . Energy consideration in dual laser ionization processes in flames . Anal. Chem. , 55 : 2382
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonchakov , A. S. , Zorov , N. B. , Kuzyakov , Yu. Ya. and Matveev , O. I. 1979 . Determination of picogram concentrations of sodium in flame by stepwise photoionization of atoms . Anal. Lett. , 12 : 1037
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zorov , N. B. , Kuzyakov , Yu. Ya. and Matveev , O. I. Stepwise photoionization of atoms in analytical flame spectrometry . Abstr. III All Union Conf. Anal. Chem. Vol. 2 , pp. 192 Minsk
   Google Scholar
• Salcedo Torres , L. E. , Zorov , N. B. and Kuzyakov , Yu. Ya. 1981 . Determination of indium by laser stepwise photoionization in flame . Zh. Anal. Khim. , 36 : 1433
   Google Scholar
• Turk , G. C. , Mallard , W. G. , Schenk , P. K. and Smyth , K. C. 1979 . Improved sensitivity of laser enhanced ionization spectrometry in flames by stepwise excitation . Anal. Chem. , 51 : 2408
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Omenctto , N. , Berthoud , T. , Cavalli , P. and Rossi , G. 1985 . Analytical laser enhanced ionization studies of thallium in the air-acetylene flame . Anal. Chem. , 57 : 1256
   Google Scholar
• Goldsmith , J. E. M. 1983 . Resonant multiphoton optogalvanic spectroscopy of radicals in flames . J. Phys. (Paris) Colloq. , 44 : C7 – 277 .
   Google Scholar
• Turk , G. C. , DeVoe , J. R. and Travis , J. C. 1982 . Stepwise excitation laser enhnaced ionization spectrometry . Anal. Chem. , 54 : 643
   Google Scholar
• Zorov , N. B. , Kuzyakov , Yu. Ya. , Matveev , O. I. and Chaplygin , V. I. 1980 . Determination of lithium and cesium by step atom photoionization in flame by dye lasers . Zh. Anal. Khim. , 35 : 1701
   Google Scholar
• Novodvorsky , O. A. , Zorov , N. B. and Kuzyakov , Yu. Ya. Use of a holographic-grating laser with a grazing incidence for trace determination of phosphorus as phosphorus oxide (PO) molecules by optogalvanic spectroscopy . Proc. 4th All Union Conf. Tunable Laser Materials . pp. 382 Novosibirsk : U.S.S.R. .
   Google Scholar
• Chaplygin , V. I. , Novodvorsky , O. A. , Matveev , O. A. , Zorov , N. B. and Kuzyakov , Yu. Ya. Optimization of conditions for atomic-ionization laser determination of elements in a flame , Deposited Doc. VINITI, 2597 . 1983 pp. 83 .
   Google Scholar
• Alkemade , C. Th. J. , Hollander , T. , Snelleman , W. and Zeegers , P. J.Th. 1982 . Metal Vapors in Flames , 1033 Oxford : Pergamon Press .
   Google Scholar
• Green , R. B. , Havrilla , G. J. and Trask , T. O. 1980 . Laser-enhanced ionizaion spectrometry: characterization of electrical interferences . Appl. Spectrosc. , 34 : 561
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trask , T. O. and Green , R. B. 1983 . Evaluation of electrode configuration for high voltage interferent removal in laser-enhanced ionization spectrometry . Spectrochim. Acta , 38B : 503
   Google Scholar
• Turk , G. C. 1981 . Reduction of matrix ionization interference in laser-enhanced ionization spectrometry . Anal. Chem. , 53 : 1187
   Google Scholar
• Zorov , N. B. , Kuzyakov , Yu. Ya. , Novodvorsky , O. A. , Chaplygyn , V. I. and Volchkov , I. V. U.S.S.R. Patent . 1,155,919 . 1985 .
   Google Scholar
• Havrilla , G. J. and Green , R. B. 1981 . Pre-amplifier for laser enhanced ionization spectrometry . Chem. Biomed. Environ. Instrum. , 11 : 273
   Google Scholar
• Travis , J. C. and DeVoe , J. R. 1981 . “ The optogalvanic effect ” . In Lasers in Chemical Analysis , Edited by: Hieftje , G. M. , Travis , J. C. and Lytle , F. E. 93 Clifton, NJ : Humana Press .
   Google Scholar
• Van Dijk , C. A. 1978 . Two-Photon Excitation of Higher Sodium Levels and Population Transfer in a Flame , Ph.D. thesis Utrecht : University of Utrecht .
   Google Scholar
• Hurst , G. S. 1981 . Resonance ionization spectroscopy . Anal. Chem. , 53 : 1448A
   Google Scholar
• Letokhov , V. S. 1983 . “ chap. 3 ” . In Nonlinear Selective Photoprocesses in Atoms and Molecules , Moscow : Nauka .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , K. C. and Mallard , W. G. 1981 . Laser induced ionization and mobility measurements of very small particles in premixed flames at the sooting limit . Combust. Sci. Technol. , 26 : 35
   Google Scholar
• Havrilla , G. J. and Green , R. B. 1980 . Evaluation of plate electrodes for laser-enhanced ionization spectrometry . Anal. Chem. , 52 : 2376
   Google Scholar
• Berthoud , T. , Lipinsky , J. , Camus , P. and Stehle , J.-L. 1983 . Electron pulse shape in laser-enhanced ionization spectrometry . Anal. Chem. , 55 : 959
   Google Scholar
• Berthoud , Th. , Drin , N. , Lipinsky , J. and Camus , P. 1983 . Mechanisms of production and collection of charges in LEI spectroscopy . J. Phys. (Paris) Colloq. , 44 : C7 – 67 .
   Google Scholar
• Havrilla , G. J. , Schenk , P. K. , Travis , J. C. and Turk , G. C. 1984 . Signal detection of pulsed laser enhanced ionization . Anal. Chem. , 56 : 186
   Google Scholar
• Lawton , J. and Weinberg , F. J. 1969 . Electrical Aspects of Combustion , Oxford, , England : Clarendon Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kuzyakov , Yu. Ya. , Zorov , N. B. , Chaplygin , V. I. and Novodvorsky , O. A. 1983 . Trace analysis by laser optogalvanic spectroscopy . J. Phys. (Paris), Colloq. , 44 : C7 – 335 .
   Google Scholar
• Novodvorsky , O. A. 1984 . Mechanisms of Ionization and Optogalvanic Signal Formation in Flames under Interaction with Resonance Radiation , Ph.D., thesis Moscow : Moscow State University .
   Google Scholar
• Travis , J. C. , Turk , G. C. , DeVoe , J. R. , Schenk , P. K. and Van Dijk , C. A. 1984 . Principles of laser-enhanced ionization spectrometry in flames . Prog. Anal. At. Spectrosc. , 7 : 199
   Google Scholar
• McDaniel , E. W. and Mason , E. A. 1973 . The Mobility and Diffusion of Ions in Gases , New York : John Wiley & Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Smirnov , B. M. 1982 . Introduction to Plasma Physics , 177 Moscow : Nauka .
   Google Scholar
• Novodvorsky , O. A. , Zorov , N. B. and Kuzyakov , Yu. Ya. 1985 . Nature of the pulsed optogalvanic effect in a flame . Vestn. Mosk. Univ. Khim. , 26 : 221
   Google Scholar
• Allis , W. P. and Rose , D. J. 1954 . The transition from free to ambipolar diffusion . Phys. Rev. , 93 : 84
   Google Scholar
• Axner , O. , Berglind , T. , Heully , J. L. , Lindgren , I. and Rubinsztein-Dunlop , H. 1984 . Improved theory of laser-enhanced ionization in flames: comparison with experiment . J. Appl. Phys. , 55 : 3215
   Google Scholar
• Alkemade , C. Th. J. Laser and flames . Proc. 20th Coll. Spectrosc. Int. and 7th Int. Conf. At. Spectrosc. pp. 93 Prague
   Google Scholar
• Smyth , K. C. , Schenk , P. K. , Mallard , W. G. and Travis , J. C. Optogalvanic spectroscopy: a new look at atoms and molecules . Proc. 10th Mater. Res. Symp. Characterization of High Temp. Vapours and Gases . pp. 188 Washington, D.C.
