Electrothermal Vaporization for Sample Introduction in Plasma Source Spectrometry

References

• Nixon , D. E. , Fassel , V. A. and Kniseley , R. N. 1974 . Inductively coupled plasma-optical emission analytical spectroscopy: tantalum filament vaporization of microliter samples . Anal. Chem. , 46 : 210
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kantor , T. and Zaray , G. 1992 . Graphite furnace for alternative combination with d.c. arc or inductively coupled plasma. Introduction and analysis of solid samples . Fresenius J. Anal. Chem. , 342 : 927
   Google Scholar
• Zhang , S. , Mu , H. and Luan , J. 1992 . Application of intermittent injection desolvation-electrothermal vaporization method in inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry . Fenxi Huaxue , 20 : 114
   Google Scholar
• Huang , M. , Jiang , Z. and Zeng , Y. 1992 . Determination of rare earth elements by fluorinationlelectrothermal vaporization/inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry . Fenxi Huaxue , 20 : 287
   Google Scholar
• Huang , M. , Jiang , Z. and Zeng , Y. 1991 . Fluorination and volatilization of refractory elements from a graphite furnace for sample introduction into an inductively coupled plasma by using a polytetrafluoroethylene slurry . J. Anal. At. Spectrom. , 6 : 221
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karanassios , V. , Ren , J. M. and Salin , E. D. 1991 . Electrothermal vaporization sample introduction system for the analysis of pelletized solids by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry . J. Anal. At. Spectrom. , 6 : 527
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu , B. , Jiang , Z. and Zeng , Y. 1991 . Slurry sampling and flourination-electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry for the direct determination of molybdenum in food . J. Anal. At. Spectrom. , 6 : 623
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang , M. , Jiang , Z. and Zeng , Y. 1991 . Vaporization behavior of analytes introduced by electrothermal vaporization in inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry . Fenxi Huaxue , 19 : 1192
   Google Scholar
• Man'shina , I. V. , Molodyk , A. D. , Skosyrev , N. T. and Turdyeva , E. Y. 1991 . Atomic emission analysis of high-purity phosphorous trichloride with an inductively coupled plasma spectrometer with distillation of the matrix in a graphite vaporizer . Vysokochist. Veshchestva , 6 : 186
   Google Scholar
• Mikasa , H. , Shirouzu , M. and Hori , Y. 1991 . Determination of trace amounts of boron in silica and silicon by electrothermal vaporization ICP-AES after solvent extraction with ethyl violet . Bunseki Kagaku , 40 : 749
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang , M. , Jiang , Z. and Zeng , Y. 1991 . Atomic emisssion spectrometry of inductively coupled plasma with sample introduction by electrothermal vaporization . Chem. Res. Chin. Univ. , 7 : 27
   Google Scholar
• Verrept , P. , Vandecasteele , C. , Windels , G. and Dams , R. 1991 . Use of a refractor plate for automatic background correction in electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry . Spectrochim. Acta , 46B : 99
   Google Scholar
• Bin , H. , Zucheng , J. and Yun'e , Z. 1991 . Slurry sample introduction with fluorinating electrothermal vaporization for the direct ICP-AES determination of boron in plant leaves . Fresenius J. Anal. Chem. , 340 : 435
   Google Scholar
• Fujimoto , K. , Okano , T. and Matsumura , Y. 1991 . Investigation of direct sample insertion and tungsten filament electrothermal vaporization for micro sample analysis by ICP-AES . Anal. Sci. , 7 : 549
   Google Scholar
• Huang , M. , Jiang , Z. and Zeng , Y. 1991 . A new method for determination of rare earth elements vaporized in graphite furnace with a polytetra-fluoroethylene slurry fluorinating reagent by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry . Anal. Sci. , 7 : 773
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu , B. , Jiang , Z. , Zeng , Y. and Zhu , H. 1991 . Fluorination assisted electrothermal vaporization-inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry for a direct determination of chromium in biological materials . Anal. Sci. , 7 : 433
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ida , I. , Isobe , K. , Ishibashi , Y. and Gunji , N. 1991 . Application of electrothermal vaporization for inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry . Tetsu to Hagane , 77 : 1936
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Berkel , W. W. , Balke , J. and Maessen , F. J.M.J. 1990 . Introduction of analyte-loaded poly(dithiocarbamate) into inductively coupled argon plasmas by electrothermal vaporization. Spatial emission characteristics of the resulting dry plasmas . Spectrochim. Acta , 45B : 1265
   Google Scholar
• Isoyama , H. , Okuyama , S. , Uchida , T. , Takeuchi , M. , Iida , C. and Nakagawa , G. 1990 . In-furnace standard addition method for the determination of trace metals in biological samples by electrothermal vaporization-inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry . Anal. Sci. , 6 : 555
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang , Y. and Jia , L. 1989 . Thermochemical reaction-electrothermal vaporization device and its application in ICP-AES . Guangpuxue Yu Guangpu Fenxi , 9 : 28
   Google Scholar
• Huang , M. , Xu , L. , Jiang , Z. and Zeng , Y. 1989 . Study on the technique of ICP-AES by using electrothermal graphite furnace as the sample introduction device - device and its analytical performance . Gaodeng Xuexiao Huaxue Xuebao , 10 : 709
   Google Scholar
• Zhang , S. , Wang , Y. , Wang , J. and Wu , T. 1989 . Use of electrothermal vaporization method in ICP sample introduction . Guangpuxue Yu Guangpu Fenxi , 9 : 42
   Google Scholar
• Alvarado , J. , Cavalli , P. , Omenetto , N. , Rossi , G. , Ottaway , J. M. and Littlejohn , D. 1989 . Direct determination of lead in whole blood using electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry . Anal. Lett. , 22 : 2975
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nickel , H. , Reisch , M. and Mazurkiewicz , M. 1989 . Investigation of alumina-based ceramic materials using ICP-OES with external electrothermal vaporization . Fresenius Z. Anal. Chem. , 335 : 631
   Google Scholar
• Wang , Y. and Jia Fenxi Huaxue , L. 1989 . Cadmium, lead and zinc in sediments using electrothermal vaporization ICP-AES . Direct determination of arsenic , 17 : 1095
   Google Scholar
• Ida , I. , Yoshikawa , H. , Ishibashi , Y. and Gunji , N. 1989 . Trace element determination by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry with electrothermal vaporization method . Anal. Sci. , 5 : 615
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darke , S. A. , Pickford , C. J. and Tyson , J. F. 1989 . Study of electrothermal vaporization sample introduction for plasma spectrometry . Anal. Proc. , 26 : 379
   Google Scholar
• Dittrich , K. , Berndt , H. , Broekaert , J. A.C. , Schaldach , G. and Tölg , G. 1988 . Comparative study of injection into a pneumatic nebuliser and tungsten coil electrothermal vaporisation for the determination of rare earth elements by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry . J. Anal. At. Spectrom. , 3 : 1105
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matusiewicz , H. and Barnes , R. M. 1988 . Determination of metal chemotherapeutic agents in human body fluids using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry with electrothermal vaporization . Acta Chim. Hung. , 125 : 111
   Google Scholar
• Van Berkel , W. W. and Massen , F. J.M.J. 1988 . Use and evaluation of poly(dithiocarbamate) in electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry for simultaneous trace analysis of seawater and related biological materials . Spectrochim. Acta , 43B : 1337
   Google Scholar
• Buhl , F. and Galas , W. 1988 . Determination of traces of beryllium by means of ICP-AES after thermal vaporization of its b-diketo complexes preconcentrated by extraction . Fresenius Z. Anal. Chem. , 332 : 366
   Google Scholar
• Matusiewicz , H. , Fish , J. and Malinski , T. 1987 . Electrochemical preconcentration of metals using mercury film electrodes followed by electrothemal vaporization into an inductively coupled plasma and determination by atomic emission spectrometry . Anal. Chem. , 59 : 2264
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matusiewicz , H. Hanging mercury drop electrochemical preconcentration and separation technique for inductively coupled plasma with electrothermal vaporization . Trace Elem. Anal. Chem. Med. Biol. Proc. 4th Int., Workshop . Edited by: Braetter , P. and Schramel , P. pp. 393 Berlin : de Grunyter .
   Google Scholar
• Alimonti , A. , Petrucci , F. , Dominici , C. and Caroli , S. 1987 . Determination of platinum in biological samples by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) with electrothermal vaporization (ETV) . J. Trace Elem. Electrolytes Health Dis. , 1 : 79
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kawaguchi , H. , Zhan , G. and Mizuike , A. 1986 . Electrothermal vaporization for sample introduction into ICP . Bunseki Kagaku , 35 : 972
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarke , P. A. , McLeod , C. W. , Mowthorpe , D. J. and Lee , D. J. 1986 . Direct determination of volatile trace elements in nickel-base alloys by electrothermal vaporization-inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry . Anal. Proc. , 23 : 15
   Google Scholar
• Matusiewicz , H. , Fricke , F. L. and Barnes , R. M. 1986 . modification of a commercial electrothermal vaporisation system for inductively coupled plasma spectrometry: evaluation and matrix effects . J. Anal. At. Spectrom. , 1 : 203
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sugimae , A. and Barnes , R. M. 1986 . Determination of trace elements in suspended particulate matter by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry with electrothermal vaporization . Anal. Chem. , 58 : 785
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tikkanen , M. W. and Niemczyk , T. M. 1986 . Time grating for the elimination of interferences in electrothermal vaporization-inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry . Anal. Chem. , 58 : 366
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu , S. 1985 . Electrothermal vaporization plasma spectrometry . Guangzhou Yu Guangpu Fenxi , 5 : 49
   Google Scholar
• Matusiewicz , H. , Horvath , Z. and Barnes , R. M. 1985 . Determination of mercury in drinking water by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry with electrothermal vaporization . Appl. Spectrosc. , 39 : 558
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matusiewicz , H. and Barnes , R. M. 1985 . Contoured furnace tube for determination of volatile elements in ICP-emission spectrometry with electrothermal vaporization . Appl. Spectrosc. , 39 : 715
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Long , S. E. , Snook , R. D. and Browner , R. F. 1985 . Some observations on electrothermal vaporisation for sample introduction into the inductively coupled plasma. . Spectrochim. Acta , 40B : 553
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nisamaneepong , W. , Caruso , J. A. and Ng , K. C. 1985 . Electrothermal vaporization as an interface for HPLC introduction to the inductively coupled plasma . J. Chromatogr. Sci. , 23 : 465
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matusiewicz , H. and Barnes , R. M. 1985 . Tree ring wood analysis after hydrogen peroxide pressure decomposition with inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry and electrothermal vaporization . Anal. Chem. , 57 : 406
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matusiewicz , H. and Barnes , R. M. 1985 . Evaluation of a controlled-temperature furnace atomizer as a sampling device for inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry . Spectrochim. Acta , 40B : 29
   Google Scholar
• Tikkanen , M. W. and Niemczyk , T. M. 1985 . Use of signal-vs.-time profiling to monitor sample volatilization in silmultaneous multielement determinations by electrothermal vaporization/inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry . Anal. Chem. , 57 : 2896
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matusiewicz , H. 1985 . Discrete nebulization using aerosol deposition in electrothermal vaporization for inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry . Spectrochim. Acta , 40B : 41
   Google Scholar
• Tikkanen , M. W. and Niemczyk , T. M. 1984 . Modification of a commercial direct-reading inductively coupled plasma spectrometer for sample introduction by electrothermal vaporization . Anal. Chem. , 56 : 1997
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matusiewicz , H. and Barnes , R. M. 1984 . An electothermal sample introduction system for ICP spectrometry . Appl. Spectrosc. , 38 : 745
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hull , D. R. and Horlick , G. 1984 . Electrothermal vaporization sample introduction system for the inductively coupled plasma . Spectrochim. Acta , 39B : 843
   Google Scholar
• Matusiewicz , H. and Barnes , R. M. 1984 . Determination of aluminum and silicon in biological materials by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry with electrothermal vaporization . Spectrochim. Acta , 39B : 891
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnett , N. W. , Cope , M. J. , Kirkbright , G. F. and Taobi , A. A.H. 1984 . Design consideration and temperature determination of an automated graphite furnace cup system used for direct sample introduction for ICP optical emission spectrometry . Spectrochim. Acta , 39B : 343
   Google Scholar
• Winge , R. K. , Fassel , V. A. , Grabau , F. and Zucheng , J. 1984 . “ Elemental Analysis of Biological Samples by Graphite Furnace ” . In Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (GF-ICP-AES) 62 Report, IS-4868, Order No. DE85006044. NTIS
   Google Scholar
• Kirkbright , G. F. and Snook , R. D. 1983 . The determination of some trace elements in uranium by inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy using graphite rod sample introduction technique . Appl. Spectrosc. , 37 : 11
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kitazume , E. 1983 . Thermal vaporization for one-drop sample introduction into the inductively coupled plasma . Anal. Chem. , 55 : 802
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ng , K. C. and Caruso , J. A. 1983 . Determination of trace metals in synthetic ocean water by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry with electrothermal carbon cup vaporization . Anal. Chem. , 55 : 1513
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ng , K. C. and Caruso , J. A. 1983 . Volatilization of zirconium, vanadium, uranium and chromium using electrothermal carbon cup sample vaporisation into an inductively coupled plasma . Analyst , 108 : 476
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ng , K. C. and Caruso , J. A. 1983 . Atomic emission spectrometric analysis of organic solutions by electrothermal carbon cup vaporization into an inductively coupled plasma . Anal. Chem. , 55 : 2032
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matusiewicz , H. and Barnes , R. M. Determination of Metal Chemotherapeutic Agents (Aluminum, Gold, Lithium, and Platinum) in Human Body Fluids Using Electrothermal Vaporization with Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy . Chem. Toxicol. Clin. Chem. Med. Proc. 2nd Int. Conf. pp. 49 – 52 .
   Google Scholar
• Barnes , R. M. and Fodor , P. 1983 . Analysis of urine using inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy with graphite rod electrothermal vaporization . Spectrochim. Acta , : 1191
   Google Scholar
• Crabi , G. , Cavalli , P. , Achilli , M. , Rossi , G. and Omenetto , N. 1982 . Use of the HGA-500 graphite furnace as a sampling unit for ICP emission spectrometry . At. Spectrosc. , 3 : 81
   Google Scholar
• Ng , K. C. and Caruso , J. A. 1982 . Microliter sample introduction into an inductively coupled plasma by electrothermal carbon cup vaporization . Anal. Chim. Acta , 143 : 209
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cope , M. J. , Kirkbright , G. F. and Burr , P. M. 1982 . Use of inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) for the analysis of doped cadmium mercury telluride employing a-graphite rod electrothermal vaporization device for sample introduction . Analyst , 107 : 611
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aziz , A. , Broekaert , J. A.C. and Leis , F. 1982 . Analysis of microamounts of biological samples by evaporation in a graphite furnace and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy . Spectrochim. Acta , 37B : 369
   Google Scholar
• Millard , D. L. , Shan , H. C. and Kirkbright , G. F. 1980 . Optical emission spectrometry with an inductively coupled radiofrequency argon plasma source and sample introduction with a graphite rod electrothermal vaporisation device: Part 2: Matrix, inter-element and sample transport effects . Analyst , 105 : 502
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunn , A. M. , Millard , D. L. and Kirkbright , G. F. 1978 . Optical emission spectrometry with an inductively coupled radiofrequency argon plasma source and sample introduction with a graphite rod electrothermal vaporisation device: Part 1: Instrumental asssembly and performance characteristics . Analyst , 103 : 1066
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shibata , N. , Fudagawa , N. and Kubota , M. 1992 . Effects of hydrogen mixed with argon carrier gas in electrothermal vaporization-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry . Spectrochim. Acta , 47B : 505
   Google Scholar
• Byrne , J. P. , Chakrabarti , C. L. , Gregorie , D. C. , Lamoureux , M. and Ly , T. 1992 . Mechanisms of chloride interferences in atomic absorption spectrometry using a graphite furnace atomizer investigated by electrothermal vaporization mass spectrometry: Part 1: Effect of magnesium chloride matrix and ascorbic acid chemical modifier on Manganese . J. Anal. At. Spectrom. , 7 : 371
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shibata , N. , Fudagawa , N. and Kubota , M. 1991 . Electrothermal vaporization using a tungsten furnace for the determination of rare-earth elements by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry . Anal. Chem. , 63 : 636
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carey , J. M. , Evans , E. H. , Caruso , J. A. and Shen , W. L. 1991 . Evaluation of a modified commercial graphite furnace for reduction of isobaric interferences in argon inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry . Spectrochim. Acta , 46B : 1711
   Google Scholar
• Hulmston , P. and Hutton , R. C. 1991 . Analytical capabilities of electrothermal vaporization-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry . Spectroscopy , 6 : 35
   Google Scholar
• Imakita , T. , Horii , H. , Kawamura , T. and Narita , K. 1991 . Determination of trace amount of bismuth in iron and steel by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry with sample introduction by electrothermal vaporization . Tetsu to Hagane , 77 : 1944
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Etoh , T. , Yamada , M. and Matsubara , M. 1991 . Electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric (ETV-ICP-MS) determination of impurities in photoresist for very large scale integrated circuit (VLSI) . Anal. Sci. , 7 : 1263
   Google Scholar
• Voellkopf , U. , Guensel , A. , Paul , M. and Wiesmann , H. 1991 . “ Applications of ICP-MS with sample introduction by electrothermal vaporization and flow injection techniques ” . In Applied Plasma Source Mass Spectrometry , Edited by: Holland , G. and Eaton , A. N. 162 – 177 . London : Royal Society of Chemistry .
   Google Scholar
• Tsukahara , R. and Kubota , M. 1990 . Some characteristics of inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry with sample introduction by tungsten furnace electrothermal vaporization . Spectrochim. Acta , 45B : 779
   Google Scholar
• Shen , W. L. , Caruso , J. A. , Fricke , F. L. and Satzger , R. D. 1990 . Electrothermal vaporisation interface for sample introduction in inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry . J. Anal. At. Spectrom. , 5 : 451
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall , J. and Franks , J. 1990 . Multielement analysis and reduction of spectral interferences using electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry . At. Spectrom , 11 : 177
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osborne , S. P. 1990 . Quantification of mercury in petroleum by ETV-ICP-MS . Appl. Spectrosc. , 44 : 1044
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gregorie , D. C. 1990 . Sample introduction techniques for the determination of osmium isotope ratios by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry . Anal. Chem. , 62 : 141
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall , R. J.B. , James , M. R. , Wayman , T. and Hulmston , P. 1990 . The feasibility of the use of electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for the determination of femtogram levels of plutonium and uranium . Spec. Publ. R. Soc. Chem. , 85 : 135
   Google Scholar
• Forster , A. R. , Howard , R. A. and Williams , E. P. Method and Apparatus or Analysis of Material Involving Electrothermal Vaporization and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry . U.S. Patent # 4833322 . 1989 .
   Google Scholar
• Newman , R. A. , Osborn , S. and Siddik , Z. H. 1989 . Determination of tellurium in biological fluids by means of electrothermal vaporization—inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ETV-ICP-MS) . Clin. Chim. Acta , 179 : 191
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsunaga , H. , Hirate , N. and Nishikida , K. 1989 . Determination of trace amounts of uranium and thorium in silicon and silicon dioxide by electrothermal vaporization/ICP-MS . Bunseki Kagaku , 38 : T21
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gregorie , D. C. 1988 . Determination of platinum, palladium, ruthenium, and iridium geological materials by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry with sample introduction by electrothermal vaporisation . J. Anal. At. Spectrom. , 3 : 309
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park , C. J. and Hall , G. E.M. 1988 . Analysis of geological materials by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry with sample introduction by electrothermal vaporization: Part 2: Determination of thallium . J. Anal. At. Spectrom. , 3 : 355
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall , G. E.M. , Pelchat , J. C. , Boomer , D. W. and Powell , M. J. 1988 . Relative merits of two methods of sample introduction in inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry: electrothermal vaporization and direct sample insertion . Anal. At. Spectrom. , 3 : 791
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park , C. J. and Hall , G. E.M. 1987 . Analysis of geological materials by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry with sample introduction by electrothermal vaporization: Part 1: Determination of molybdenum and tungsten . J. Anal. At. Spectrom. , 2 : 473
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park , C. J. , Van Loon , J. C. , Arrowsmith , P. and French , J. B. 1987 . Design and optimization of an electrothermal vaporizer for use in plasma source mass spectrometry . Can. J. Spectrosc. , 32 : 29
   Google Scholar
• Date , A. R. and Cheung , Y. Y. 1987 . Studies in the determination of lead isotope ratios by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry . Analyst , 112 : 1531
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park , C. J. , Van Loon , J. C. , Arrowsmith , P. and French , J. B. 1987 . Sample analysis using plasma source mass spectrometry with electrothermal sample introduction . Anal. Chem. , 59 : 2191
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park , C. J. and Hall , G. E.M. 1986 . Electrothermal vaporization as a means of sample introduction into an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer: a preliminary report of a new analytical technique . Pap. Geol. Surv. Can. , 86–1B : 767
   Google Scholar
• Evans , E. H. , Caruso , J. A. and Satzger , R. D. 1991 . Evaluation of a tantalum-tip electrothermal vaporization device for microwave-induced plasma mass spectrometry and atomic emission spectrometry . Appl. Spectrosc. , 45 : 1478
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matusiewicz , H. and Kurzawa , Z. 1991 . Electrothermal vaporization-microwave induced plasma atomic emission spectrometric determination of arsenic and selenium in sulphur following teflon bomb microwave acid dissolution and in situ hydride generation . Acta Chim. Hung. , 128 : 401
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu , M. and Carnahan , J. W. 1990 . Trace determination of Cd, Cu, Br, and Cl with electrothermal vaporization into a helium microwave-induced plasma . Appl. Spectrosc. , 44 : 673
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heltai , G. , Broekaert , J. A.C. , Burba , P. , Leis , F. , Tschoepel , P. and Toelg , G. 1990 . Study of a toroidal argon MIP and a cylindrical helium MIP for atomic emission spectrometry, II: combination with graphite furnace vaporization and use for analysis of biological samples . Spectrochim. Acta , 45B : 857
   Google Scholar
• Matusiewicz , H. , Brovko , I. A. , Sturgeon , R. E. and Luong , V. T. 1990 . Aerosol transport interface for electrothermal vaporization-microwave-induced plasma emission spectrometry . Appl. Spectrosc. , 44 : 736
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matusiewicz , H. , Sturgeon , R. E. and Berman , S. S. 1990 . In situ hydride generation preconcentration of arsenic in a graphite furnace with sample vaporization into a microwave induced plasma for emission spectrometry . Spectrochim. Acta , 45B : 209
   Google Scholar
• Que , H. , Zhang , H. and Jin , Q. 1989 . Studies on a microsample indroduction system for microwave-induced plasma atomic emission spectrometry . Gaodeng Xuexiao Huzxue Xuebao , 10 : 897
   Google Scholar
• Barnett , N. W. 1987 . Determination of lead and nickel in animal bone by microwave induced plasma atomic emission spectrometry with sample introduction by electrothermal vaporization . Anal. Chim. Acta , 198 : 309
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdillahi , M. M. and Snook , R. D. 1986 . Determination of bromide using a helium microwave induced plasma with bromine generation and electrothermal vaporization for sample introduction . Analyst , 111 : 265
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnett , N. W. and Kirkbright , G. F.J. 1986 . Electrothermal vaporization sample introduction into an atmospheric pressure helium microwave-induced plasma for the determination of iodine in hydrochloric acid . Anal. At. Spectrom. , 1 : 337
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matousek , J. P. , Orr , B. J. and Selby , M. 1986 . interferences due to easily ionized elements in a microwave-induced plasma system with graphite-furnace sample introduction . Spectrochim. Acta , 41B : 415
   Google Scholar
• Matousek , J. P. , Orr , B. J. and Selby , M. 1986 . Spectrometric analysis of non-metals introduced from a graphite furnace into a microwave-induced plasma . Talanta , 33 : 875
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matousek , J. P. , Orr , B. J. and Selby , M. 1984 . Spatial emisssion properties of a microwave-induced plasma . Appl. Spectrosc. , 38 : 231
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiba , K. , Kurosawa , M. , Tanabe , K. and Haraguchi , H. 1984 . A microsampling technique utilizing an electrothermal tungsten-boat vaporization device for atmospheric pressure helium microwave-induced plasma emission spectrometry . Chem. Lett. , 1 : 75
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanamura , S. , Smith , B. W. and Winefordner , J. D. 1983 . Speciation of inorganic and organometallic compounds in solid biological samples by thermal vaporization and plasma emission spectrometry . Anal. Chem. , 55 : 2026
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aziz , A. , Broekaert , J. A.C. and Leis , F. 1982 . A. contribution to the analysis of microamounts of biological samples by thermal vaporization and plasma emission spectrometry . Spectromchim. Acta , 37B : 381
   Google Scholar
• Carnahan , J. W. and Caruso , J. A. 1982 . Determination of halogenated organic compounds by electrothermal vaporization into a helium microwave induced plasma at atmospheric pressure . Anal. Chim. Acta , 136 : 261
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slinkman , D. and Sacks , R. 1991 . Concomitant effects in a magnetron rotating direct-current arc plasma with graphite-furnace sample introduction . Appl. Spectrosc. , 45 : 155
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slinkman , D. and Sacks , R. 1991 . Direct analysis of solid powder biological samples using a magnetron rotating direct-current arc plasma and graphite furnace sample introduction . Anal. Chem. , 63 : 343
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliott , W. G. , Matusiewicz , H. and Barnes , R. M. 1986 . Electrothermal vaporization for sample introduction into a three-electrode direct current plasma . Anal. Chem. , 58 : 1264
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sturgeon , R. E. , Willie , S. N. , Luong , V. T. and Dunn , J. G. 1991 . Influence of the generator frequency on the analytical characteristics of FAPES . Appl. Spectrosc. , 45 : 1413
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sturgeon , R. E. , Willie , S. N. , Luong , V. and Berman , S. S. 1990 . Figures of merit for furnace atomization plasma emission spectrometry . Anal. Chem. , 62 : 2370
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sturgeon , R. E. , Willie , S. N. , Luong , V. T. and Berman , S. S. 1990 . Determination of cadmium and lead in sediment and biota by furnace atomisation plasma spectrometry . J. Anal. At. Spectrom. , 5 : 635
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , D. L. , Liang , D. C. , Steel , D. and Blades , M. W. 1990 . Analytical characteristics of furnace atomization plasma excitation spectrometry (FAPES) . Spectrochim. Acta , 45B : 493
   Google Scholar
• Sturgeon , R. E. , Willie , S. N. , Luong , V. and Berman , S. S. 1989 . Furnace atomisation plasma emission spectrometry (FAPES) . J. Anal. At. Spectrom. , 4 : 669
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reed , T. B. 1961 . Induction-coupled plasma torch . J. Appl. Phys. , 32 : 821
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenfield , S. , Jones , I. L. and Berry , C. T. 1964 . High-pressure plasma as spectroscopic emission sources . Analyst , 713 : 89
   Google Scholar
• Wendt , R. H. and Fassel , V. A. 1965 . Induction-coupled plasma spectrometric excitation source . Anal. Chem. , 37 : 920
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broida , H. P. and Chapman , M. W. 1958 . Stable nitrogen isotope analysis by optical spectroscopy . Anal. Chem. , 30 : 2049
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hubert , J. , Moisan , M. and Ricard , A. 1979 . A new microwave plasma at atmospheric pressure . Spectrochim. Acta , 34B : 1
   Google Scholar
• Houk , R. S. , Fassel , V. A. , Flesch , G. D. , Svec , H. J. , Gray , A. L. and Taylor , C. E. 1980 . Inductively coupled argon plasma as an ion source for mass spectrometric determination of trace elements . Anal. Chem. , 52 : 2283
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Browner , R. F. and Boorn , A. W. 1984 . Sample introduction: the Achilles' heel of atomic spectoscopy? . Anal. Chem. , 56 : 786A
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• L'vov , B. V. 1990 . Recent advances in absolute analysis by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry . Spectrochim. Acta , 45B : 633
   Google Scholar
• Slavin , W. , Manning , D. C. and Carnrick , G. R. 1981 . The stabilized temperature platform furnace . At. Spectrosc. , 2 : 137
   Google Scholar
• De Galan , L. and Samaey , G. F. 1970 . The possibility of absolute atomic and atomic emission flame spectrometric analysis . Anal. Chim. Acta , 50 : 39
   Google Scholar
• Ng , K. C. and Caruso , J. A. 1985 . Electrothermal vaporization for sample introduction in atomic emission spectrometry . Appl. Spectrosc. , 39 : 719
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ng , K. C. and Caruso , J. A. 1990 . “ Electrothermal vaporization ” . In Sample Introduction in Atomic Spectroscopy. , Edited by: Sneddon , J. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers . Chapter 7
   Google Scholar
• Matusiewicz , H. 1986 . Thermal vaporization for inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry: A review . J. Anal. At. Spectrom. , 1 : 171
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sneddon , J. and Bet-Pera , F. 1986 . Electrothermal vaporization-inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry . Trends Anal. Chem. , 5 : 110
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar