Fluorescence Anisotropy: Theory and Applications of Rotational Depolarization

References

• Weigert , F. 1920 . Uber polaristierte Fluoreszenz . Verh. Dtsch. Phys. Ges. , 23 : 100
   Google Scholar
• Lummer , O. 1909 . “ Die Lehre von strahlenden Energie (Optik) ” . In Müller-Pouillets-Lehrbuch der Physik und Meterologie , Edited by: Pfaundler , L. Vol. II , 699 Braunschweig : Verlag von Fried rich Vieweg und Sohn .
   Google Scholar
• Albrecht , A. C. 1961 . Polarizations and assignments of transitions: the method of photoselection . J. Mol. Spectrosc. , 6 : 84
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawski , A. 1983 . Excitation energy transfer and its manifestation in isotropic media . Photochem. Photobiol. , 38 : 487
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bojarski , C. and Sienicki , K. 1989 . “ Energy transfer and migration in fluorescent solutions ” . In Photochemistry and Photophysics. , Edited by: Rabek , J. F. Vol. 1 , Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press . chap. 1.
   Google Scholar
• Michl , J. and Thulstrup , E. W. 1986 . “ Spectroscopy with polarized light. Solute alignment by photoselection ” . In Liquid Crystals, Polymers, and Membranes , New York : VCH .
   Google Scholar
• Kawski , A. 1989 . “ Developments in polarized fluorescence spectroscopy of ordered systems ” . In Optical Spectroscopy in Chemistry and Biology—Progress and Trends , Edited by: Fassler , D. 135 Berlin : Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Brand , L. and Witholt , B. 1967 . “ Fluorescence measurements ” . In Methods in Enzymology Enzyme Structure: [87] , Edited by: Hirs , C. H. W. 11 776 New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Weber , G. 1973 . “ Polarized fluorescence ” . In Fluorescence Techniques in Cell Biology , Edited by: Thaer , A. A. and Sernetz , M. 5 Berlin : Springer-Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Kawski , A. 1978 . Polarization of photoluminescence and its application to biological study . Zagadnienia Biofizyki Współczesnej , 3 : 131 (in Polish)
   Google Scholar
• Kawski , A. 1986 . “ Fluorescence anisotropy as a source of information about different photophysical processes ” . In Progress and Trends in Applied Optical Spectroscopy , 13 6 Leipzig : Teubner-Texte zur Physik .
   Google Scholar
• Kawski , A. 1986 . “ The effect of thermal rotations of molecules on the fluorescence anisotropy in isotropic media ” . In Intermolecular Interactions in Excited States , Edited by: Bojarski , C. and Kawski , A. 181 Wroclaw : Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich . (in Polish)
   Google Scholar
• Bucci , E. and Steiner , R. F. 1988 . Anisotropy decay of fluorescence as an experimental approach to protein dynamics . Biophys. Chem. , 30 : 199
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Czekalla , J. 1960 . Elektrische Fluoreszenzpolarisation: Die Bestimmung von Dipolmomenten angeregter Moleküle aus dem Polarisationsgroad der Fluoreszenz in starken elektrischen Feldern . Z. Elektrochem. , 64 : 1221
   Google Scholar
• Czekalla , J. 1961 . Zwei elektro-optische Methoden zur Bestimmung von Dipolmomenten angeregter Moleküle . Chimia , 15 : 26
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liptay , W. 1963 . Die Beeinflussung der Fluoreszenz von Molekülen durch ein äusseres elektrisches Feld. I. Theorie . Z. Naturforsch. Teil A , 18 : 705
   Google Scholar
• Czekalla , J. , Liptay , W. and Meyer , K.-O. 1963 . Die Beein-flussung der Fluoreszenz von Molekülen durch ein äusseres elektrisches Feld. II. Bestim mung von Dipolmomenten angeregten Moleküle . Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. , 67 : 465
   Google Scholar
• Weber , G. 1965 . Polarization of the fluorescence of solution subjected to an electric field . J. Chem. Phys. , 43 : 521
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawski , A. and Kubicki , A. 1991 . Anisotropic fluorescence of polar molecules in external electric field, dipole moments of para disubstituted trans-stilbenes in the first excited singlet state . Acta Phys. Pol. , 79 : 457
   Google Scholar
• Bauer , R. , Grudziński , H. , Jabíoński , A. and Lisicki , E. 1968 . Relaxation of the local temperature of luminescent centres in solutions . Acta Phys. Pol. , 33 : 803
   Google Scholar
• Grudziński , H. 1970 . The influence of the local temperature of luminescent centres on the emission anisotropy of fluorescence of solutions . Acta Phys. Pol. , A37 : 49
   Google Scholar
• Fleming , G. R. 1986 . Chemical Applications of Ultrafast Spectroscopy , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Marszałek , T. 1987 . Fluorescence depolarization in studies of structure and internal dynamics of molecular systems (in Polish) . Zagadnienia Biofizyki Współczesnej , 12 : 197
   Google Scholar
• Yguerabide , J. 1972 . “ Nanosecond fluorescence spectroscopy of Macromolecules [24] ” . In Methods in Enzymology, Enzyme Structure Part C , Edited by: Hirs , C. H. W. and Timasheff , S. N. 26 498 New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Jabłoński , A. 1979 . Time dependence of the emission anisotropy of fluorescence of liquid solutions excited by a short pulse of polarized light . Bull. Acad. Pol. Sci. Ser. Sci. Math. Astron. Phys. , 27 : 1
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• O'Connor , D. V. and Phillips , D. 1984 . Time-Correlated Single Photon Counting , New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Beechem , J. M. and Brand , L. 1985 . Time-resolved fluorescence of proteins . Annu. Rev. Biochem. , 54 : 43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kojro , Z. and Kawski , A. 1986 . “ Sampling methods in photoluminescence investigations ” . In Intermolecular Interactions in Excited States , Edited by: Bojarski , C. and Kawski , A. 287 Wroclaw : Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich .
   Google Scholar
• Lakowicz , J. R. , ed. 1991 . “ Topics in Fluorescence Spectroscopy ” . In Techniques , Vol. I , New York : Plenum Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lakowicz , J. R. 1989 . “ Gigahertz frequency domain fluorometry: resolution of complex intensity decays, picosecond processes and future developments ” . In Photon Migration in Tissues , Edited by: Chance , B. 169 New York : Plenum Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lakowicz , J. R. , Gryczyński , I. , Laczko , G. , Joshi , N. and Johnson , M. L. 1991 . “ Frequency domain fluorescence spectroscopy: instrumentation and applications ” . In Luminescence Techniques in Chemical and Biochemical Analysis , Edited by: Baeyens , W. R. G. , De Keuleleire , D. and Korkidis , K. 141 New York : Marcell Dekker .
   Google Scholar
• Kubicki , A. 1989 . A universal photon-counting measuring system for polarized spectroscopy . Exp. Tech. Phys. , 37 : 329
   Google Scholar
• Kawski , A. 1992 . Photoluminescence of Solutions , Warsaw : PWN . (in Polish)
   Google Scholar
• Jabłoński , A. 1935 . Zur Theorie der Polarisation der Photolumineszenz von Farbstofflösungen . Z. Phys. , 96 : 236
   Google Scholar
• Jabłoński , A. 1955 . Note on the theory of the polarization of photoluminescence of solutions . Acta Phys. Pol. , 14 : 497
   Google Scholar
• Jabłoński , A. 1967 . Fundamental polarization of photoluminescence of solution (in Polish) . Postepy Fiz. , 18 : 663
   Google Scholar
• Jabłoński , A. 1957 . Decay of photoluminescence of solutions . Acta Phys. Pol. , 26 : 471
   Google Scholar
• Jabłoński , A. 1960 . On the notion of emission anisotropy . Bull. Acad. Pol. Sci. Ser. Sci. Math. Astron. Phys. , 8 : 259
   Google Scholar
• Vavilov , S. I. and Levshin , W. L. 1923 . Zur Frage über polarisierte Fluoreszenz von Farbstofflösungen . Z. Phys. , 16 : 135
   Google Scholar
• Kasha , M. 1950 . Characterization of electronic transitions in complex molecules . Faraday Soc. Discuss. , 9 : 14
   Google Scholar
• Perrin , F. 1929 . La Fluorescence des solutions. Induction moléculaire. Polarisotion et durée d'émission—Photochimie . Ann. Phys. , 12 : 169
   Google Scholar
• Perrin , F. 1936 . Diminution de la polarisation de la fluorescence des solutions résultant du mouvement brownien de rotation . Acta Phys. Pol. , 5 : 335
   Google Scholar
• Kawski , A. and Gryczy'nski , Z. 1986 . On the determination of transition—moment directions from emission anisotropy measurements . Z. Naturforsch. Teil A , 41 : 1195
   Google Scholar
• Makowiecka , M. 1934 . Sur la fluorescence et la durée d'emission de fluorocycléne . Acta Phys. Pol. , 2 : 357
   Google Scholar
• Russel , P. G. and Albrecht , A. C. 1964 . Electronic states of benzene by photo-selection. The polarization of luminescence in benzene, perdeuterobenzene and perchlorobenzene . J. Chem. Phys. , 41 : 2536
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feofilov , P. P. 1961 . The Physical Basis of Polarized Emission , New York : Consultants Bureau . (English translation)
   Google Scholar
• Jabłoński , A. 1950 . Influence of torsional vibrations of luminescent molecules on the fundamental polarization of photoluminescence of solutions . Acta Phys. Pol. , 10 : 33
   Google Scholar
• Jabłoński , A. 1950 . Fundamental polarization of photoluminescence and torsional vibrations of molecules . Acta Phys. Pol. , 10 : 193
   Google Scholar
• Jabłoński , A. 1955 . Virtual oscillators in the metalic model of luminescent molecules . Novo Cimento, Ser. X , 2 : 995
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jabłoński , A. 1977 . Polarization of fluorescence of isotropic rigid solutions . Bull. Acad. Pol. Sci. Ser. Sci. Math. Astron. Phys. , 25 : 603
   Google Scholar
• Jabłoński , A. 1965 . Emission anisotropy and decay of fluorescence of solutions . Acta Phys. Pol. , 28 : 717
   Google Scholar
• Jabłoński , A. 1968 . On the determination of directions of transition moments in luminescent molecules . Bull. Acad. Pol. Sci. Ser. Sci. Math. Astron. Phys. , 16 : 601
   Google Scholar
• Hanus , W. 1950 . The torsional oscillator . Acta Phys. Pol. , 10 : 173
   Google Scholar
• Bojarski , Cz. 1958 . On the temperature dependence of the fundamental polarization . Bull. Acad. Pol. Sci. Cl. 3 , 6 : 713
   Google Scholar
• Grzywacz , J. 1958 . The Influence of torsional vibrations of luminescent molecules on the fundamental polarization of fluorescence . Bull. Acad. Pol. Sci. Cl. 3 , 6 : 705
   Google Scholar
• Bauer , R. K. 1969 . Emission anisotropy of fluorescence of anthracene solutions . Acta Phys. Pol. , 35 : 101
   Google Scholar
• Czyź , P. and Kawski , A. 1969 . Einfluss der Torsions-schwingungen von Lumineszenzmolekülen auf die Emissionsanisotropie des Fluoreszenzlichtes isotroper Lösungen . Bull. Acad. Pol. Sci. Ser. Sci. Math. Astron. Phys. , 17 : 591
   Google Scholar
• Heldt , J. 1966 . Influence of thermal motions on polarization of fluorescence of dye molecules in solution . Acta Phys. Pol. , 30 : 3
   Google Scholar
• Kawski , A. , Kubicki , A. , Weyna , I. and Janićc , I. 1985 . Temperature dependence of limiting fluorescence anisotropy of POPOP in cellulose acetate film . Z. Naturforsch. Teil A , 40 : 559
   Google Scholar
• Kawski , A. , Kojro , Z. and Kubicki , A. 1985 . Influence of quenching upon the rotational polarization of fluorescence . Z. Naturforsch. Teil A , 40 : 313
   Google Scholar
• Kawski , A. , Kojro , Z. , Bojarski , P. and Lichacz , J. 1990 . Rotational depolarization of fluorescence of prolate molecules . Z. Naturforsch. Teil A , 45 : 1357
   Google Scholar
• Johansson , L. B.-A. 1990 . Limiting fluorescence anisotropies of perylene and xanthene derivatives . J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. , 86 : 2103
   Google Scholar
• Kawski , A. , Czyź , P. and Kukielski , J. 1967 . Über die Abhängigkeit der Grundpolarisation der Fluoreszenz fester Lösungen von der Temperatur . Acta Phys. Pol. , 31 : 825
   Google Scholar
• Kawski , A. , Czyź , P. and Cieślak , B. 1967 . Über den Einfluss der Temperatur auf den Anisotropiegrad des Fluoreszenzlichtes fester Lösungen . Z. Naturforsch. Teil A , 22 : 1507
   Google Scholar
• Kawski , A. 1968 . Bemerkungen zu den beobachteten Einfluss der Temperatur auf die Fluoreszenzpolarisation fester Lösungen . Acta Phys. Pol. , 35 : 863
   Google Scholar
• Levshin , V. L. 1924 . Über polarisiertes Fluoreszenzlicht von Farbstofflösungen . Z. Phys. , 26 : 274
   Google Scholar
• Vavilov , S. I. 1925 . Über polarisiertes Fluoreszenzlicht von Farbstofflösungen . Z. Phys. , 32 : 721
   Google Scholar
• Liptay , W. , Schumann , H.-J. and Petzke , F. 1976 . Anisotropic fluorescence of Michler's ketone in liquid solutions . Chem. Phys. Lett. , 39 : 427
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawski , A. and Alicka , M. 1980 . Über die Anisotrope Fluoreszenz von Donator substituierten 4 Isocyanattrans-stilbenen in Lösungsmitteln kleiner Viskosität . Z. Naturforsch. Teil A , 35 : 775
   Google Scholar
• Kawski , A. , Alicka , M. and Gloyna , D. 1981 . Anisotropic fluorescence of donor-acceptor-substituted trans stilbenes in solvents of different polarities and low viscosity . Z. Naturforsch. Teil A , 36 : 1259
   Google Scholar
• Kawski , A. , Gryczyński , I. , Nowaczyk , K. , Bojarski , P. and Lichacz , J. 1991 . Deactivation of the S1 state of π substituted 4-dimethylamino-trans-styrenes in alkane solution . Z. Naturforsch. Teil A , 46 : 1043
   Google Scholar
• Jabłoński , A. 1935 . Eine Theorie der zeitlichen Abklingung des Leuchtens bei polarisierter Fluoreszenz von Farbstofflösungen . Z. Phys. , 95 : 53
   Google Scholar
• Jabłoński , A. 1936 . Uber die Abklingungsgesetze der polarisierten Fluoreszenz . Z. Phys. , 103 : 526
   Google Scholar
• Jabłoński , A. 1961 . Uber die Abklingungsvorgänge polarisierter Photolumineszenz . Z. Naturforsch. Teil A , 16 : 1
   Google Scholar
• Jabłoński , A. 1962 . “ Decay and Polarization of fluorescence of solutions ” . In Luminescence of Organic and Inorganic Materials , Edited by: Kallman , H. P. and Spruch , G. M. 110 New York : John Wiley & Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Kamiński , J. , Kawski , A. and Schmillen , A. 1977 . Die Zeitabhängigkeit der Emissionsanisotropie gemessen an 9 Methylanthracen in Azetylzellulose folie . Z. Naturforsch. Teil A , 32 : 1335
   Google Scholar
• Perrin , F. 1925 . Sur le mouvement brownien de rotation . C. R. Hebd. Séances Acad. Sci. , 181 : 514
   Google Scholar
• Perrin , F. 1926 . Polarisation de la lumiére de fluorescence. Vie moyenne des molécules dans l'etat excité . J. Phys. , 7 : 390
   Google Scholar
• Szymanowski , W. 1935 . Einfluss der Rotation der Moleküle auf die Messungen der Abklingzeit der Fluoreszenzstrahlung . Z. Phys. , 95 : 466
   Google Scholar
• Kessel , W. 1936 . Uber den Einfluss der Molekülrotationen auf die Messungen der Fluoreszenzabklingungszeit . Z. Phys. , 103 : 125
   Google Scholar
• Bauer , R. K. 1963 . Polarization and decay of fluorescence of solution . Z. Naturforsch. Teil A , 18 : 718
   Google Scholar
• Bauer , R. K. , Balter , A. , Kowalczyk , A. and Jung , Ch. 1980 . Some luminescence properties of the laser dye stilbene . Z. Naturforsch. Teil A , 35 : 1319
   Google Scholar
• Pringsheim , P. 1949 . Fluorescence and Phosphorescence , New York : Interscience Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Förster , Th. 1951 . Fluoreszenz Organischer Verbindungen , Göttingen : Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht .
   Google Scholar
• Weber , G. 1952 . Polarization of the fluorescence of macromolecules. 1. Theory and experimental method . Biochem. J. , 51 : 145 155
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tombacz , E. , Vize , L. and Szalay , L. On the rotation depolarization of fluorescence in dyestuff solutions . Proc. Int. Conf. Luminescence (Hungary) . pp. 285 Hungarian Academy of Sciences .
   Google Scholar
• Knopp , J. and Weber , G. 1967 . Fluorescence depolarization measurements on pyrene butyric bovine serum albumin conjugates . J. Biol. Chem. , 242 : 1353
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanaka , H. , Yanagida , T. , Teramoto , A. and Fujita , H. 1967 . Studies of concentrated polymer solutions by the fluorescence polarization method. I. Polyethylene oxide in water . J. Phys. Chem. , 71 : 2416
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauer , R. K. 1968 . Determination of the volume of the uranine molecule together with its solvatation shell . Acta Phys. Pol. , 33 : 441
   Google Scholar
• Szalay , L. and Vize , L. 1970 . Rotational depolarization of fluorescence of dye solutions . Acta Phys. Chem. , 16 : 89
   Google Scholar
• Sarzhevskij , A. M. and Sevchenko , A. N. 1971 . Anisotropy of Absorption and Emission of Light by Molecules , Minsk : Nauka . (in Russian)
   Google Scholar
• Anufrieva , E. V. , Volkenshtein , M. V. , Gromova , R. A. , Krakobyak , M. G. , Lushchik , V. B. and Pautov , V. D. 1972 . On luminescence depolarization of antracene groups in phenyl-containing polymers (in Russian) . Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR Ser. Fiz. , 36 : 1007
   Google Scholar
• Hamai , S. and Kokubun , H. 1974 . Fluorescence depolarization study of hydrogen bonded 1-anthrol . Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. , 47 : 24
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alicka , M. , Bauer , R. K. and Kawski , A. 1980 . Die Viskesitätsabhängigkeit der Fluoreszenz-Anisotropie und der Lebensdauer von Trans Stilben . Z. Naturforsch. Teil A , 35 : 896
   Google Scholar
• Cowley , D. J. 1984 . Fluorescence of some dipolar N,N-disubstituted-4-(dichloro-1,3,5-triazinyl) anilines. Part 4. Internal and Molecular rotations in homogeneous and inhomogeneous media . J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. II , : 281
   Google Scholar
• Bauer , R. and Szczurek , T. 1962 . Depolarization of fluorescence of dye solutions by thermal motion of the molecules . Acta Phys. Pol. , 22 : 29
   Google Scholar
• Jabłoński , A. 1960 . Depolarization of fluorescence of liquid solutions . Bull. Acad. Pol. Sci. Ser. Sci. Math. Astron. Phys. , 8 : 655
   Google Scholar
• Pringsheim , P. and Vogels , H. 1937 . Influence de la viscosité et de la nature du solvant sur le degré de polarisation de la lumiére de fluorescence . J. Phys. , 8 : 121
   Google Scholar
• Jabłoński , A. 1973 . Fluorescence of isotropic solutions excited by intensity modulated primary light . Acta Phys. Pol A , 43 : 153
   Google Scholar
• Spencer , R. D. and Weber , G. 1970 . Influence of Brownian rotations and energy transfer upon the measurements of fluorescence lifetime . J. Chem. Phys. , 52 : 1654
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merkelo , H. , Hammond , J. H. , Hartman , S. R. and Derzko , Z. I. 1970 . Measurement of the temperature dependence of depolarization time of Luminescence . J. Luminesc. , 1 ( 2 ) : 502
   Google Scholar
• Bauer , R. K. , Gutsze , A. and Wronkowska , A. A. 1975 . Study of thermal motions of dye molecules in water containing solutions . J. Luminesc. , 11 : 161
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson , P. M. and Albrecht , A. C. 1968 . Assignment of excited electronic states of the benzyl radical by the method of three-step photoselection . J. Chem. Phys. , 48 : 851
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin , H.-B. and Topp , M. R. 1977 . Low quantum-yield molecular fluorescence. Excitation energy dependence and fluorescence polarization in xanthene dyes . Chem. Phys. Lett. , 47 : 442
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sato , H. , Kawasaki , M. and Kasatani , K. 1984 . Effect of rotational relaxation on the intensity and polarization of fluorescence emission caused by sequential two-photon excitation . Chem. Phys. , 83 : 451
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawski , A. 1963 . Uber die Unabhängigkeit der Fluoreszenzspektren von der Erregungswellenlänge . Bull. Acad. Pol. Sci. Ser. Sci. Math. Astron. Phys. , 11 : 567
   Google Scholar
• Kawski , A. and Wardziński , H. 1965 . Die Unabhängigkeit der Fluoreszenzspektren fester Lösungen von der Erregungswellenlänge . Z. Naturforsch. Teil A , 20 : 1354
   Google Scholar
• Kawski , A. and Wardziński , H. 1965 . Weitere Versuche über die Abhängigkeit der Intensitätsverteilung der Fluoreszenzspektra fester Lösungen von der erregenden Welle . Bull. Acad. Pol. Sci. Ser. Sci. Math. Astron. Phys. , 13 : 745
   Google Scholar
• Kawski , A. , Pasztor , B. and Wardziński , H. 1966 . Versuche über die Abhängig keit der Intensitätsverteilung der Fluoreszenzspektra flüssiger Lösungen von der erregenden Wellenlänge . Acta Phys. Pol. , 29 : 71
   Google Scholar
• Jabłoński , A. 1967 . Does the intensity distribution within the photoluminescence band depend on the frequency of the exciting light? . Bull. Acad. Pol. Sci. Ser. Sci. Math. Astron. Phys. , 15 : 885 1968, 16, 835.
   Google Scholar
• Kawski , A. and Kukielski , J. 1970 . Uber den Schwingungs-energieaustauseh zwichen Lumineszenzzentrum und umgebenden Dielektrikum . Z. Naturforsch. Teil A , 25 : 653
   Google Scholar
• Kawski , A. , Bartoszewicz , B. and Strzalkowska , C. 1970 . Zur Frage der Intensitätsverteilung der Fluoreszenzspektra flüssiger Lösungen von der Frequenz des erregenden Lichtes . Acta Phys. Pol. A , 37 : 321
   Google Scholar
• Kawski , A. , Stoń , M. and Janićc , I. 1983 . On the intensity distribution within photoluminescence bands in rigid and liquid solutions . Z. Naturforsch. Teil A , 38 : 322
   Google Scholar
• Kawski , A. , Bartoszewicz , B. and Kukielski , J. 1970 . Zur Frage der Gültigkeit der Stepanowschen Beziehung zwischen den Absorptions- und Emissionsspektren von Lumineszierenden Lösungen . Acta Phys. Pol. A , 38 : 127
   Google Scholar
• Kawski , A. and Kukielski , J. 1971 . Effect of non equilibrium “initial shock” on the shape and spectral position of the photoluminescence band . J. Luminesc. , 4 : 155
   Google Scholar
• Kozma , L. , Szalay , L. and Hevesi , J. 1964 . Further investigations on the validity of Stepanov's relation in viscous luminescent solutions . Acta Phys. Chem. , 10 : 67
   Google Scholar
• Hevesi , J. , Ketskeméty , I. and Kozma , L. 1965 . Relation of the decay time and effective temperature in the case of luminescent solutions . Acta Phys. Chem. , 11 : 81
   Google Scholar
• de Groot , S. R. 1963 . Thermodynamics of Irreversible Processes , Amsterdam : North-Holland .
   Google Scholar
• Heiss , A. , Dörr , F. and Kühn , I. 1975 . Pulsfluorimetrie unter Anwendung der Laplace-Transformation I. Messung von Fluoreszenzlebensdauern. II. Rotationsrelaxation von Rhodamin 6G und von Perylen in optisch angereg ten Zuständen in Abhängigkeit von der Anregungs-energie . Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. , 79 : 294
   Google Scholar
• Scholz , M. , Teuchner , K. , Näther , M. , Becker , W. and Dähne , S. 1978 . Analytical applications of time-dependent fluorescence depolarization . Acta Phys. Pol. A , 54 : 823
   Google Scholar
• Pantke , E. R. and Labhart , H. 1973 . Influence of excess excitation energy on rotational relaxation of molecules in solution . Chem. Phys. Lett. , 23 : 476
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Labhart , H. 1977 . Photochemische Primärprozesse in Lösung . Chimia , 31 : 89
   Google Scholar
• Labhart , H. 1979 . “ Deactivation of excited molecules in liquid solutions ” . In Acoustics and Spectroscopy , Edited by: Kawski , A. and Sliwiński , A. 175 Wroclaw : Ossolineum .
   Google Scholar
• Bauer , R. K. and Balter , A. 1979 . Thermal rotations and relaxation of vibrational energy of excited dye molecules in solution . J. Lumines. , 20 : 249
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zinsli , P. E. 1977 . Anisotropic rotation and libration of perylene in paraffin . Chem. Phys. , 20 : 299
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauer , R. K. and Balter , A. Time-resolved studies concerning the dissipation of vibrational energy excess . 3rd Conference on Luminescence, Digest . Vol. 1 , pp. 21 – 24 . Hungary : Szeged .
   Google Scholar
• Bauer , R. K. Thermal equilibrium perturbations caused by vibrational energy excess . 3rd Conference on Luminescence, Digest . Vol. 1 , pp. 25 – 30 . Hungary : Szeged .
   Google Scholar
• Bauer , R. K. and Balter , A. 1980 . Study of the dissipation of vibrational energy excess using pulse fluorometry . Opt. Commun. , 34 : 379
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawski , A. 1974 . Die Solvathülle und ihr Einfluss auf die Fluoreszenz . Chimia , 28 : 715
   Google Scholar
• Kawski , A. and Czajko , J. 1974 . Die Medienabhängigkeit der Spektralen Lage der Fluoreszenzbande von Indol und substituierten Indolen . Z. Naturforsch. Teil A , 29 : 84
   Google Scholar
• Nemkovich , N. A. , Rubinov , A. N. and Tomin , V. I. 1989 . “ Time-resolved selective laser spectroscopy of dyes in polar medium ” . In Optical Spectroscopy in Chemistry and Biology—Progress and Trends , Edited by: Fassler , D. 31 Berlin : Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Perrin , F. 1934 . Mouvement brownien d'un ellipsoide (I). Dispersion dielectrique pour des molecules ellipsoidales . J. Phys. , 5 : 497
   Google Scholar
• Memming , R. 1961 . Theorie der Fluoreszenzpolarisation für nicht kugelsymmetrische Moleküle . Z. Phys. Chem. , 28 : 168
   Google Scholar
• Koenig , H. 1975 . Brownian motion of an ellipsoid. A correction to Perrin results . Biopolymers , 14 : 2421
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lombardi , J. R. and Dafforn , G. A. 1966 . Anisotropic rotational relaxation in rigid media by polarized photoselection . J. Chem. Phys. , 44 : 3882
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tao , T. 1969 . Time-dependent fluorescence depolarization and Brownian rotational diffusion of macromolecules . Biopolymers , 8 : 609
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weber , G. 1971 . Theory of fluorescence depolarization by anisotropic brownian rotations. Discontinuous distribution approach . J. Chem. Phys. , 55 : 2399
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chuang , T. J. and Eisenthal , K. B. 1972 . Theory of fluorescence depolarization by anisotropic rotational diffusion . J. Chem. Phys. , 57 : 5094
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ehrenberg , M. and Rigler , R. 1972 . Polarized fluorescence and rotational brownian motion . Chem. Phys. Lett. , 14 : 539
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belford , G. G. , Belford , R. L. and Weber , G. 1972 . Dynamics of fluorescence polarization in macromolecules . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. , 69 : 1392
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Favro , L. D. 1960 . Theory of the rotational Brownian motion of a free rigid body . Phys. Rev. , 119 : 53
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Small , E. W. and Isenberg , I. 1977 . Hydrodynamic properties of a rigid molecule: rotational and linear diffusion and fluorescence . Biopolymers , 16 : 1907
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Small , E. W. and Isenberg , I. 1976 . The use of moment index displacement in analyzing fluorescence time decay data . Biopolymers , 15 : 1093
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shimizu , H. 1962 . Effect of molecular shape on nuclear magnetic relaxation . J. Chem. Phys. , 37 : 765
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright , A. K. and Baxter , J. E. 1976 . A numerical inversion of the Perrin equations for rotational and translational diffusion constants by iterative techniques . Biophys. J. , 16 : 931
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tao , T. , Nelson , J. H. and Cantor , Ch. R. 1970 . Conformational studies on transfer ribonucleic acid. Fluorescence lifetime and nanosecond depolarization measurements on bound ethidium bromide . Biochemistry , 9 : 3514
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleming , G. R. , Morris , J. M. and Robinson , G. W. 1976 . Direct observation of rotational diffusion by picosecond spectroscopy . Chem. Phys. , 17 : 91
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porter , G. , Sadkowski , P. J. and Tredwell , C. J. 1977 . Picosecond rotational diffusion in kinetic and steady state fluorescence spectroscopy . Chem. Phys. Lett. , 49 : 416
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleming , G. R. , Knight , A. E. , Morris , J. M. , Robbins , R. J. and Robinson , G. W. 1977 . Slip boundary conditions for molecular rotation: Time dependent fluorescence depolarization studies of BBOT . Chem. Phys. Lett. , 51 : 399
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eichler , H. J. , Klein , U. and Langhans , D. 1979 . Measurement of orientational relaxation times of rhodamine 6G with streak camera . Chem. Phys. Lett. , 67 : 21
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruggiero , A. J. , Todd , D. C. and Fleming , G. R. 1990 . Subpicosecond fluorescence anisotropy studies of tryptophan in water . J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 112 : 1003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spears , K. G. and Cramer , L. E. 1978 . Rotational diffusion in aprotic and protic solvents . Chem. Phys. , 30 : 1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Resandt , R. W. W. and De Mayer , L. 1981 . Picosecond rotational diffusion by differential single-photon fluorescence spectroscopy . Chem. Phys. Lett. , 78 : 219
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beddard , G. S. , Doust , T. and Porter , G. 1981 . Picosecond fluorescence depolarization measured by frequency conversion . Chem. Phys. , 61 : 17
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein , U. K. A. and Haar , H.-P. 1978 . Picosecond time dependent rotational diffusion of rhodamine 6G in micellar solution . Chem. Phys. Lett. , 58 : 531
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berndt , K. , Dürr , H. and Palme , D. 1982 . Picosecond phase fluorometry by mode-locked CW lasers . Opt. Commun. , 42 : 419
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lakowicz , J. R. and Balter , A. 1982 . Theory of phase-modulation fluorescence spectroscopy for excited-state processes . Biophys. Chem. , 16 : 99
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lakowicz , J. R. and Balter , A. 1982 . Analysis of excited-state processes by phase-modulation fluorescence spectroscopy . Biophys. Chem. , 16 : 117
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein , U. K. A. 1984 . Picosecond fluorescence decay studied by phasefluorometry and its application to the measurement of rotational diffusion in liquids . Arabian J. Sci. Eng. , 9 : 327
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gratton , E. and Limkeman , M. 1983 . A continuously variable frequency cross-correlation phase fluorometer with picosecond resolution . Biophys. J. , 44 : 315
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lakowicz , J. R. , Laczko , G. and Gryczyński , I. 1986 . 2-GHz frequency domain fluorometer . Rev. Sci. Instrum. , 57 : 2499
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laczko , G. , Gryczyński , I. , Gryczyński , Z. , Wiczk , W. , Malak , H. and Lakowicz , J. R. 1990 . A 10-GHz frequencydomain fluorometer . Rev. Sci. Instrum. , 61 : 2331
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berndt , K. W. , Gryczyński , I. and Lakowicz , J. R. 1991 . A 4-GHz frequency-domain fluorometer with internal microchannel plate photomultiplier cross-correlation . Anal. Biochem. , 192 : 131
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waldeck , D. H. and Fleming , G. R. 1981 . Influence of viscosity and temperature on rotational reorientation. Anisotropic absorption studies of 3,3′ di-ethyloxadicarbocyanine iodide . J. Phys. Chem. , 85 : 2614
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waldeck , D. H. , Lotshaw , W. T. , McDonald , D. B. and Fleming , G. R. 1982 . Ultra-violet picosecond pump-probe spectroscopy with a synchronously pumped dye laser. Rotational diffusion of diphenyl butadiene . Chem. Phys. Lett. , 88 : 297
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reiser , D. and Laubereau , A. 1982 . Ultrafast polarization spectroscopy of dye molecules . Opt. Commun. , 42 : 329
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chuang , T. J. and Eisenthal , K. B. 1971 . Studies of effects of hydrogen bonding on orientational relaxation using picosecond light pulses . Chem. Phys. Lett. , 11 : 368
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Penzkofer , A. and Falkenstein , W. 1976 . Photoinduced dichroism and vibronic relaxation of rhodamine dyes . Chem. Phys. Lett. , 44 : 547
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lessing , H. E. and Von Jena , A. 1976 . Separation of rotational diffusion and level kinetics in transient absorption spectroscopy . Chem. Phys. Lett. , 42 : 213
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lessing , H. E. and Von Jena , A. 1979 . Rotational diffusion of dyes in micellar media from transient absorption . Chem. Phys. , 41 : 395
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Von Jena , A. and Lessing , H. E. 1979 . Rotational diffusion anomalies in dye solutions from transient-dichroism experiments . Chem. Phys. , 40 : 245
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Millar , D. P. , Shah , R. and Zewail , A. H. 1979 . Picosecond saturation spectroscopy of cresyl violet: Rotational diffusion by a “sticking” boundary condition in the liquid phase . Chem. Phys. Lett. , 66 : 435
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lessing , H. E. and Von Jena , A. 1979 . “ Continuous picosecond spectroscopy of dyes ” . In Laser Handbook , Edited by: Stitch , M. L. Vol. 3 , 753 Amsterdam : North-Holland .
   Google Scholar
• Moog , R. S. , Ediger , M. D. , Boxer , S. G. and Fayer , M. D. 1982 . Viscosity dependence of the rotational reorientation of rhodamine B in mono- and poly-alcohols. Picosecond transient grating experiments . J. Phys. Chem. , 86 : 4694
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen , R. F. 1967 . Fluorescence Theory, Instrumentation and Practice , Edited by: Guilbaut , G. New York : Marcel Dekker .
   Google Scholar
• Stryer , L. 1965 . The interaction of a naphthalene dye with apomyoglobin and apohemoglobin: A fluorescent probe of nonpolar binding sites . J. Mol. Biol. , 13 : 482
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cehelnik , E. D. , Cundall , R. B. , Lockwood , J. R. and Palmer , T. F. 1974 . Time dependent fluorescence polarization studies using isotropic and liquid crystal media . J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 2 , 70 : 244
   Google Scholar
• Monnerie , L. and Jarry , J.-P. 1981 . Solid-state polymers as studied by fluorescence polarization: mobility and orientation measurements . Ann. NY Acad. Sci. , 366 : 328
   Google Scholar
• Alms , G. R. , Bauer , D. R. , Brauman , J. I. and Pecora , R. 1973 . Depolarized Rayleigh scattering and orientational relaxation of molecules in solution. I. Benzene, toluene, and para-xylene . J. Chem. Phys. , 58 : 5570
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alms , G. R. , Bauer , D. R. , Brauman , J. I. and Pecora , R. 1973 . Depolarized Rayleigh scattering and orientational relaxation of molecules in solution. II. Chloroform and nitrobenzene . J. Chem. Phys. , 59 : 5310
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauer , D. R. , Brauman , J. I. and Pecora , R. 1974 . Molecular reorientation in liquids. Experimental test of hydrodynamic models . J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 96 : 6840
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu , C. M. and Zwanzig , R. 1974 . Rotational friction coefficients for spheroids with the slipping boundary conditions . J. Chem. Phys. , 60 : 4354
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Youngren , G. K. and Acrivos , A. 1975 . Rotational friction coefficients for ellipsoids and chemical molecules with the slip boundary condition . J. Chem. Phys. , 63 : 3846
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris , R. K. and Newman , R. H. 1979 . Anisotropic molecular rotation in solution: the interpretation of carbon-13 T1 data for triptycene and 9H-fluorene . Mol. Phys. , 38 : 1315
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hynes , J. , Kapral , R. and Weinberg , M. 1979 . Molecular theory of translational diffusion: Microscopic generalization of the normal velocity boundary condition . J. Chem. Phys. , 70 : 1456
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barkley , M. D. , Kowalczyk , A. A. and Brand , L. 1981 . Fluorescence decay studies of anisotropic rotations of small molecules . J. Chem. Phys. , 75 : 3581
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mantulin , W. W. and Weber , G. 1977 . Rotational anisotropy and solvent fluorophore bonds: An investigation by differential polarized phase fluorometry . J. Chem. Phys. , 66 : 4092
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Labhart , H. and Pantke , E. R. 1973 . Anisotropy of rotational diffusion of excited molecules in solution . Chem. Phys. Lett. , 23 : 482
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christensen , R. L. , Drake , R. C. and Philips , D. 1986 . Timeresolved fluorescence anisotropy of perylene . J. Phys. Chem. , 90 : 5960
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hyde , P. D. and Ediger , M. D. 1990 . Rotational dynamics of anthracene and 9,10-dimethylanthracene in polyisoprene . J. Chem. Phys. , 92 : 1036
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wirth , M. J. and Chou , S.-H. 1991 . Behavior of the rotational diffusion tensor of tetracene under subslip conditions . J. Phys. Chem. , 95 : 1786
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanders , M. J. and Wirth , M. J. 1983 . Evidence for solvation structural dependence of rotational diffusion anisotropy . Chem. Phys. Lett. , 101 : 361
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bushuk , B. A. , Rubinov , A. N. , Stupak , A. P. and Muravev , A. A. 1987 . Rotational diffusion of excited oxazine 17 in aproton and proton donor solvents . Opt. Spectrosc. (USSR) , 63 : 172
   Google Scholar
• Viovy , J. L. 1985 . Anisotropic rotation of 1,9-dimethyl-anthracene: A fluorescence anisotropy decay study . J. Phys. Chem. , 89 : 5465
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sasaki , T. , Yamamoto , M. and Nishijima , Y. 1986 . Anisotropic rotation of perylene and perylene derivatives studied by the fluorescence depolarization method . Rep. Prog. Polymer Phys. Jpn. , 29 : 529
   Google Scholar
• Zwanzig , R. 1978 . Rotational friction coefficients of a bumpy cylinder with slipping and sticking boundary conditions . J. Chem. Phys. , 68 : 4325
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gryczyński , I. , Cherek , H. and Lakowicz , J. R. 1988 . Detection of three rotational correlation times for a rigid asymmetric molecule using frequency domain fluorometry . Biophys. Chem. , 30 : 271
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rice , S. A. and Kenney-Wallace , G. A. 1980 . Time-resolved fluorescence depolarization studies of rotational relaxation in viscous media . Chem. Phys. , 47 : 161
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartoli , F. J. and Litovitz , T. A. 1972 . Raman scattering: Orientational motions in liquids . J. Chem. Phys. , 56 : 413
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bopp , T. T. 1967 . Magnetic resonance studies of anisotropic molecular rotation in liquid acetonitrile-d3 . J. Chem. Phys. , 47 : 3621
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huntress , W. T. Jr. 1969 . A nuclear magnetic resonance study of anisotropic molecular rotation in liquid chloroform and chloroform-benzene solution . J. Phys. Chem. , 73 : 103
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mataga , N. , Torihashi , Y. and Ezumi , K. 1964 . Electronic structures of carbazole and in indole and the solvent effects on electronic spectra . Theor. Chim. Acta , 2 : 158
   Google Scholar
• Kawski , A. 1992 . “ Solvent shift effect on electronic spectra and excited state dipole moment ” . In Photochemistry and Photophysics , Edited by: Rabek , J. F. Vol. 5 , 1 Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press .
   Google Scholar
• Valeur , B. and Weber , G. 1977 . Resolution of the fluorescence excitation spectrum of indole into the l La and l Lb excitation bands . Photochem. Photobiol. , 25 : 441
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lakowicz , J. R. 1983 . Principles of Fluorescence Spectroscopy , New York : Plenum Press .
   Google Scholar
• Chang , M. C. , Cross , A. J. and Fleming , G. R. 1983 . Internal dynamics and overall motion of lysozyme studied by fluorescence depolarization of the eosin lysozyme complex . J. Biomol. Struct. Dynam. , 1 : 299
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cross , A. J. and Fleming , G. R. 1984 . Analysis of time-resolved fluorescence anisotropy decays . Biophys. J. , 46 : 45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cross , A. J. , Waldeck , D. H. and Fleming , G. R. 1983 . Time resolved polarization spectroscopy: level kinetics and rotational diffusion . J. Chem. Phys. , 78 : 6455 and Erratum, 1983, 79, 3173.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chuang , T. J. and Eisenthal , K. B. 1975 . Studies of excited state charge-transfer interactions with picosecond laser pulses . J. Chem. Phys. , 62 : 2213
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Von Jena , A. and Lessing , H. E. 1979 . Rotational diffusion of prolate and oblate molecules from absorption relaxation . Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. , 83 : 181
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szubiakowski , J. P. 1990 . Ground state transient linear dichroism for molecules with level-dependent rotational diffusion . Chem. Phys. , 148 : 429
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lakowicz , J. R. , Gryczyński , I. , Cherek , H. and Laczko , G. 1991 . Anisotropy decays of indole, melittin monomer and melittin tetramer by frequency-domain fluorometry and multi-wavelength global analysis . Biophys. Chem. , 39 : 241
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brand , L. , Knutson , J. R. , Davenport , L. , Beechem , J. M. , Dale , R. E. , Walbridge , D. G. and Kowalczyk , A. A. 1985 . “ Time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy: Some applications of associative behaviour to studies of proteins and membranes ” . In Spectroscopy and the Dynamics of Molecular Biological Systems , Edited by: Bayley , P. M. and Dale , R. E. 259 London : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Steiner , R. F. 1991 . “ Fluorescence anisotropy, theory and applications ” . In Topics in Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Vol. 2, Principles , Edited by: Lakowicz , J. R. 1 New York : Plenum Press .
   Google Scholar
• Wahl , P. 1965 . Sur l'étude des solutions de macromolécule par la décroissance de la fluorescence polarisée . C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris , 260 : 6891
   Google Scholar
• Wahl , P. and Weber , G. 1967 . Fluorescence depolarization of rabbit gamma globulin conjugates . J. Mol. Biol. , 30 : 371
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wahl , P. 1969 . Mesure de la décroissance de la fluorescence polarisée de la γ-globuline-1-sulfonyl-5-diméthyl-aminonaphtaléne . Biochim. Biophys. Acta , 175 : 55
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wahl , P. and Timasheff , S. N. 1969 . Polarized fluorescence decay curves for β-lactoglobulin A in various states of association . Biochemistry , 8 : 2945
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wahl , P. , Paoletti , J. and Le Pecq , J.-B. 1970 . Decay of fluorescence emission anisotropy of the ethidium bromide DNA complex evidence for an internal motion in DNA . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. , 65 : 417
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weber , G. 1953 . Polarization of the fluorescence of labelled protein molecules . Faraday Discuss. Chem. Soc. , 13 : 33
   Google Scholar
• Steiner , R. F. and McAlister , A. J. 1957 . Use of the fluorescence technique as an absolute method for obtaining mean relaxation times of globular proteins . J. Polym. Sci. , 24 : 105
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weltman , J. K. and Edelman , G. M. 1967 . Fluorescence polarization of human γG-immunoglobulins . Biochemistry , 6 : 1437
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellerton , N. F. and Isenberg , I. 1969 . Fluorescence polarization study of DNA-proflavine complexes . Biopolymers , 8 : 767
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson , S. R. and Weber , G. 1969 . Fluorescence polarization of the complexes of 1-aniline-8-naphthalenesulfonate with bovine serum albumin. Evidence for for preferential orientation of the ligand . Biochemistry , 8 : 371
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosen , C. G. and Weber , G. 1969 . Dimer formation from 1-anilino-8-naphthalene sulfonate catalyzed by bovine serum albumin. A new fluorescent molecule with exceptional binding properties . Biochemistry , 8 : 3915
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yguerabide , J. , Epstein , H. F. and Stryer , L. 1970 . Segmental flexibility in an antibody molecule . J. Mol. Biol. , 51 : 573
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burns , V. W. F. 1971 . Fluorescence polarization characteristics of the complexes between ethidium bromide and rRNA, tRNA, and DNA . Biochem. Biophys. , 145 : 248
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malencik , D. A. and Anderson , S. R. 1972 . Fluorescence polarization studies of the self association of beef liver glutamate dehydrogenase . Biochemistry , 11 : 3023
   Google Scholar
• Harvey , S. C. and Cheung , H. C. 1972 . Computer simulation of fluorescence depolarization due to Brownian motion . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. , 69 : 3670
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen , L. , Dale , R. E. , Roth , S. and Brand , L. 1977 . Nanosecond time-dependent fluorescence depolarization of diphenylhexatriene in dimyristoyllecithin vesicles and the determination of “microviscosity” . J. Biol. Chem. , 252 : 2163
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dale , R. E. , Chen , L. A. and Brand , L. 1977 . Rotational relaxation of the “micro-viscosity” probe diphenylhexatriene in paraffin oil and egg lecithin vesicles . J. Biol. Chem. , 252 : 7500
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suzuki , S. , Fujii , T. , Imal , A. and Akahori , H. 1977 . The fluorescent level inversion of dual fluorescence and the motional relaxation of excited state molecules in solutions . J. Phys. Chem. , 81 : 1592
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munro , I. , Pecht , I. and Stryer , L. 1979 . Subnanosecond motions of tryptophan residues in proteins . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. , 76 : 56
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lakowicz , J. R. , Laczko , G. , Gryczyński , I. and Cherek , H. 1986 . Measurement of subnanosecond anisotropy decays of protein fluorescence using frequency-domain fluorometry . J. Biol. Chem. , 261 : 2240
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szmaciński , H. , Jayaweera , R. , Cherek , H. and Lakowicz , J. R. 1987 . Demonstration of an associated anisotropy decay by frequency-domain fluorometry . Biophys. Chem. , 27 : 233
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lakowicz , J. R. , Cherek , H. , Gryczyński , I. , Joshi , N. and Johnson , M. L. 1987 . Enhanced resolution of fluorescence anisotropy decays by simultaneous analysis of progressively quenched samples . Biophys. J. , 51 : 755
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gryczyński , I. , Eftink , J. and Lakowicz , J. R. 1988 . Conformation heterogeneity in proteins as an origin of heterogeneous fluorescence decays, illustrated by native and denatured ribonuclease . Biochim. Biophys. Acta , 954 : 244
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Small , E. W. , Libertini , L. J. and Small , J. R. 1988 . “ Molecular shapes from rotational diffusion: dye molecules, proteins and nucleosomes ” . In Time-Resolved Laser Spectroscopy in Biochemistry , Edited by: Lakowicz , I. R. Vol. 909 , 97 Bellingham, WA : The International Society for Optical Engineering . Proceed. Soc. Photo-Optical Instrum. Eng.
   Google Scholar
• Eftink , M. R. , Gryczyński , I. , Wiczk , W. , Laczko , G. and Lakowicz , J. R. 1991 . Effects of temperature on the fluorescence intensity and anisotropy decays of staphylococcal nuclease and the less stable nuclease ConA-SG28 mutant . Biochemistry , 30 : 8945
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gryczyński , I. , Steiner , R. F. and Lakowicz , J. R. 1991 . Intensity and anisotropy decays of the tyrosine calmodulin proteolytic fragments, as studied by GHz frequencydomain fluorescence . Biophys. Chem. , 39 : 69
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lakowicz , J. R. , Gryczyński , I. , Szmaciński , H. , Cherek , H. and Joshi , N. 1991 . Anisotropy decays of single tryptophan proteins measured by GHz frequency-domain fluorometry with collisional quenching . Eur. Biophys. J. , 19 : 125
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee , J. , Wang , Y. and Gibson , B. F. 1991 . Fluorescence anisotropy decay study of self-association of bacterial luciferase intermediates . J. Fluoresc. , 1 : 23
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gottlieb , Y. Y. and Wahl , P. 1963 . Etude theorique de la polarisation de fluorescence des macromolecules portant un groupe emetteur mobile autour d'un axe de rotation . J. Chim. Phys. , 60 : 849
   Google Scholar
• Wallach , D. 1967 . Effect of internal rotation on angular correlation function . J. Chem. Phys. , 47 : 5258
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barkley , M. D. and Zimm , B. H. 1979 . Theory of twisting and bending of chain macromolecules: analysis of the fluorescence depolarization of DNA . J. Chem. Phys. , 70 : 2991
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoshikawa , H. and Asai , H. 1984 . On the rotational Brownian motion of a bacterial idle motor. I. Theory of timedependent fluorescence depolarization . Biophys. Chem. , 19 : 375
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoshikawa , H. and Asai , H. 1985 . On the rotational Brownian motion of a bacterial idle motor. II. Theory of fluorescence correlation spectroscopy . Biophys. Chem. , 22 : 167
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oster , G. and Nishijima , Y. 1964 . Fluorescence methods in polymer science . Fortschr. Hochpolym.-Forsch. , 3 : 313
   Google Scholar
• Nishijima , Y. , Onogi , Y. and Asai , T. 1966 . Fluorescence method for studying molecular orientation in Polymer solids . J. Polym. Sci. Part C , 15 : 237
   Google Scholar
• Nishijima , Y. and Masai , Y. 1966 . Diffusion of small molecules in polymer solids (I). Diffusion of Benzophenone derivatives in polypropylene . Rep. Prog. Polym. Phys. Jpn. , 9 : 259
   Google Scholar
• Nishijima , Y. , Teramoto , A. , Yamamoto , M. and Hiratsuka , S. 1967 . Studies of micro-brownian motion of a polymer chain by fluorescence polarization method. I. Fluorescent conjugates of polyacrylamide . J. Polym. Sci. Part A , 5 ( 2 ) : 23
   Google Scholar
• Teramoto , A. , Hiratsuka , S. and Nishijima , Y. 1967 . Studies of micro-brownian motion of a polymer chain by the fluorescence polarization method. II. Segmental motions in concentrated polymer solutions . J. Polym Sci. Part A , 5 ( 2 ) : 37
   Google Scholar
• Teramoto , A. , Morimoto , M. and Nishijima , Y. 1967 . Studies of the micro-brownian motion of a polymer chain by the fluorescence polarization method. III. Fluorescent conjugates of polyethyleneimine . J. Polym Sci. Part A , 5 ( 1 ) : 1021
   Google Scholar
• Nishijima , Y. and Saito , M. 1968 . Local viscosity in paraffin and polyethylene melts studied by fluorescence depolarization method . Rep. Prog. Polym. Phys. Jpn. , 5 : 135
   Google Scholar
• Nishijima , Y. and Mito , Y. 1968 . Rotational diffusion of naphthacene in concentrated polystyrene solutions measured by the fluorescence depolarisation method . Rep. Prog. Polym. Phys. Jpn. , 5 : 139
   Google Scholar
• Nishijima , Y. , Seki , J. and Kawai , T. 1967 . Transitions in polyamides studied by the fluorescence method . Rep. Prog. Polym. Phys. Jpn. , 5 : 473
   Google Scholar
• Kawski , A. , Kamiński , J. and Kukielski , J. 1979 . Thermal motion of prolate luminescent molecules in solvent with different viscosities . Z. Naturforsch. Teil A , 34 : 702
   Google Scholar
• Kawski , A. , Kukielski , J. and Kamiński , J. 1979 . Anisotrope Fluoreszenz langgestreckter Moleküle in Lösungen . Z. Naturforsch. Teil A , 34 : 1066
   Google Scholar
• Kawski , A. , Kojro , Z. and Alicka , M. 1980 . Viskositäts und Lösungsmittelabhängigkeit der Fluoreszenzanisotropie und der Lebensdauer von p-Terphenyl . Z. Naturforsch. Teil A , 35 : 1197
   Google Scholar
• Griebel , R. 1980 . Abnormal influence of temperature and fluidity on fluorescence depolarization of solute molecular rotors . Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. , 84 : 919
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salamon , Z. , Skibiński , A. and Celnik , K. 1982 . Orientation of the absorption and emission transition moments of methine dyes . Z. Naturforsch. Teil A , 37 : 1027
   Google Scholar
• Uhlenbeck , G. E. and Ornstein , L. S. 1930 . On the theory of the Brownian motion . Phys. Rev. , 36 : 823
   Google Scholar
• Gajsenok , W. A. , Solnerevich , J. J. and Sarshevskii , A. M. 1980 . Fluorescence depolarization in solutions of complex molecules, with inertial effects taken into account in rotational motion (in Russian) . Opt. Spectrosc. (USSR) , 49 : 714
   Google Scholar
• Alicki , R. , Alicka , M. and Kawski , A. 1981 . Theory of rotational motion of prolate luminescent molecules in solution . Z. Naturforsch. Teil A , 36 : 1158
   Google Scholar
• Alicki , R. and Alicka , M. 1983 . Theory of fluorescence depolarization by anisotropic Brownian rotations . Z. Naturforsch. Teil A , 38 : 835
   Google Scholar
• Steele , W. A. 1963 . Molecular reorientation in liquids. I. Distribution functions and friction constants . J. Chem. Phys. , 38 : 2404
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kubo , R. 1959 . Lectures in Theoretical Physics , Vol. 1 , New York : Interscience .
   Google Scholar
• Kawski , A. , Kukielski , J. , Alicka , M. , Kubicki , A. and Waśniewski , T. 1982 . Experimental verification of the theory on rotational motions of prolate luminescent molecules in solutions . Z. Naturforsch. Teil A , 37 : 716
   Google Scholar
• Kawski , A. and Alicka , M. 1983 . Relaxation time studies of excited exido-substituted p-oligophenylenes in different solvents . Z. Naturforsch. Teil A , 38 : 520
   Google Scholar
• Kawski , A. 1983 . On the determination of moment of inertia of prolate luminescent molecules . Z. Naturforsch. Teil A , 38 : 1040
   Google Scholar
• Morita , A. 1982 . The rotational Brownian motion of a nonspherical body and its application to the theory of dielectric relaxation . J. Chem. Phys. , 76 : 3198
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lynden-Bell , R. J. and Steele , W. A. 1984 . A model for strongly hindered molecular reorientation in liquids . J. Phys. Chem. , 88 : 6514
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grzywacz , J. and Trumpakaj , Z. 1987 . Influence of inertial effect on fluorescence anisotropy . Z. Naturforsch. Teil A , 42 : 123
   Google Scholar
• Tildesley , D. J. and Madden , P. A. 1983 . Time correlation functions for a model of liquid carbon disulphide . Mol. Phys. , 48 : 129
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veatch , W. R. and Stryer , L. 1977 . Effect of cholesterol on the rotational mobility of diphenylhexatriene in liposomes: A nanosecond fluorescence anisotropy study . J. Mol. Biol. , 177 : 1109
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinosita , K. Jr. , Kawato , S. and Ikegami , A. 1977 . A theory of fluorescence polarization decay in membranes . Biophys. J. , 20 : 289
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawato , S. , Kinosita , K. Jr. and Ikegami , A. 1977 . Dynamic structure of lipid bilayers studied by nanosecond fluorescence techniques . Biochemistry , 16 : 2319
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shinitsky , M. and Barenholz , Y. 1974 . Dynamics of the hydrocarbon layer in liposomes of lecithin and sphingomyelin containing dicetylphosphate . J. Biol. Chem. , 249 : 2652
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shinitzky , M. and Yuli , I. 1982 . Lipid fluidity at the submacroscopic level. Determination by fluorescence polarization . Chem. Phys. Lipids , 30 : 261
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lakowicz , J. R. and Prendergast , F. G. 1978 . Detection of hindered rotations of 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5,-hexatriene in lipid bilayers by differential polarized phase fluorometry . Biophys. J. , 24 : 213
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radda , G. and Vanderkooi , J. 1972 . Can fluorescent probes tell us anything about membranes? . Biochim. Biophys. Acta , 265 : 509
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sackmann , E. 1974 . Flüssig-kristalline Zustände in künstlichen und biologischen Membranen . Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. , 78 : 929
   Google Scholar
• Shinitzky , M. and Barenholz , Y. 1978 . Fluidity parameters of lipid regions determined by fluorescence polarization . Biochim. Biophys. Acta , 515 : 367
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lakowicz , J. R. and Prendergast , F. G. 1978 . Quantitation of hindered rotations of diphenylhexatriene in lipid bilayers by differential polarized phase fluorometry . Science , 200 : 1399
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lakowicz , J. R. , Prendergast , F. G. and Hogen , D. 1979 . Differential polarized phase fluorometric investigations of diphenylhexatriene in lipid bilayers. Quantitation of hindered depolarizing rotations . Biochemistry , 18 : 508
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawski , A. Limited rotational motions of fluorophores in membranes . Conference Digest 3rd Conf. Luminescence . pp. 167 – 174 . Hungary : Szeged .
   Google Scholar
• Weber , G. 1978 . Limited rotational motion: Recognition by differential phase fluorometry . Acta Phys. Pol. A , 54 : 859
   Google Scholar
• Lipari , G. and Szabo , A. 1980 . Effect of librational motion on fluorescence depolarization and nuclear magnetic resonance relaxation in macromolecules and membranes . Biophys. J. , 30 : 489
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szabo , A. 1980 . Theory of polarized fluorescent emission in uniaxial liquid crystals . J. Chem. Phys. , 72 : 4620
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szabo , A. 1984 . Theory of fluorescence depolarization in macromolecules and membranes . J. Chem. Phys. , 81 : 150
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saupe , A. 1964 . Kernresonanzen in kristallinen Flüssigkeiten und kristallin flüssigen Lösungen . Z. Naturforsch. Teil A , 19 : 161
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bocian , D. F. and Chan , S. I. 1978 . NMR studies of membrane structure and dynamics . Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. , 29 : 307
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jähnig , F. 1979 . Structural order of lipids and proteins in membranes: Evaluation of fluorescence anisotropy data . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. , 76 : 6361
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johansson , L. B.-Å. and Lindblom , G. 1980 . Orientation and mobility of molecules in membranes studied by polarized light spectroscopy . Q. Rev. Biophys. , 13 : 63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van der Meer , B. W. , Kooyman , R. P. H. and Levine , Y. K. 1982 . A theory of fluorescence depolarization in macroscopically ordered membrane systems . Chem. Phys. , 66 : 39
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kooyman , R. P. H. , Vos , M. H. and Levine , Y. K. 1983 . Determination of orientational order parameters in oriented lipid membrane systems by angle-resolved fluorescence depolarization experiments . Chem. Phys. , 81 : 461
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vos , M. H. , Kooyman , R. P. H. and Levine , Y. K. 1983 . Angle resolved fluorescence depolarization experiments on oriented lipid membrane systems . Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. , 116 : 462
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johansson , L. B.-Å. 1985 . Order parameters of fluorophores in ground and excited states. Probe molecules in a lyotropic liquid crystal . Chem. Phys. Lett. , 118 : 516
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dittes , K. and Binder , H. 1989 . “ Fluorescence investigations on phospholipid membranes ” . In Optical Spectroscopy in Chemistry and Biology—Progress and Trends , Edited by: Fassler , D. 243 Berlin : Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Brand , L. , Knutson , J. R. , Davenport , L. , Beechem , J. M. , Dale , R. E. , Walbridge , D. G. and Kowalczyk , A. A. 1985 . “ Time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy: Some applications of associative behaviour to studies of proteins and membranes ” . In Spectroscopy and the Dynamics of Molecular Biological Systems , 259 London : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Pasternak , C. , Corda , D. , Stieve , H. and Shinitzky , M. 1981 . Rotational diffusion of rhodopsin in membranes as determined by steady-state polarized photochromism . Ann. NY Acad. Sci. , 366 : 265
   Google Scholar
• Zannoni , C. 1979 . A theory of time dependent fluorescence depolarization in liquid crystals . Mol. Phys. , 38 : 1813
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zannoni , C. 1981 . A theory of fluorescence depolarization in membranes . Mol. Phys. , 42 : 1303
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisz , J. J. 1985 . Fluorescence depolarization in macroscopically ordered uniaxial molecular samples. I . Chem. Phys. , 99 : 177
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benoit , H. 1951 . Contribution a l'étude de l'effet Kerr présenté par les solutions diluées de macromolécules rigides . Ann. Phys. (Paris) , 6 : 561
   Google Scholar
• Czekalla , J. and Wick , G. 1961 . Die Bestimmung von absoluten Ubergangsmoment-richtungen und von Dipolmomenten angeregter Moleküle aus Messungen des elektrischen Dichroismus II. Ergebnisse . Z. Elektrochem. , 65 : 727
   Google Scholar
• Kawski , A. , Gryczyński , I. , Jung , Ch. and Heckner , K.-H. 1977 . Experimentelle und Quantenchemische Untersuchungen der Dipolmomente von Substituierten Stilbenen in Ersten, Angeregten Singulettzustand . Z. Naturforsch. Teil A , 32 : 420
   Google Scholar
• Weil , G. and Hornick , C. 1971 . Polarization of fluorescence of an oriented solution of rodlike particles bearing a fluorescent label . Biopolymers , 10 : 2029
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sokerov , S. and Weill , G. 1979 . Polarized fluorescence in an electric field. Comparison with other electrooptical effects for rodlike fragments of DNA and the problem of the saturation of the inducet moment in polyelectrolytes . Biophys. Chem. , 10 : 161
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roliński , O. , Balter , A. and Kowalczyk , A. 1990 . Fluorescence decay of solvated polar molecules in an electric field . Chem. Phys. , 141 : 265
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lakowicz , J. R. and Gryczyński , I. 1991 . “ Frequency-Domain fluorescence spectroscopy ” . In Topics in Fluorescence Spectroscopy , Edited by: Lakowicz , J. R. Vol. 1 , 293 New York : Plenum Press . Techniques
   Google Scholar
• Lakowicz , J. R. , Laczko , G. , Cherek , H. , Gratton , E. and Limkeman , M. 1984 . Analysis of fluorescence decay kinetics from variable-frequency phase shift and modulation data . Biophys. J. , 46 : 463
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gratton , E. , Limkeman , M. , Lakowicz , J. R. , Maliwal , B. , Cherek , H. and Laczko , G. 1984 . Resolution of mixtures of fluorophores using variable-frequency phase and modulation data . Biophys. J. , 46 : 479
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lakowicz , J. R. , Cherek , H. , Maliwal , B. and Gratton , E. 1985 . Time-resolved fluorescence anisotropies of fluorophores in solvents and lipid bilayers obtained from frequency-domain phase-modulation fluorometry . Biochemistry. , 14 : 376
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lakowicz , J. R. , Johnson , M. L. , Gryczyński , I. , Joshi , N. and Laczko , G. 1987 . Transient effects in fluorescence quenching measured by 2 GHz frequency-domain fluorometry . J. Phys. Chem. , 91 : 3277
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lakowicz , J. R. , Joshi , N. B. , Johnson , M. L. , Szmaciński , H. and Gryczyński , I. 1987 . Diffusion coefficients of quenchers in proteins from transient effects in the intensity decays . J. Biol. Chem. , 262 : 10907
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lakowicz , J. R. , Gryczyński , I. , Cheung , M. C. , Wang , C. and Johnson , M. L. 1988 . Distance distributions in native and random-coil troponin I from frequencydomain measurements of fluorescence energy transfer . Biopolymers. , 27 : 821
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gryczyński , I. , Wiczk , W. , Johnson , M. L. and Lakowicz , J. R. 1988 . End-to-end distance distributions of flexible molecules from steady state fluorescence energy transfer and quenching-induced changes in the Förster distance . Chem. Phys. Lett. , 145 : 439
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gajsenok , W. A. and Sarzhevskij , A. M. 1986 . Anisotropy of Absorption and Luminescence of Polyatomic Molecules , Minsk : University Minsk . (in Russian)
   Google Scholar