   Google Scholar
• Kuzyakov , Yu. Ya. , Matveev , O. I. and Novodvorsky , O. A. 1984 . Determination of flame velocity using selective laser-enhanced ionization of atoms . Zh. Prikl. Spektrosk. , 40 : 145
   Google Scholar
• Schenk , P. K. , Travis , J. C. , Turk , G. C. and O'Haver , T. C. 1982 . Laser enhanced ionization flame velocimeter . Appl. Spectrosc. , 36 : 168
   Google Scholar
• Axner , O. , Berglind , T. , Heully , J. L. , Lindgren , I. and Rubinsztein-Dunlop , H. 1983 . Theory of laser enhanced ionization in flames—comparison with experiments . J. Phys. (Paris) Colloq. , 44 : C7 – 311 .
   Google Scholar
• Willer , W. J. Ions in flames. Evaluations and prognosis . Proc. 14th Int. Symp. Combustion . pp. 307 New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Marunkov , A. G. and Chekalin , N. V. 1986 . Determination of the degree of collisional ionization from exited levels of atoms in a flames . Opt. Spectrosc. (USSR) , 61 : 461
   Google Scholar
• Goldsmith , J. E. M. 1982 . Resonant multiphoton optogalvanic detection of atomic hydrogen in flames . Opt. Lett. , 7 : 437
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• von Hellfeld , A. , Gaddick , J. and Weiner , J. 1978 . Observation of laser-induced Penning associative ionization in lithium-lithium collisions . Phys. Rev. Lett. , 40 : 1369
   Google Scholar
• Bearman , G. H. and Leventhal , J. J. 1978 . Ionization and energy pooling in laser-excited sodium vapor . Phys. Rev. Lett. , 41 : 1227
   Google Scholar
• Msezane , A. and Manson , S. T. 1975 . Effects of minima of the generalized oscillator strength on the total ionization cross section . J. Phys. B , 8 : L5
   Google Scholar
• Axner , O. , Lindgren , I. , Magnusson , I. and Rubinsztein-Dunlop , H. 1985 . Trace element determination in flames by laser enhanced ionization spectrometry . Anal. Chem. , 57 : 773
   Google Scholar
• Matveev , O. I. , Zorov , N. B. and Kuzyakov , Yu. Ya. 1980 . Intracavity spectroscopy with a photon detector based on stepwise atoms photoionization . Talanta , 27 : 907
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Axner , O. , Berglind , T. and Sjoestrom , S. 1986 . Laser-enhanced ionization spectroscopy around the ionization limit . Phys. Scr. , 34 : 18
   Google Scholar
• Wise , W. W. , Smyth , M. W. and Miiles , B. M. 1969 . Atomic Transition Probabilities. Sodium through Calcium , Vol. 2 , 228 Washington, D.C. : National Bureau of Standards .
   Google Scholar
• Calicbe , E. and Niemax , K. 1974 . Oscillator strengths of the principal series lines of Rb . J. Phys. B , 7 : 1244
   Google Scholar
• Aymar , M. , Lue-Koenig , E. and Parnoux , P. C. 1976 . Theoretical investigation of photoionization from Rydberg states of lithium, sodium and potassium . J. Phys. B , 9 : 1279
   Google Scholar
• Shevelko , V. P. 1970 . Oscillator strengths and photoionization cross sections of alkali metals . Prepr. Phys. Inst. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. , Nl : 30
   Google Scholar
• Delone , N. B. 1975 . Many-photon ionization of atoms . Usp. Fiz. Nauk , 115 : 361
   Google Scholar
• Klyucharev , A. N. and Bezuglov , N. N. 1983 . Excitation and Ionization of Atoms during Light Absorption , 272 Leningrad : Leningrad University .
   Google Scholar
• Zorov , N. B. , Kuzyakov , Yu. Ya. , Novodvorsky , O. A. and Chaplygin , V. I. 1986 . “ Optogalvanic effect in atmospheric pressure flames ” . In Chemistry of Plasma , Edited by: Smirnov , B. M. Vol. 13 , 131 Moscow : Atomizdat .
   Google Scholar
• Travis , J. C. 1982 . Limits to sensitivity in laser enhanced ionization . J. Chem. Educ. , 59 : 909
   Google Scholar
• Omenetto , N. and Winefordner , J. D. 1979 . Atomic fluorescence spectrometry (basic principles and applications) . Prog. Anal. At. Spectrosc. , 2 : 1
   Google Scholar
• Rockney , B. H. , Cool , T. A. and Grant , E. R. 1982 . Detection of nancent NO in a methane/air flame by multiphoton ionization . Chem. Phys. Lett. , 87 : 141
   Google Scholar
• Smyth , K. C. and Mallard , W. G. 1982 . Two-photon ionization processes of PO in C2H2/air flame . J. Chem. Phys. , 77 : 1779
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magnusson , I. , Axner , O. and Rubinsztein-Dunlop , H. 1986 . Elimination of spectral interference using two-step excitation laser enhanced ionization . Phys. Scr. , 33 : 429
   Google Scholar
• Axner , O. and Magnusson , I. 1985 . Determination of trace elements in water solutions by laser enhanced ionization using coumarine 47 . Phys. Scr. , 31 : 387
   Google Scholar
• Omenetto , N. , Smith , B. W. and Hart , L. P. 1986 . Laser-induced fluorescence and ionization spectroscopy: theoretical and analytical consideration for pulsed sources . Fresenius Z. Anal. Chem. , 324 : 683
   Google Scholar
• Axner , O. , Magnusson , I. , Peterson , J. and Sjoestroem , S. 1987 . Investigation of the multielement capability of laser-enhanced ionization spectrometry in flames for analysis of trace elements . Appl. Spectrosc. , 41 : 19
   Google Scholar
• Marunkov , A. G. and Chekalin , N. V. 1987 . Experimental studies of the limiting capabilities of a flame atomic ionization spectrometer . Zh. Anal. Khim. , 42 : 638
   Google Scholar
• Chaplygin , V. I. , Kuzyakov , Yu. Ya. and Zorov , N. B. 1983 . Determination of alkali metals in different samples by laser atomic ionization in flames . Spectrochim. Acta , : 386
   Google Scholar
• Smith , B. W. , Hart , L. P. and Omenetto , N. 1986 . Measurement of the laser-induced ionization yield for lithium in an air-acetylene flame . Anal. Chem. , 58 : 2147
   Google Scholar
• Bykov , I. V. , Skvortsov , A. B. , Tatsii , Yu. G. and Chekalin , N. V. 1983 . Metal trace analysis by flame/graphite furnace OG spectroscopy . J. Phys. (Paris) Colloq. , 44 : C7 – 345 .
   Google Scholar
• Hart , L. P. , Smith , B. W. and Omenetto , N. 1985 . Laser induced stepwise and two-photon ionization studies of strontium in air-acetylene flame . Spectrochim. Acta , 40B : 1637
   Google Scholar
• Havrilla , G. J. and Choi Kee , Yu. 1986 . Detection and spectroscopic study of zinc by laser-enhanced ionization spectrometry . Anal. Chem. , 58 : 3095
   Google Scholar
• Marowsky , G. 1976 . Principles of dye laser operation and dye laser tuning methods . Opt. Acta , 23 : 855
   Google Scholar
• Novodvorsky , O. A. , Korn , G. , Zorov , N. B. , Kuzyakov , Yu. Ya. and Polze , S. 1983 . Investigation of emission characteristics of a grazing-incidence longitudinally pumped laser with a holographic grating . Kvantovaya Elektron. (Moscow) , 10 : 1997
   Google Scholar
• Omenetto , N. , Hart , L. P. , Smith , B. W. and Turk , G. C. 1987 . Near resonance effects in the laser induced ionization of Sr in air-acetylene flame . Opt. Commun. , 62 : 86
   Google Scholar
• Webster , C. R. and Rettner , C. T. 1983 . Laser optogalvanic spectroscopy of molecules . Laser Focus , 19 : 41
   Google Scholar
• Mallard , W. G. , Miller , J. H. and Smyth , K. C. 1982 . Resonantly enhanced two-photon photoionization of NO in an atmospheric flame . J. Chem. Phys. , 76 : 3483
   Google Scholar
• Novodvorsky , O. A. , Zorov , N. B. , Kuzyakov , Yu. Ya. and Palivoda , A. P. 1983 . “ Investigation of evaporation products from the surface of electrode by optogalvanic spectroscopy method ” . In Abstr. XIX All Union Spectroscopy Congress , 17 Tomsk : U.S.S.R. . Part 5
   Google Scholar
• Novodvorsky , O. A. , Zorov , N. B. and Kuzyakov , Yu. Ya. 1984 . Opto-galvanic effect in a flame on evaporation of the probe material . Vestn. Mosk. Univ. Khim. , 25 : 114
   Google Scholar
• Travis , J. C. , Turk , G. C. and Green , R. B. 1978 . “ Laser-enhanced ionization for trace metal analysis in flames ” . In New Applications of Lasers to Chemistry , ACS Symp. Ser., N 85 Edited by: Hieftje , G. M. 91 Washington, D.C. : American Chemical Society .
   Google Scholar
• Hall , J. E. and Green , R. B. 1983 . Laser-enhanced ionization spectrometry with a total consumption burner . Anal. Chem. , 55 : 1811
   Google Scholar
• Zorov , N. B. , Kuzyakov , Yu. Ya. , Novodvorsky , O. A. and Chaplygin , V. I. 1986 . “ Laser atomic ionization spectrometry for determination of traces ” . In Determination of Low Concentration of Elements , Edited by: Zolotov , Yu. A. and Ryabukhin , V. A. 233 Moscow : Nauka .
   Google Scholar
• Nippold , M. A. and Green , R. B. 1983 . Pulse signal collection for laser-enhanced ionization spectrometry . Anal. Chem. , 55 : 554
   Google Scholar
• Chaplygin , V. I. , Zorov , N. B. , Kuzyakov , Yu. Ya. and Matveev , O. I. 1983 . Determination of cesium in flames by laser excited ionization of atoms with differential sample vaporization and atomization . Zh. Anal. Khim. , 38 : 802
   Google Scholar
• Curran , F. M. , van Dijk , C. A. and Crouch , S. R. 1983 . Dual laser ionization in flames: search for electrical interferences . Appl. Spectrosc. , 37 : 385
   Google Scholar
• Chaplygin , V. I. , Zorov , N. B. , Kuzyakov , Yu. Ya. and Matveev , O. I. 1983 . An application of selective ionization by laser to determination of potassium in flame . Vestn. Mosk. Univ. , 24 : 168
   Google Scholar
• Havrilla , G. J. , Weeks , S. J. and Travis , J. C. 1982 . Continuous wave excitation in laser enhanced ionization spectrometry . Anal. Chem. , 54 : 2566
   Google Scholar
• Bykov , I. V. , Chekalin , N. V. and Tikhomirova , E. I. 1985 . Determination of indium traces in special purity tin by laser atomic ionization . Zh. Anal. Khim. , 40 : 1991
   Google Scholar
• Gorbatenko , A. A. , Zorov , N. B. and Kuzyakov , Yu. Ya. Determination of alkali metal traces in aluminium alloys by laser atomic ionization spectrometry . Abstr. Ural Conf. Modern Methods of Analysis and Study of Chem. Composition of Metallurgy, Engineering Industry Materials and Environmental Objects . pp. 123 Ustinov : U.S.S.R. .
   Google Scholar
• Marunkov , A. G. , Reutova , T. V. and Chekalin , N. V. 1986 . Determination of lead traces in natural waters by laser atomic-ionization spectrometry . Zh. Anal. Khim. , 41 : 681
   Google Scholar
• Turk , G. C. , Havrilla , G. J. , Webb , J. D. and Forster , A. R. 1984 . “ Performance appraisal studies of laser-enhanced ionization in flames—the determination of nikel in petroleum products ” . In Analytical Spectros-copy , Edited by: Lyon , W. S. 63 Amsterdam : Elsevier .
   Google Scholar
• Berglind , T. , Nilsson , S. and Rubinsztein-Dunlop , H. 1987 . Detection of metallic elements by laser enhanced ionization spectroscopy in flames on-line with high-pressure liquid chromatography . Phys. Scr. , 36 : 246
   Google Scholar
• Matveev , O. I. , Zorov , N. B. and Kuzyakov , Yu. Ya. 1979 . Detection of photons on resonance absorbance in atomic vapours . Zh. Anal. Khim. , 34 : 846
   Google Scholar
• Matveev , O. I. 1983 . Resonance laser-enhanced detection of photons in atomic fluorescence spectroscopy . Zh. Anal. Khim. , 38 : 736
   Google Scholar
• Dorofeev , V. S. and Aidarov , T. K. 1980 . Some possibilities for stepwise-2 resonance excitation and subsequent photoionization of atoms in atomic absorption spectral analysis . Zh. Prikl. Spektrosk. , 33 : 973
   Google Scholar
• Schenk , P. K. and Hastie , J. W. 1981 . Optogalvanic spectroscopy—application to combustion systems . Opt. Eng. , 20 : 522
   Google Scholar
• Lin , K. C. , Hunt , P. M. and Crouch , S. R. 1982 . Flame temperature determination in dual laser ionization . Chem. Phys. Lett. , 90 : 111
   Google Scholar
• Mallard , W. G. and Smyth , K. C. 1982 . Mobility measurements of atomic ions in flames using laser enhanced ionization . Combust. Flame , 44 : 61
   Google Scholar
• Salcedo Torres , L. E. , Zorov , N. B. , Kuzyakov , Yu. Ya. and Matveev , O. I. 1982 . On the effect of the ion mobility in flame on the analytical signal of the selective laser ionization technique . Vestn. Mosk. Univ. Khim. , 23 : 474
   Google Scholar
• Hall , J. E. and Green , R. B. 1985 . Ion fraction determination by laser enhanced ionization spectrometry . Anal. Chem. , 57 : 16
   Google Scholar
• Hall , J. E. 1984 . Evaluation of Flame Reservoirs for Laser-Enhanced Ionization Spectrometry , Ph.D. thesis Fayetteville : University of Arkansas .
   Google Scholar
• Bradly , D. and Ibrahim , S. N. A. 1974 . Determination of positive-ion mobilities and collision cross-section in flame gases using electrostatic probes . J. Phys. D , 7 : 1377
   Google Scholar
• Turk , G. C. and Omenetto , N. 1986 . Optical detection of laser-induced ionization: a study of the time decay of strontium ions in the air-acetylene flame . Appl. Spectrosc. , 40 : 1085
   Google Scholar
• Turk , G. C. , Axner , O. and Omenetto , N. 1987 . Optical detection of laser-induced ionization in the inductively coupled plasma for the study of ion-electron recombination and ionization equilibrium . Spectrochim. Acta , 42B : 873
   Google Scholar
• Hall , J. E. and Green , R. B. 1985 . Sample desolvation for laser-enhanced ionization spectrometry . Anal. Chem. , 57 : 431
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berglind , T. and Casparasson , L. 1983 . Micro-wave detection of laser-enhanced ionization of metals in flames . J. Phys. (Paris) Colloq. , 44 : C7 – 329 .
   Google Scholar
• Suzuki , T. , Fukasawa , T. , Sekiguchi , H. and Kasuga , T. 1986 . Detection of the optogalvanic effect in flames with a microwave resonant cavity . Appl. Phys. B , 39 : 247
   Google Scholar
• Letokhov , V. S. U.S.S.R. Patent . 784,679 . 1982 . Photoionization of gases by the laser radiation, (appl. in 1970)
   Google Scholar
• Young , J. P. , Hurst , G. S. , Kramer , S. D. and Payne , M. G. 1979 . Resonance ionization spectroscopy . Anal. Chem. , 51 : 1050A
   Google Scholar
• Kramer , S. D. , Young , J. P. , Hurst , G. S. and Payne , M. G. 1979 . Resonance ionization spectroscopy, of lithium . Opt. Commun. , 30 : 47
   Google Scholar
• Bjorklund , G. C. , Ausschnitt , C. P. , Freeman , R. R. and Storz , R. H. 1978 . Detection of atomic hydrogen and deuterium by resonant three-photon ionization . Appl. Phys. Lett. , 33 : 54
   Google Scholar
• Marr , V. G. 1967 . Photoionization Process in Gases , 108 New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Ambartsumyan , R. V. , Bekov , G. I. , Letokhov , V. S. and Mishin , V. I. 1975 . Excitation of high states of sodium atom by dye laser radiation and their autoionization in an electric field . Pis'ma Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. , 21 : 595
   Google Scholar
• Ducas , T. W. , Littman , M. G. , Freeman , R. R. and Kleppner , D. 1975 . Stark ionization of high-lying states of sodium . Phys. Rev. Lett. , 35 : 366
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bekov , G. I. , Letokhov , V. S. and Mishin , V. I. 1978 . Laser photoionization detection of single-unit sodium atoms via Rydberg states . Pis'ma Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. , 27 : 52
   Google Scholar
• Bekov , G. I. and Letokhov , V. S. 1983 . Laser resonant photo-ionization spectroscopy for trace analysis . Trends Anal. Chem. , 2 : 252
   Google Scholar
• Bekov , G. I. , Letokhov , V. S. and Radaev , V. N. 1985 . Laser photoionization spectroscopy of ruthenium traces at the level of 1 part in 1012 . J. Opt. Soc. Am. , 2 : 1554
   Google Scholar
• Stebbings , R. F. 1976 . High Rydberg atoms: newcomers to the atomic physics scene . Science , 193 : 537
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bekov , G. I. , Letokhov , V. S. , Matveev , O. I. and Mishin , V. I. 1978 . Detection of a long-lived autoionization state in the spectrum of a gadolinium atom . Pis'ma Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. , 28 : 308
   Google Scholar
• Bekov , G. I. , Egorov , A. S. and Mishin , V. I. 1983 . Determination of ytterbium in solution using laser enhanced ionization . Zh. Anal. Khim , 38 : 429
   Google Scholar
• Atakhodzaev , A. A. and Fedoseev , V. N. 1986 . Laser photoionization spectroscopy of autoionization states of the thulium atom . Zh. Prikl. Spektrosk. , 40 : 386
   Google Scholar
• Worden , E. F. , Solarz , R. W. , Paisner , J. A. and Conway , J. G. 1978 . First ionization potentials of lanthanides by laser spectroscopy . J. Opt. Soc. Am. , 68 : 52
   Google Scholar
• Dobryshin , V. E. , Karpov , N. A. , Kotochigova , S. A. , Krynetsky , B. B. , Mishin , V. A. , Stel'makh , O. M. and Shustrikov , V. M. 1983 . Laser spectroscopy of atomic-samarium autoionization levels . Opt. Spektrosk. , 54 : 415
   Google Scholar
• Vidolova-Angelova , E. , Bekov , G. I. , Ivanov , L. N. , Fedoseev , V. N. and Atakhodzhaev , A. A. 1984 . Laser spectroscopy investigation of highly excited states of the thulium atom . J. Phys. B , 17 : 953
   Google Scholar
• Zherikhin , A. N. , Kompanets , O. N. , Letokhov , V. S. , Mishin , V. I. , Fedoseev , V. N. , Alkhazov , G. D. , Barzakh , A. E. , Berlovich , E. E. , Denisov , V. P. , Dernyatin , A. G. and Ivanov , V. S. 1984 . High-resolution laser photoionization spectroscopy of radioactive europium isotopes . Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. , 86 : 1249
   Google Scholar
• Bekov , G. I. , Vidolova-Angelova , E. P. , Ivanov , L. M. , Letokhov , V. S. and Mishin , V. I. 1981 . Laser spectroscopy of narrow doubly excited autoionization states of ytterbium atom . Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. , 80 : 866
   Google Scholar
• Bekov , G. I. and Vidolova-Angelova , E. P. 1981 . Optimal system of stepwise photoionization of a lutetium atom by laser radiation . Kvantovaya Elektron (Moscow) , 8 : 227
   Google Scholar
• Bekov , G. I. , Vidolova-Angelova , E. P. , Letokhov , V. S. and Mishin , V. I. 1980 . Multistage laser spectroscopy of higher triplet states of an ytterbium atom . Opt. Spektrosk. , 48 : 435
   Google Scholar
• Miller , C. M. and Nogar , N. S. Autoionizing and high-lying Rydberg states of lutetium atoms . Proc. AIP Conf., N90 . pp. 90 New York : American Institute of Physics .
   Google Scholar
• Hurst , G. S. , Payne , M. G. and Wagner , E. B. U.S. Patent . 3,987,302 . 1976 . Resonance ionization for analytical spectroscopy
   Google Scholar
• Letokhov , V. S. 1976 . “ Future applications of selective laser photophysics and photochemistry ” . In Tunable Lasers and Applications , Edited by: Mooradian , A. , Jaeser , T. and Stokseth , P. 122 Berlin : Springer-Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Letokhov , V. S. 1976 . Problems of laser spectroscopy . Usp. Fiz. Nauk , 118 : 199
   Google Scholar
• Veksler , V. I. , Groshev , L. V. and Isaev , B. M. 1950 . Ionization Methods of Investigation of Radiation , Moscow : Gostekhizdat .
   Google Scholar
• Segre , E. , ed. 1953 . Experimental Nuclear Physics Vol. 1 , New York
   Google Scholar
• Hurst , G. S. , Payne , M. G. , Nayfeh , M. H. , Judish , J. P. and Wagner , E. B. 1975 . Saturated two-photon resonance ionization of helium . Phys. Rev. Lett. , 35 : 82
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hurst , G. S. , Nayfeh , M. H. and Young , J. P. 1977 . One atom detection using resonance ionization spectroscopy . Phys. Rev. A , 15 : 2283
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bekov , G. I. , Letokhov , V. S. , Matveev , O. I. and Mishin , V. I. 1978 . Single-atom detection of ytterbium by selective laser excitation and field ionization from Rydberg states . Opt. Lett. , 3 : 159
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Letokhov , V. S. and Mishin , V. I. 1979 . Highly selective multistep ionization of atoms by laser radiation . Opt. Commun. , 29 : 168
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kudriavtzev , Yu. A. and Letokhov , V. S. 1982 . Laser method of highly selective detection of rare radioactive isotopes through multistep photoionization of accelerated atoms . Appl. Phys. B , 29 : 219
   Google Scholar
• Matveev , O. I. , Zorov , N. B. and Kuzyakov , Yu. Ya. 1978 . Comparison of laser spectroscopy methods of individual atom detection . Vestn. Mosk. Univ. Khim. , 19 : 537
   Google Scholar
• Karlov , N. V. , Krynetskii , B. B. , Mishin , V. A. and Prokhorov , A. M. 1979 . Selective photoionization of atoms and its use for isotope separation and spectroscopy . Usp. Fiz. Nauk , 127 : 593
   Google Scholar
• Letokhov , V. S. 1977 . Laser selective detection of ultralow concentrations of atoms . Comments At. Mol. Phys. , 7 : 93
   Google Scholar
• Robinson , A. 1978 . Analytical chemistry: using lasers to detect less and less . Science , 199 : 1191
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Letokhov , V. S. 1978 . Laser spectroscopy. VI. Selective detection of ultra-low concentrations of atoms and molecules . Opt. Laser Technol. , 10 : 175
   Google Scholar
• Nayfeh , M. H. 1979 . Laser detection of single atoms . Am. Sci. , 67 : 204
   Google Scholar
• Morgan , C. Grey . 1979 . Laser spectroscopy of ultra-trace quantities . Chem. Soc. Rev. , 8 : 367
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hurst , G. S. , Payne , M. G. , Kramer , S. D. and Young , J. P. 1979 . Resonance ionization spectroscopy and one-atom detection . Rev. Mod. Phys. , 51 : 767
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balykin , V. I. , Bekov , G. I. , Letokhov , V. S. and Mishin , V. I. 1980 . Laser detection of single atoms . Usp. Fiz. Nauk , 132 : 293
   Google Scholar
• Hurst , G. S. 1982 . Counting the atoms: some applications in chemistry . J. Chem. Educ. , 59 : 895
   Google Scholar
• Payne , M. G. and Hurst , G. S. 1985 . “ One-atom detection and statistical studies with resonance ionization spectroscopy ” . In Analytical Laser Spectroscopy , Edited by: Martollucci , S. and Chester , A. N. 189 New York : Plenum Press .
   Google Scholar
• Letokhov , V. S. 1980 . “ Laser selective single-atom detection ” . In Chemical and Biochemical Application of Lasers , Edited by: Moore , C. B. Vol. 5 , 3 New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Letokhov , V. S. 1985 . Laser photoionization spectroscopy of single atoms and molecules . Opt. Acta , 32 : 1191
   Google Scholar
• Hurst , G. S. , Payne , M. G. , Kramer , S. D. and Young , J. P. 1979 . Resonance ionization spectroscopy with amplification . Chem. Phys. Lett. , 63 : 1
   Google Scholar
• Kramer , S. D. , Bemis , C. E. Jr. , Young , J. P. and Hurst , G. S. 1978 . One-atom detection in individual ionization tracks . Opt. Lett. , 3 : 16
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cerny , J. and Postkauzer , A. M. 1978 . Exotic light nuclei . Sci. Am. , 238 : 60
   Google Scholar
• Bekov , G. I. , Letokhov , V. S. and Mishin , V. I. Laser photoionization detection of impurities in solids and studies of hyperfine and isotope structures of radioactive atoms . Proc. AIP Conf., N90 . pp. 101 New York : American Institute of Physics .
   Google Scholar
• Andreev , S. V. , Letokhov , V. S. and Mishin , V. I. 1986 . Laser resonance photoionization detection of trace of the radioactive isotope francium-221 in a sample . Pis'ma Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. , 43 : 570
   Google Scholar
• Letokhov , V. S. 1986 . Laser ultrasensitive high-resolution spectroscopy of short-lived radioactive atoms . Comments At. Mol. Phys. , 18 : 209
   Google Scholar
• Bahcall , J. N. 1978 . Solar neutrino experiments . Rev. Mod. Phys. , 50 : 881
   Google Scholar
• Hurst , G. S. , Payne , M. G. , Kramer , S. D. and Chen , C. H. 1980 . Counting the atoms . Phys. Today , 33 : 24
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cleveland , B. , Davis , R. Jr. and Ronley , J. K. 1984 . The chlorine and bromine solar neutrino experiments . Inst. Phys. Conf. Ser. , N71 : 241
   Google Scholar
• Hurst , G. S. 1986 . Feasibility of a 81Br(v,e-)81Kr solar neutrino experiment . Inst. Phys. Conf. Ser. , N84 : 283
   Google Scholar
• Chen , C. H. , Hurst , G. S. and Payne , M. G. 1984 . “ Resonance ionization spectroscopy: inert atom detection ” . In Progress in Atomic Sepctroscopy, Part C 115 New York
   Google Scholar
• Lehmann , B. E. and Loosli , H. H. 1984 . Use of noble gas radioisotopes for environmental research . Inst. Phys. Conf. Ser. , N71 : 219
   Google Scholar
• Kramer , S. D. , Chen , C. H. , Allman , S. L. , Hurst , G. S. and Lehmann , B. E. Krypton-81 detection using resonance ionization spectroscopy . Proc. AIP Conf., N119 . pp. 246 New York : American Institute of Physics .
   Google Scholar
• Lehmann , B. E. , Oescher , H. , Loosli , H. H. , Hurst , G. S. , Allman , S. L. , Chen , C. H. , Kramer , S. D. , Payne , M. G. Phillips , R. C. 1985 . Counting krypton-81 atoms for analysis of groundwater . J. Geophys. Res. B , 90 : 11547
   Google Scholar
• Lehmann , B. E. 1985 . Resonance ionization spectroscopy: application in isotope geophysics . NATO AS1 Ser., Ser. B , N119 : 203
   Google Scholar
• Matveev , O. I. , Zorov , N. B. and Kuzyakov , Yu. Ya. 1979 . Yield of ions in pulse laser photoionization of atoms . Vestn. Mosk. Univ. Khim. , 20 : 155
   Google Scholar
• Bekov , G. I. , Vidolova-Angelova , E. P. , Letokhov , V. S. and Mishin , V. I. Selective detection of single atoms by multistep excitation and ionization through Rydberg states, in Laser Spectroscopy IV . Proc. 4th Int. Conf. Rottach-Egern . Edited by: Walther , H. and Rothe , K. W. pp. 283 New York : Springer-Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Bekov , G. I. , Egorov , A. S. , Letokhov , V. S. and Radaev , V. N. 1983 . Laser stepwise photoionization of atoms—a direct method of aluminium concentration determination in natural waters . Okeanologiya , 23 : 171
   Google Scholar
• Bekov , G. I. , Yegorov , A. S. , Letokhov , V. S. and Radaev , V. N. 1983 . Direct determination of aluminium in natural waters by laser stepwise photoionization . Nature , 301 : 410
   Google Scholar
• Beterov , I. M. , Kurochkin , V. L. , Fateev , N. V. and Yudelevitch , I. G. 1983 . Stepwise photoionization determination of trace elements . Izv. Sib. Otd. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R., Ser. Khim. Nauk , N3 : 67
   Google Scholar
• Beterov , I. M. , Ishchenko , V. V. , Kochubei , S. A. and Kurochkin , V. L. 1985 . Effective formation of alumunium photons under the radiation from a tunable xenon monochlodide laser . Opt. Commun. , 54 : 100
   Google Scholar
• Bekov , G. I. and Letokhov , V. S. 1983 . Laser atomic photoionization spectral analysis of element traces . Appl. Phys. B , 30 : 161
   Google Scholar
• Bekov , G. I. and Letokhov , V. S. 1986 . “ Laser atomic-photoionization spectral analysis ” . In Laser Analytical Spectroscopy , Edited by: Letokhov , V. S. Moscow : Nauka . chap. 3
   Google Scholar
• Matveev , O. I. , Pribytkov , V. A. and Dibrova , A. K. U.S.S.R. Patent . 1,223,094 . 1986 . Atomization of substances in a vacuum
   Google Scholar
• Andreev , S. V. , Mishin , V. I. and Sekatskii , S. K. 1985 . Enhancement of the efficiency of atomic ionization by repetitively pulsed lasers . Kvantovaya Elektron. (Moscow) , 12 : 611
   Google Scholar
• Andreev , S. V. , Mishin , V. I. and Letokhov , V. S. 1986 . High efficiency laser resonance photoionization of strontium atoms in a hot cavity . Opt. Commun , 57 : 317
   Google Scholar
• Bekov , G. I. , Maksimov , G. A. , Nikogosyan , D. N. and Radaev , V. N. 1984 . Enhancement of selectivity of laser photoionization analysis during two-pulse action of the electric field on Rydberg atoms . Kvantovaya Elektron. (Moscow) , 11 : 1262
   Google Scholar
• Bekov , G. I. , Letokhov , V. S. and Mishin , V. I. 1977 . Ionization of highly excited sodium atoms by a pulsed electric field . Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. , 73 : 157
   Google Scholar
• Bekov , G. I. , Letokhov , V. S. and Radaev , V. N. 1984 . Direct determination of aluminium concentration in human blood through laser photoionization spectroscopy . Laser Chem. , 5 : 11
   Google Scholar
• Bekov , G. I. , Kurskii , A. N. , Letokhov , V. S. and Radaev , V. N. 1985 . Determination of ruthenium traces in geological samples by laser photoionization spectroscopy . Zh. Anal. Khim. , 40 : 2208
   Google Scholar
• Akilov , R. and Bekov , G. I. 1982 . Determination of sodium trace impurities in cadmium sulphide crystals by laser multistep photoionization of atoms . Pis'ma Zh. Tekhn. Fiz. , 8 : 517
   Google Scholar
• Akilov , R. , Bekov , G. I. , Devyatykh , G. G. , Letokhov , V. S. , Maksimov , G. A. , Radaev , V. N. , Shishov , V. N. and Shcheplyagin , E. M. 1984 . Determination of aluminium and sodium as impurities in high-purity germanium by laser-enhanced stepwise atom photoionization . Zh. Anal. Khim. , 39 : 31
   Google Scholar
• Bekov , G. I. and Radaev , V. N. 1984 . Laser photoionization determination of elements traces . Izv. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R., Ser. Fiz. , 48 : 771
   Google Scholar
• Akilov , R. , Bekov , G. I. , Letokhov , V. S. , Maksimov , G. A. , Mishin , V. I. , Radaev , V. N. and Shishov , V. N. 1982 . Determination of aluminium content in high-purity germanium by the method of laser stepwise photoionization of atoms . Kvantovaya Elektron. (Moscow) , 9 : 1859
   Google Scholar
• Likonen , J. , Auterinen , I. , Bekov , G. , Radaev , V. , Lakomaa , E. L. , Ojanpera , J. and Zilliacus , R. 1986 . Resonance ionization spectrometric determination of gallium by use of electrothermal graphite atomizer . Inst. Phys. Conf. Ser. , N84 : 343
   Google Scholar
• Bekov , G. , Radaev , V. , Likonen , J. , Zilliakus , R. , Auterinen , I. and Lakomaa , E. L. 1987 . Resonance ionization spectrometric determination of gallium using an electrothermal graphite atomizer . Anal. Chem. , 59 : 2472
   Google Scholar
• Beterov , I. M. , Kurochkin , V. L. and Yudelevich , I. G. 1985 . Determination of trace indium concentration in high purity materials by laser stepwise photoionization from the metastabile 5p2P3/2 state . Zh. Prikl. Spektrosk. , 42 : 17
   Google Scholar
• Bekov , G. I. , Radaev , V. N. , Kurskii , A. N. , Zdorova , E. P. and Makarov , Yu. B. 1985 . Laser photoionization determination of platinum-group metals with fire-assay preconcentration . Zavod. Lab. , 51 : 31
   Google Scholar
• Bekov , G. I. , Letokhov , V. S. , Radaev , V. N. , Baturin , S. N. , Egorov , A. S. , Kurskii , A. N. and Narseyev , V. A. 1985 . Ruthenium in the ocean . Nature , 322 : 748
   Google Scholar
• Zilliacus , R. , Lakomaa , E. L. , Auterinen , I. and Likonen , J. 1986 . Avoidance of contamination in trace element analysis by RIS . Inst. Phys. Conf. Ser. , N84 : 341
   Google Scholar
• Travis , J. C. , Epstein , M. , Schenk , P. K. , Turk , G. C. , Sweger , D. M. and DeVoe , J. R. Galvanic detection of optical absorptions in analytical reservoirs . Proc. 20th Coll. Spectrosc. Int. and 7th Int. Conf. At. Spectrosc. pp. 118 Prague
   Google Scholar
• Gonchakov , A. S. , Zorov , N. B. , Kuzyakov , Yu. Ya. and Matveev , O. I. 1979 . Detection of submicrogram amount of sodium by laser stepwise photoionization technique and laser atomic fluorescence spectrometry with electrothermal atomization . Zh. Anal. Khim. , 34 : 2312
   Google Scholar
• Salsedo Torres , L. E. 1981 . Application of Selective Laser Ionization for Determination of Indium in Semiconductor Alloys and Pure Substances , Ph.D. thesis Moscow : Moscow State University, U.S.S.R. .
   Google Scholar
• L'vov , B. V. 1980 . 25 Years of analytical atomic absorption spectrometry . Zh. Anal. Khim. , 35 : 1575
   Google Scholar
• Magnusson , I. , Axner , O. , Lindgren , I. and Rubinsztein-Dunlop , H. 1986 . Laser-enhanced ionization detection of trace elements in a graphite furnace . Appl. Spectrosc. , 40 : 968
   Google Scholar
• Magnusson , I. , Sjoestoem , S. , Lejon , M. and Rubinsztein-Dunlop , H. 1987 . Trace element analysis by two colour laser enhanced ionization spectroscopy in a graphite furnace . Spectrochim. Acta , 42B : 713
   Google Scholar
• Minova , T. , Katsuragawa , H. , Kawamura , A. and Shimazu , M. 1986 . Highly sensitive detection of thallium atoms using resonance ionization . Opt. Commun. , 60 : 37
   Google Scholar
• Mayo , S. , Lucatorto , T. B. and Luther , G. G. 1982 . Laser ablation and resonance ionization spectrometry for trace analysis of solids . Anal. Chem. , 54 : 533
   Google Scholar
• Parks , J. E. , Schmitt , H. W. , Hurst , G. S. and Fairbank , W. M. Jr. Ultrasensitive elemental analysis of solids by sputter-initiated resonance ionization spectroscopy . Proc. SPIE-Int. Soc. Opt. Eng. N426 . pp. 32
   Google Scholar
• Parks , J. E. , Schmitt , H. W. , Hurst , G. S. and Fairbank , W. M. Jr. 1984 . Sputter-initiated resonance ionization spectroscopy for trace element analysis . Anal. Chem. Symp. Ser. , N19 : 149
   Google Scholar
• Parks , J. E. , Schmitt , H. W. , Hurst , G. S. and Fairbank , W. M. Jr. 1984 . Sputter initiated RIS (SIRIS) for analysis of semiconductor impurities . Inst. Phys. Conf. Ser. , N71 : 167
   Google Scholar
• Parks , J. E. , Beekman , D. W. , Schmitt , H. W. and Taylor , E. H. 1985 . Materials analysis using sputter initiated resonance ionization spectroscopy . Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. B , B10–11 : 280
   Google Scholar
• Parks , J. E. , Beekman , D. W. , Schmitt , H. W. and Spaar , M. T. Ultrasensitive elemental analysis of materials using sputter initiated resonance ionization spectroscopy . Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. Vol. N48 , pp. 309
   Google Scholar
• Parks , J. E. Bioassays using resonance ionization spectroscopy Report, NURE G/CR-3454, Order No. DE84900713, p. 29; Chem. Abstr., 101, 68495, 1984
   Google Scholar
• Fairbank , W. M. Jr. , Hurst , G. S. , Parks , J. E. and Paice , C. 1984 . Searches for fractional charges and superheavy atoms . Inst. Phys. Conf. Ser. , N71 : 287
   Google Scholar
• Fairbank , W. M. Jr. , Petger , W. F. , Riis , E. , Hurst , G. S. and Parks , J. E. 1985 . Optical searches for fractional charges and superheavy atoms . Springer Ser. Opt. Sci. , N49 : 53
   Google Scholar
• Fairbank , W. M. Jr. , Riis , E. , LaBelle , R. D. , Parks , J. E. , Spaar , M. T. and Hurst , G. S. 1986 . A search for new elementary particles using suptter-initiated resonance ionization spectroscopy . Inst. Phys. Conf. Ser. , N84 : 275
   Google Scholar
• Parks , J. E. , Beekman , D. W. , Moore , L. J. , Schmitt , H. W. , Spaar , M. T. , Taylor , E. H. , Hutchinson , J. M. R. and Fairbank , W. M. Jr. 1986 . Progress in analysis by sputter-initiated resonance ionisation spectroscopy . Inst. Phys. Conf. Ser. , N84 : 157
   Google Scholar
• Schmitt , H. W. 1985 . Resonance ionization spectroscopy and a new venture in analysis . Nucl. Sci. Eng. , 90 : 442
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorbunov , S. V. , Zakurdaev , I. V. , Muchnik , M. L. , Suslov , A. I. , Sheroziya , G. A. and Shishlakov , V. A. 1986 . Selective laser ionization of atoms sputtered by an ion beam . Pis'ma Zh. Tekh. Fiz. , 12 : 681
   Google Scholar
• Keller , R. A. and Zalevski , E. E. 1980 . Noise considerations, signal magnitudes, and detection limits in a hollow cathode discharge by optogalvanic spectroscopy . Appl. Opt. , 19 : 3301
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Keller , R. A. , Engelman , R. and Zalevski , E. F. 1979 . Optogalvanic spectroscopy in an uranium hollow cathode discharge . J. Opt. Soc. Am. , 69 : 738
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miron , E. , Smilanski , I. , Liran , J. , Lavi , S. and Erez , G. 1979 . Dynamic optogalvanic effect in rare gases and uranium . IEEE J. Quantum Electron. , QE-15 : 194
   Google Scholar
• Donohue , D. L. , Young , J. P. and Smith , D. H. 1982 . Determination of rare earth isotope ratios by resonance ionization mass spectrometry . Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Phys. , 43 : 293
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young , J. P. , Donohue , D. L. and Smith , D. H. 1984 . Alternate ionization pathways for resonance ionization mass spectrometry . Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Phys. , 56 : 307
   Google Scholar
• Donohue , D. L. , Smith , D. H. , Young , J. P. , McKown , H. S. and Pritchard , C. A. 1984 . Isotopic analysis of uranium and plutonium mixtures by resonance ionization mass spectrometry . Anal. Chem. , 56 : 379
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donohue , D. L. , Young , J. P. and Smith , D. H. 1985 . Spectral studies of actinide elements by resonance ionization mass spectrometry . Appl. Spectrosc. , 39 : 93
   Google Scholar
• Downey , S. W. , Nogar , N. S. and Miller , C. M. 1984 . Resonance ionization mass spectrometry of technetium . Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Phys. , 61 : 337
   Google Scholar
• Downey , S. W. , Nogar , N. S. and Miller , C. M. 1984 . Resonance ionization mass spectrometry of uranium with intracavity laser ionization . Anal. Chem. , 56 : 827
   Google Scholar
• Fassett , J. D. , Travis , J. C. , Moore , L. J. and Lytle , F. E. 1983 . Atomic ion formation and measurement with resonance ionization mass spectrometry . Anal. Chem. , 55 : 765
   Google Scholar
• Fassett , J. D. , Moore , L. J. , Travis , J. C. and Lytle , F. E. 1983 . The characterization of thermally-produced metastable excited-state atomic species using resonance ionization mass spectrometry . Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion. Phys. , 54 : 201
   Google Scholar
• Fassett , J. D. , Moore , L. J. , Shideler , R. W. and Travis , J. C. 1984 . Pulsed thermal atom source for resonance ionization mass spectrometry . Anal. Chem. , 56 : 203
   Google Scholar
• Fassett , J. D. , Powell , L. J. and Moore , L. J. 1984 . Determination of iron in serum and water by resonance ionization isotope dilution mass spectrometry . Anal. Chem. , 56 : 2228
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore , L. J. , Fassett , J. D. and Travis , J. C. 1984 . Systematics of multielement determination with resonance ionization mass spectrometry and thermal atomization . Anal. Chem. , 56 : 2770
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller , C. M. and Nogar , N. S. 1983 . Continuous wave lasers for resonance ionization mass spectrometry . Anal. Chem. , 55 : 1606
   Google Scholar
• Miller , C. M. , Nogar , N. S. , Gancarn , A. J. and Shields , W. R. 1982 . Selective laser photoionization for mass spectrometry . Anal. Chem. , 54 : 2377
   Google Scholar
• Nogar , N. S. , Downey , S. W. and Miller , C. M. 1985 . Multiple photon processes in tantalum resonance ionization mass spectrometry . Anal. Chem. , 57 : 1144
   Google Scholar
• Young , J. P. and Donohue , D. L. 1983 . Ionization spectra of neodymium and samarium by resonance ionization mass spectrometry . Anal. Chem. , 55 : 88
   Google Scholar
• Fassett , J. D. , Moore , L. J. , Travis , J. C. and DeVoe , J. R. 1985 . Laser resonance ionization mass spectrometry . Science , 23 : 262
   Google Scholar
• Beekman , D. W. and Callcott , T. A. 1984 . “ Laser ablation studies using RIS ” . In Resonance Ionization Spectroscopy 1984 , Edited by: Hurst , G. S. and Payne , M. G. 143 Bristol, , England : Institute of Physics .
   Google Scholar
• Moore , L. J. , Heald , E. F. and Filliben , J. J. 1978 . An isotopic fractionation model for the multiple filament ion source . Adv. Mass Spectrom. , 7A : 448
   Google Scholar
• Moore , L. J. and Machlan , L. A. 1972 . High accuracy determination of calcium in blood serum by isotope dilution mass spectrometry . Anal. Chem. , 44 : 2291
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krönert , U. , Bonn , J. , Kluge , H.-J. , Ruster , W. , Wallmeroth , K. , Peuser , P. and Trautman , N. 1985 . Laser resonant ionization of plutonium . Appl. Phys. B , 38 : 65
   Google Scholar
• Kimock , F. M. , Baxter , J. P. , Pappas , D. L. , Kobrin , P. H. and Winograd , N. 1984 . Solid analysis using energetic ion bombardment and multiphoton resonance ionization with time-of-flight detection . Anal. Chem. , 56 : 2782
   Google Scholar
• Donohue , D. L. , Christie , W. H. , Goeringer , D. E. and McKown , H. S. 1985 . Ion microprobe mass spectrometry using sputtering atomization and resonance ionization . Anal. Chem. , 57 : 1193
   Google Scholar
• Kimock , F. M. , Baxter , J. P. and Winograd , N. 1983 . Ion and neutral yields from ion-bombarded metal surfaces during chemisorption using low-dose SIMS and multiphoton resonance ionization . Surf. Sci. , 124 : L41
   Google Scholar
• Parks , J. E. , Schmitt , H. W. , Hurst , G. S. and Fairbank , W. M. Jr. 1983 . Sputter-initiated resonance ionization spectroscopy . Thin Solid Films , 108 : 69
   Google Scholar
• Winograd , N. , Baxter , J. P. and Kimock , F. M. 1982 . Multiphoton resonance ionization of sputtered neutrals: a novel approach to materials characterization . Chem. Phys. Lett. , 88 : 581
   Google Scholar
• Miller , C. M. and Nogar , N. S. 1983 . Calculation of ion yields in atomic multiphoton ionization spectroscopy . Anal. Chem. , 55 : 481
   Google Scholar
• Fassett , J. D. , Travis , J. C. and Moore , L. J. 1984 . Thermal atomization sources and resonance ionization mass spectrometry (RIMS) . Proc. Soc. Photo-Opt. Instrum. Eng. , N482 : 36
   Google Scholar
• Nogar , N. S. , Estler , R. C. and Miller , C. M. 1985 . Pulsed laser desorption for resonance ionization mass spectrometry . Anal. Chem. , 57 : 2441
   Google Scholar
• Dittrich , K. and Wennrich , R. 1984 . Laser vaporization in atomic spectroscopy . Prog. Anal. At. Spectrosc. , 7 : 139
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore , L. J. , Fassett , J. D. , Travis , J. C. , Lucatorto , T. B. and Clark , C. W. 1985 . Resonance-ionization mass spectrometry of carbon . J. Opt. Soc. Am. B , 2 : 1561
   Google Scholar
• Apel , E. C. , Nogar , N. S. , Miller , C. M. and Estler , R. C. 1986 . RIMS diagnostics for laser desorption/laser ablation . Inst. Phys. Conf. Ser. , N64 : 179
   Google Scholar
• Becker , C. H. and Gillen , K. T. 1984 . Surface analysis by nonresonant multiphoton ionization of desorbed sputtered species . Anal. Chem. , 56 : 1671
   Google Scholar
• Harrison , W. W. , Savickas , P. J. , Marcus , P. K. and Hess , K. R. 1984 . “ Laser enhanced ionization in glow discharge mass spectrometry ” . In Analytical Spectroscopy , Edited by: Lyon , W. S. 173 Amsterdam : Elsevier .
   Google Scholar
• Hess , K. R. and Harrison , W. W. 1986 . Laser resonance ionization in a glow discharge . Anal. Chem. , 58 : 1696
   Google Scholar
• Fassett , J. D. , Moore , L. J. and Travis , J. C. 1984 . “ Laser resonance ionization mass spectrometry of iron ” . In Analytical Spectroscopy , Edited by: Lyon , W. S. 137 Amsterdam : Elsevier .
   Google Scholar
• Peuser , P. , Herrmann , G. , Rimke , H. , Sattelberger , P. , Trautmann , N. , Ruster , W. , Ames , F. , Bonn , J. , Kluge , H. , Krönert , U. and Otten , E. W. 1985 . Trace detection of plutonium by three-step photoionization with a laser system pumped by a copper vapor laser . Appl. Phys. B , 38 : 249
   Google Scholar
• Nogar , N. S. , Downey , S. W. , Keller , R. A. and Miller , C. M. 1984 . “ Resonance ionization mass spectrometry at Los Alamos National Laboratory ” . In Analytical Spectroscopy , Edited by: Lyon , W. S. 155 Amsterdam : Elsevier .
   Google Scholar
• Donohue , D. L. and Young , J. P. 1983 . Detection of plutonium by resonance ionization mass spectrometry . Anal. Chem. , 55 : 378
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Apel , E. C. , Anderson , J. E. , Estler , R. C. , Nogar , N. S. and Miller , C. M. 1987 . Use of two-photon excitation in resonance ionization mass spectrometry . Appl. Opt. , 26 : 1045
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Savicas , P. J. , Hess , N. R. and Harrison , W. W. 1984 . Glow discharge atomization source for resonance ionization mass spectrometry . Anal. Chem. , 56 : 817
   Google Scholar
• Chen , C. H. and Hurst , G. S. 1983 . Noble gas detection using resonance ionization spectroscopy and quadrupole mass spectrometer . Proc. SPIE-Int. Soc. Opt. Eng. , N426 : 2
   Google Scholar
• Frey , F. , Weiss , G. , Kaminski , H. and Schlap , E. W. 1985 . A high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometer using laser resonance ionization . Z. Naturforsch. Teil A , 40A : 1349
   Google Scholar
• Bekov , G. I. , Kudryavtsev , Yu. A. , Auterinene , I. and Likonen , J. 1986 . The laser ionization spectrometer . Inst. Phys. Conf. Ser. , N84 : 97
   Google Scholar
• Ambartsumyan , R. V. and Letokhov , V. S. 1972 . Selective two-step (STS) photoionization of atoms and photodissociation of molecules by laser radiation . Appl. Opt. , 11 : 354
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kramer , S. D. , Hurst , G. S. , Young , J. P. , Payne , M. G. , Kopp , M. K. , Calcott , T. A. , Arakawa , E. T. and Beekman , D. W. 11 Report 1979 CONF-790882–1, Chem. Abstr., 92, 154857, 1980
   Google Scholar
• Beekman , D. W. , Calcott , T. A. , Kramer , S. D. , Arakawa , E. G. , Hurst , G. S. and Nussbann , E. 1980 . Resonance ionization source for mass spectrometry . Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Phys. , 34 : 89
   Google Scholar
• Lucatorto , T. B. , Clark , C. W. and Moore , L. J. 1984 . Possibilities for ultrasensitive mass spectrometry based on two-photon, sub-Doppler resonance ionization . Opt. Commun. , 48 : 406
   Google Scholar
• Cannon , B. D. , Bushaw , B. A. and Whitaker , T. J. 1985 . Continuous-wave double-resonance ionization mass-spectrometry of barium . J. Opt. Soc. Am. B , 2 : 1542
   Google Scholar
• Fassett , J. D. , Moore , L. J. and Travis , J. C. 1984 . Resonance ionization mass spectrometry of iron – quantitative aspects . Anal. Chem. Symp. Ser. , N19 : 137
   Google Scholar
• Clark , C. W. 1983 . Isotope shifts of carbon (C-I) spectral lines and their application to radioactive dating by laser-assisted mass spectrometry . Opt. Lett. , 8 : 572
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Donohue , D. L. and Young , J. P. 1983 . Removal of isobaric interferences by resonance ionization mass spectrometry . Proc. SPIE-Int. Soc. Opt. Eng. , N426 : 13
   Google Scholar
• Nogar , N. S. , Downey , S. W. and Miller , C. M. 1984 . “ Analytical capabilities of RIMS: absolute sensitivity and isotopic analysis ” . In Resonance Ionization Spectroscopy 1984 , Edited by: Hurst , G. S. and Payne , M. G. 91 Bristol, , England : Institute of Physics .
   Google Scholar
• Miller , C. M. , Engleman , R. Jr. and Keller , R. A. 1985 . Resonance-ionization mass spectrometry for high resolution mass-resolved spectra of rare isotopes . J. Opt. Soc. Am. B , 2 : 1503
   Google Scholar
• Donohue , D. L. , Young , J. P. and Smith , D. H. 1984 . Isotopic measurements of uranium and plutonium by resonance ionization mass spectrometry . Anal. Chem. Symp. Ser. , N19 : 143
   Google Scholar
• Nogar , N. S. , Sander , P. K. , Downey , S. W. and Miller , C. M. 1983 . Resonant multiphoton ionization for the detection of technetium . Proc. Soc. Photo-Opt. Instrum. Eng. , N380 : 291
   Google Scholar
• Rimke , H. , Peuser , P. , Sattelleerger , P. , Trautman , N. , Herrman , G. , Ruster , W. , Ames , F. , Kluge , H.-J. and Otten , E. W. 1986 . Determination of trace amounts of actinides and technetium by resonance ionization mass spectrometry . Inst. Phys. Conf. Ser. , N84 : 118
   Google Scholar
• Walker , R. J. and Fassett , J. D. 1986 . Isotopic measurement of subnanogram quantities of rhenium and osmium by resonance ionization mass spectrometry . Anal. Chem. , 58 : 2923
   Google Scholar
• Franks , L. A. , Borella , H. M. , Gates , M. R. , Hurst , G. S. and Payne , M. G. 1980 . Detection of trace amounts of transuranics by resonance ionization spectroscopy of noble gases . Nucl. Instrum. Methods , 173 : 317
   Google Scholar
• Nogar , N. S. and Keller , R. A. 1985 . Effect of very weak laser sidebands on optical spectra involving easily saturable intermediate states . Anal. Chem. , 57 : 2992
   Google Scholar
• Turk , G. C. and Watters , R. L. Jr. 1985 . Resonant laser-induced ionization of atoms in an inductively coupled plasma . Anal. Chem. , 57 : 1979
   Google Scholar
• Churchwell , M. E. , Beeler , T. , Messman , J. D. and Green , R. B. 1985 . Laser-induced ionization in an atmospheric-pressure microarc-induced plasma . Spectrosc. Lett. , 18 : 679
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bushaw , B. A. 1985 . Double resonance multiphoton ionization determination of mercury vapor . Anal. Chem. , 57 : 2397
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dyer , P. , Baldwin , G. C. , Sabbas , A. M. , Kittrele , C. , Schweitzer , E. L. , Abramson , E. and Imre , D. G. 1985 . Isomerically selective photoionization of mercury-197 . J. Appl. Phys. , 58 : 2431
   Google Scholar
• Green , R. B. 1984 . “ Laser-enhanced ionization spectrometry ” . In Topics in Current Chemistry , 1 Berlin : Springer-Verlag . Anal. Chem. Prog. N126
   Google Scholar
• Travis , J. C. 1985 . “ Analytical optogalvanic spectroscopy in flames ” . In Analytical Laser Spectroscopy , NATO ASI Ser., Ser. B Edited by: Martellucci , S. and Chester , A. N. Vol. 119 , 213 New York : Plenum Press .
   Google Scholar
• Camus , P. 1986 . “ Optogalvanic spectroscopy application to trace analysis ” . In Euroanalysis 5 , Edited by: Hulanicki , A. 107 Budapest : Akad. Kiado .
   Google Scholar
• Letokhov , V. S. 1986 . Laser-induced processes in spectroscopy, isotopes separation and photochemistry . Usp. Fiz. Nauk , 148 : 123
   Google Scholar
• Ochkin , V. N. , Preobrazhenskii , N. G. , Sobolev , N. N. and Shaparev , N. Ya. 1986 . Optogalvanic effect in plasma and gas . Usp. Fiz. Nauk , 148 : 473
   Google Scholar
• Green , R. B. 1986 . “ Laser-enhanced ionization in flames ” . In Analytical Application of Lasers , Edited by: Piepmier , E. H. 75 New York : John Wiley & Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Toelg , G. 1987 . Extreme trace analysis of the elements—the state of the art today and tomorrow . Analyst , 112 : 365
   Google Scholar
• Antonov , V. S. , Letokhov , V. S. and Shibanov , A. I. 1984 . Laser photoionisation selective determination of molecules . Usp. Fiz. Nauk , 142 : 177
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar