37
Views
36
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Recent Developments in Flow Injection Immunoanalysis

&
Pages 195-218 | Published online: 23 Oct 2006

References

  • Valcárcel , M. and Luque de Castro , M. D. 1994 . “ Flowthrough sensors based on integrated reaction, separation and detection ” . In Flow-through (Bio)chemical Sensors , Amsterdam : Elsevier . Part V.
  • Shellum , C. and Gubtitz , G. 1989 . Flow-injection immunoassays with acridinium ester-based chemiluminescence detection . Anal. Chim. Acta , 227 : 97
  • Mattiasson , B. , Nilsson , M. , Berden , P. and Hakanson , H. 1990 . Flow-ELISA: Binding assays for process control . TrAC , 9 : 317
  • Schmid , R. D. , ed. 1991 . Flow Injection Analysis (FIA) Based on Enzymes or Antibodies , Vol. 14 , Weinheim, , Germany : GBF Monographs .
  • Puchades , R. , Maquieira , A. , Atienza , A. and Montoya , A. 1992 . A comprehensive overview of the application of flow injection techniques in immunoanalysis . Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem. , 23 : 301
  • van Ginkel , L. A. , Stephany , R. W. , van Rossum , H. J. and Zoontjes , P. W. 1992 . Perspectives in residue analysis; the use of immobilized antibodies in (multi) residue analysis . TrAC , 11 : 294
  • Pollema , C. H. , Ruzicka , J. , Lenmark , A. and Christian , G. D. 1992 . Flow-injection immunoassays: present and future . Microchem. J. , 45 : 121
  • Limoges , B. , Degrand , Ch. , Brossier , P. and Blankespoor , R. L. 1993 . Homogeneous electrochemical immunoassay using a perfluoro-sulfonated ionomer-modified electrode as detector for a cationic-labeled hapten . Anal. Chem. , 65 : 1054
  • Yao , H. , Jenkins , S. H. , Pesce , A. J. , Halsall , H. B. and Heineman , W. R. 1993 . Electrochemical homogeneous enzyme immunoassay of theophylline in hemolyzed, icteric, and lipemic samples . Clin. Chem. , 39 : 1432
  • Gübitz , G. and Shellum , C. 1993 . Flow-injection immunoassays . Anal. Chim. Acta , 283 : 421
  • Chan , D. W. 1992 . Immunoassay Automation: A Practical Guide , San Diego, CA : Academic Press .
  • Bier , F. F. , Stöcklein , W. , Böcher , M. , Bilitewski , U. and Schmid , R. D. 1992 . Use of a fiber optic immunosensor for the detection of pesticides . Sensors Actuators, B , 7 : 509
  • Krämer , P. M. and Schmid , R. D. 1991 . Automatic quasi-continuous immunoanalysis of pesticides with a flow-injection system . Pestic. Sci. , 32 : 451
  • Horiguchi , D. , Katayan , Y. , Sasamoto , K. , Terasawa , H. , Sato , N. , Mochizuki , H. and Ohkura , Y. 1992 . A new ligand for europium(III) that forms a stable fluorescent complex in aqueous solution . Chem. Pharm. Bull. , 40 : 3334
  • Wortberg , M. , Cammann , K. , Strupat , K. and Hillenkamp , F. 1994 . A new nonenzymatic tracer for time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay of triazine herbicides . Fresenius J. Anal. Chem. , 348 : 240
  • Palmer , D. A. and Miller , J. N. 1993 . Very near-infra-red dyes as labels in immunoassays . Anal. Proc. , 30 : 144
  • Liu , H. , Yu , J. C. , Bindra , D. S. , Givens , R. S. and Wilson , G. S. 1991 . Flow injection solid-phase chemiluminescent immunoassay using a membrane-based reactor . Anal. Chem. , 63 : 666
  • Litting , J. S. and Nieman , T. A. 1992 . Quantitation of acridinium esters using electrogenerated chemiluminescence and flow injection . Anal. Chem. , 64 : 1140
  • deLavalle , R. and Grayeski , M. L. 1991 . Flow-injection determination of proteins using enhanced peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence applied to the determination of immunoglobulin G and albumin in serum . Anal. Biochem. , 197 : 340
  • Katayama , M. , Takeuchi , H. and Taniguchi , H. 1993 . Determination of amines by flow-injection analysis based on aryl oxalate sulforhodamine 101 chemiluminescence . Anal. Chim. Acta , 281 : 111
  • Jackson , S. D. , Halsall , H. B. , Pesce , A. J. and Heineman , W. R. 1993 . Determination of serum alkaline phosphatase activity by electrochemical detection with flow injection analysis . Fresenius J. Anal. Chem. , 346 : 859
  • Litting , J. S. and Nieman , T. A. 1993 . Flow-injection chemiluminescence study of acridinium ester stability and kinetics of decomposition . J. Biolumin. Chemilumin. , 8 : 25
  • Niwa , O. , Xu , Y. , Halsall , H. B. and Heineman , W. R. 1993 . Small-volume voltammetric detection of 4-aminophenol with interdigitated array electrodes and its application to electrochemical enzyme immunoassay . Anal. Chem. , 65 : 1559
  • Thompson , R. Q. , Porter , M. , Stuver , C. , Halsall , H. B. , Heineman , W. R. , Buckley , E. and Smyth , M. R. 1993 . Zeptomole detection limit for alkaline phosphatase using 4-aminophenylphosphate amperometric detection, and an optimal buffer system . Anal. Chim. Acta , 271 : 223
  • Nikolelis , D. P. and Tzanelis , M. G. 1993 . Direct electrochemical transduction of an immunological reaction by bilayer lipid membranes . Anal. Chim. Acta , 282 : 527
  • Siebert , S. T. A. , Reeves , S. G. and Durst , R. A. 1993 . Liposome immunomigration field assay device for Alachlor determination . Anal. Chim. Acta , 282 : 297
  • Plant , A. L. , Gray , M. and Hubbard , J. B. 1993 . A Fokker-Planck description of multivalent interactions . Biophys. Chem. , 48 : 75
  • Choquette , S. J. , Locascio-Brown , L. and Durst , R. A. 1992 . Planar waveguide immunosensor with fluorescent liposome amplification . Anal. Chem. , 64 : 55
  • Locascio-Brown , L. , Plant , A. L. , Chester , R. , Kroll , M. , Ruddel , M. and Durst , R. A. 1993 . Liposome-based flow-injection immunoassay for determining theophylline in serum . Clin. Chem. , 39 : 386
  • Locascio-Brown , L. and Choqette , S. J. 1993 . Measuring estrogens using flow injection immuno-analysis with liposome amplification . Talanta , 40 : 1899
  • Salmain , M. , Vessières , A. , Brossier , P. , Butler , I. S. and Jaouen , G. 1992 . Carbonylmetallo-immunoassay (CMIA), a new type of nonradio-isotopic immunoassay. Principles and application to phenobarbitone assay . J. Immunol. Methods , 148 : 65
  • Kataoka , M. , Abe , H. , Umezawa , Y. and Yasuda , T. 1991 . Liposome immunoassay of anti-asialo-GM1 antibody detected by kinetic method of analysis in flow injection system . Bunseki Kagaku , 40 : 697
  • Williams , R. J. , Narayanan , N. , Casay , G. A. , Lipowska , M. , Strekowski , L. , Patonay , G. , Peralta , J. M. and Tsang , V. C. W. 1994 . Instrument to detect near-infrared fluorescence in solid-phase immunoassay . Anal. Chem. , 66 : 3102
  • Hsu , T. T. , Bilitewski , U. and Schmid , R. D. 1992 . “ Development of an automatic flow injection electrochemical analysis system for phenol and its application to the construction of an immunosensor for human IgG ” . In Proc. Biosensors '92 385 Geneve, , Switzerland
  • Kronkvist , K. , Lovgren , U. , Edholm , L. E. and Johansson , G. 1993 . Determination of drugs in biosamples at picomolar concentrations using competitive ELISA with electrochemical detection: applications to steroids . J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. , 11 : 459
  • Yu , Z. , Xu , Y. and Ip , M. P. C. 1994 . An ultrasensitive electrochemical enzyme immunoassay for thyroid stimulating hormone in human serum . J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. , 12 : 787
  • Ivnitskii , D. M. , Sitdikov , R. A. and Kurochkin , V. E. 1992 . Flow-injection amperometric system for enzyme immunoassay . Anal. Chim. Acta , 261 : 45
  • Xuezhen , R. 1994 . Flow injection fluoroimmuno-assay for human transferrin using a protein A immunoreactor . Anal. Lett. , 27 : 1067
  • Miyairi , S. , Kanamaru , A. , Nakajima , K. , Hato , T. and Goto , J. 1994 . Flow injection-immunometric assay of 17 α-hydroxyprogesterone using fluorescein-labeled Fab fragment . Anal. Sci. , 10 : 109
  • Wagner , G. and Guilbault , G. G. , eds. 1994 . Food Biosensor Analysis , New York : Marcel Dekker .
  • Irth , H. , Oosterkamp , A. J. , van der Welle , W. , Tjaden , U. R. and van der Greef , J. 1993 . On line immunochemical detection in liquid chromatography using fluorescein-labeled antibodies . J. Chromatogr. , 633 : 65
  • Harrison , D. J. , Manz , A. , Fan , Z. , Lüdi , H. and Widmer , H. M. 1992 . Capillary electrophoresis and sample injection systems integrated on a planar glass chip . Anal. Chem. , 64 : 1926
  • Murakami , Y. , Takeuchi , T. , Yokoyama , K. , Tamiya , E. , Karube , I. and Suda , M. 1993 . Integration of enzyme-immobilized column with electrochemical flow cell using micromachining techniques for a glucose detection system . Anal. Chem. , 65 : 2731
  • Song , M. I. , Iwata , K. , Yamada , M. , Yokoyama , K. , Takeuchi , T. , Tamiya , E. and Karube , I. 1994 . Multisample analysis using an array of microreactors for an alternating-current field-enhanced latex immunoassay . Anal. Chem. , 66 : 778
  • Song , M. I. , Iwata , K. , Yamada , M. , Tamiya , E. and Karube , I. 1993 . Alternating current field enhanced latex immunoassay for human myoglobulin as measured by image analysis . Anal. Chim. Acta , 282 : 193
  • Palmer , D. A. , Edmonds , T. E. and Seare , N. J. 1992 . Flow injection immunoassay for theophylline using a protein A immunoreactor . Anal. Proc. , 29 : 98
  • Palmer , D. A. , Edmonds , T. E. and Seare , N. J. 1992 . Flow injection electrochemical enzyme immunoassay for theophylline using a protein A immunoreactor and p-aminophenyl phosphatate-p-aminophenol as the detection system . Analyst , 117 : 1679
  • Palmer , D. A. , Edmonds , T. E. and Seare , N. J. 1993 . Flow-injection immunosensor for theophylline . Anal. Lett. , 26 : 1425
  • Palmer , D. A. , Xuezhen , R. , Fernandez-Hernando , P. and Miller , J. N. 1993 . A model on-line flow injection fluorescence immunoassay using a protein A immunoreactor and Lucifer Yellow . Anal. Lett. , 26 : 2543
  • Khokhar , M. Y. , Miller , J. N. and Seare , N. J. 1994 . Heterogeneous fluorescence immunoassays using flow-injection analysis with protein G solid phase reactors . Anal. Chim. Acta , 290 : 154
  • Palmer , D. A. , Evans , M. , Miller , J. N. and French , M. T. 1994 . Rapid fluorescence flow injection immunoassay using a novel perfusion chromatographic material . Analyst , 119 : 943
  • Evans , M. , Palmer , D. A. , Miller , J. N. and French , M. T. 1994 . Flow injection fluorescence immunoassay for serum phenytoin using perfusion chromatography . Anal. Proc. , 31 : 7
  • Ogert , R. A. , Kusterbeck , A. W. , Wemhoff , G. A. , Burke , R. and Ligler , F. S. 1992 . Detection of cocaine using the flow immunosensor . Anal. Lett. , 25 : 1999
  • Rabbany , S. Y. , Kusterbeck , A. W. , Bredehorst , R. and Ligler , F. S. 1994 . Effect of antibody density on the displacement kinetics of a flow immunoassay . J. Immunol. Methods , 168 : 227
  • Gunaratna , P. C. and Wilson , G. S. 1993 . Noncompetitive flow injection immunoassay for a hapten, α-(difluoromethyl)ornithine . Anal. Chem. , 65 : 1152
  • Freitag , J. W. , Jan , H. P. and Wadsley , J. J. 1984 . Affinity-column-mediated immunoenzymometric assays: influence of affinity. Column ligand and valency of antibody-enzyme conjugates . Clin. Chem. , 30 : 1494
  • Oroszlan , P. , Thommen , Ch. , Wehrli , M. , Duveneck , G. and Ehrat , M. 1993 . Automated optical sensig system for biochemical assays: a challenge for ELISA? . Anal. Methods Instrum. , 1 : 43
  • Hunt , S. L. , Manning , D. W. , Zhao , J. and Asouzo , M. U. 1993 . Use of a regenerable immobilized second antibody to determine azidothymidine in a flow system . Anal. Chem. , 65 : 3308
  • Kaneki , N. , Xu , Y. , Kumari , A. , Halsall , H. B. , Heineman , W. R. and Kissinger , P. T. 1994 . Electrochemical enzyme immunoassay using sequential saturation technique in a 20-μl capillary: digoxin as a model analyte . Anal. Chim. Acta , 287 : 253
  • Bier , F. F. and Schmid , R. D. 1992 . Grating coupler immunosensors for pesticide detection . GBF Monographs , : 395
  • Bilitewski , U. , Beyersdorf-Radeck , B. , Bier , F. F. , Kindervater , R. , Krämer , P. , Rüger , P. and Schmid , R. D. 1992 . New development in the field of biosensors—applied to the determination of pesticides in water . GBF Monographs , 17 : 189
  • Wittmann , Ch. and Schmid , R. D. 1993 . Application of an automated quasicontinuous immunoflow injection system to the analysis of pesticide residues in environmental water samples . Sensors Actuators, B , 119 : 15 – 16 .
  • Bier , F. F. and Schmid , R. D. 1994 . Real time analysis of competitive binding using grating coupler immunosensors for pesticide detection . Biosens. Bioelectron. , 9 : 125
  • Bier , F. F. , Jockers , R. and Schmid , R. D. 1994 . Integrated optical immunosensor for s-triazine determination: regeneration, calibration, and limitations . Analyst , 119 : 437
  • Wittmann , Ch. and Schmid , R. D. 1994 . Development and application of an automated quasi-continuous immunoflow injection system to the analysis of pesticide residues in water and soil . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 42 : 1041
  • Wortberg , M. , Krause , J. and Cammann , K. 1992 . “ Development of a flow injection immunoanalysis for pesticide determination—first studies ” . In Proc. Biosensors '92 543 Geneve, , Switzerland
  • Cammann , K. , Warsinke , A. , Wortberg , M. , Middendorf , C. , Karst , U. and Rennenberg , R. 1993 . FIA immunoassays with electrochemical and optical detection . NATO ASI Ser., Ser. E , 252 : 415
  • Wortberg , M. , Middendorf , C. , Katerkamp , A. , Rump , Th. , Krause , J. and Cammann , K. 1994 . Flow-injection immunosensor for triazine herbicides using Eu(III) chelate label fluorescence detection . Anal. Chim. Acta , 289 : 177
  • Oroszlan , P. , Duveneck , G. L. , Ehrat , M. and Widmer , H. M. 1994 . Automated optical sensing system for biochemical assays . SPIE , 2068 : 159
  • Cámara , C. , Gutiérrez , A. M. , Pérez-Conde , C. , Fernández , P. , Jodar , J. and González , J. A. 1992 . “ New fluorescence immunoassay for pesticides determination using flow injection analysis ” . In Proc. Biosensors '92 330 Geneve, , Switzerland
  • Degelan , A. , Freitag , R. , Linz , F. , Middendorf , C. , Scheper , Th. , Bley , T. , Muller , S. , Stoll , P. and Reardon , K. F. 1992 . Immuno and flow cytometric analytical methods for biotechnological research and process monitoring . J. Biotechnol. , 25 : 115
  • Schügerl , K. 1992 . New trends in measurement and control of biotecnological processes . Pure Appl. Chem. , 64 : 205
  • Freitag , R. , Fenge , C. , Scheper , T. , Schügerl , K. , Spreinat , A. , Antranikian , G. and Fraune , E. 1991 . Immunological on-line detection of specific proteins during fermentation processes . Anal. Chim. Acta , 249 : 113
  • Freitag , R. , Scheper , T. and Schügerl , K. 1991 . Development of a turbidimentric immunoassay for on-line monitoring of proteins in cultivation processes . Enzyme Microb. Technol. , 13 : 969
  • Mattiasson , B. and Hakanson , H. 1992 . Immunochemically based assays for process control . Adv. Biochem. Eng./Biotech. , 46 : 82
  • Nilsson , M. , Mattiasson , G. and Mattiasson , B. 1993 . Automated immunochemical binding assay (flow-ELISA) based on repeated use of an antibody column placed in a flow-injection system . J. Biotechnol. , 31 : 381
  • Nilsson , M. , Hakanson , H. and Mattiasson , B. 1992 . Process monitoring by flow-injection immunoassay. Evaluation of a sequential competitive-binding assay . J. Chromatogr. , 597 : 383
  • Scheper , T. , Brandes , W. , Haschke , H. , Plötz , F. and Müller , C. 1993 . Two FIA-based biosensor systems studied for bioprocess monitoring . J. Biotechnol. , 31 : 345
  • Brandes , W. , Maschke , H. E. and Scheper , Th. 1993 . Specific flow injection sandwich binding assay for IgG using protein A and a fusion protein . Anal. Chem. , 65 : 3368
  • Middendorf , C. , Schulze , B. , Freitag , R. , Scheper , T. , Howaldt , M. and Hoffmann , H. 1993 . Online immunoanalysis for bioprocess control . J. Biotechnol. , 31 : 395
  • Schulze , B. , Middendorf , C. , Winnefeld , A. , Freitag , R. , Scheper , T. , Howaldt , M. and Hoffmann , H. 1992 . “ On-line immunoanalysis in bioprocess control ” . In DECHEMA Biotechnol. Conference 5 , 463 VCH Verlagsgesellschaft .
  • Gebbert , A. , Alvarez-Icaza , M. , Stöcklein , W. and Schmid , R. D. 1992 . Real-time monitoring of immunochemical interactions with a tantalum capacitance flow-through cell . Anal. Chem. , 64 : 997
  • Gebbert , A. , Alvarez-Icaza , M. , Peters , H. , Jäger , V. , Bilitewski , U. and Schmid , R. D. 1994 . Online monitoring of monoclonal antibody production with regenerable flow-injection immuno systems . J. Biotechnol. , 32 : 213
  • Gebbert , A. , Bier , F. F. , Bilitewski , U. and Schmid , R. D. 1992 . “ Direct observation of antibody binding comparison of capacitance and refractive index measurement ” . In DECHEMA Biotechnol. Conference, 5 , 489 VCH Verlagsgesellschaft .
  • Scheper , T. 1992 . Biosensors for process monitoring . J. Indust. Microbiol. , 9 : 163
  • Schulze , B. , Schlösser , A. , Middendorf , C. , Schelp , C. , Scheper , T. , Schügerl , K. , Noé , W. , Hoffmann , H. and Howald , M. 1992 . “ New immunoanalysis systems for application in biotechnology ” . In Proc. Biosensors '92 Geneve, , Switzerland
  • Polzius , R. , Bier , F. F. , Bilitewski , U. , Jäger , V. and Schmid , R. D. 1993 . Online monitoring of monoclonal antibodies in animal cell culture using a grating coupler . Biotechnol. Bioeng. , 42 : 1287
  • Aberl , F. , Modrow , S. , Wolf , H. , Koch , S. and Woias , P. 1992 . An ISFET-based FIA system for immunosensing . Sensors Actuators, B , 6 : 186
  • Aberl , F. , Wolf , H. , Woias , P. , Koch , S. , Koesslinger , C. and Drost , S. 1992 . “ Immunosensors—a new tool for viral disease diagnosis ” . In Proc. Biosensors '92 381 Geneve, , Switzerland
  • Whelan , J. P. , Kusterbeck , A. W. , Wemhoff , G. A. , Bredehorst , R. and Ligler , F. S. 1993 . Continuous-flow immunosensor for detection of explosives . Anal. Chem. , 65 : 3561
  • Sadik , O. A. and Wallace , G. G. 1993 . Pulsed amperometric detection of proteins using antibody containing conducting polymers . Anal. Chim. Acta , 279 : 209
  • Gorovits , B. M. , Osipov , A. P. and Egorov , A. M. 1993 . New immunoassay technique using antibody immobilized on a membrane and a flow cuvette as reaction vessel . J. Immunol. Methods , 157 : 11
  • Brecht , A. , Gauglitz , G. and Polster , J. 1992 . “ Interferometric immunoassay in a FIA system. A sensitive and rapid approach in label-free immunosensing ” . In Proc. Biosensors '92 331 Geneve, , Switzerland
  • Brecht , A. , Gauglitz , G. and Polster , J. 1993 . Interferometric immunoassay in an FIA system: a sensitive and rapid approach in label-free immunosensing . Biosens. Bioelectron. , 8 : 387
  • Wolfe , C. A. C. and Hage , D. S. 1994 . Automated determination of antibody oxidation using flow injection analysis . Anal. Biochem. , 219 : 26
  • Keener , C. R. , Wolfe , C. A. C. and Hage , D. S. 1994 . Optimization of oxidized antibody labeling with Lucifer Yellow CH . Biotechniques , 16 : 894
  • Huet , D. and Bourdillon , Ch. 1993 . Automatic apparatus for heterogeneous enzyme immunoassays based on electrocatalytic detection of the enzyme and electrochemical regeneration of the solid phase . Anal. Chim. Acta , 272 : 205
  • Boitieux , J. L. , Groshemy , R. and Thomas , D. 1987 . Reversible immobilization of an antibody with a thiol-substituted sorbent. Application to enzyme immunoassays . Anal. Chim. Acta , 197 : 229
  • Gyss , C. and Bourdillon , C. 1987 . Enzymatic electrocatalysis as a strategy for electrochemical detection in heterogeneous immunoassays . Anal. Chem. , 59 : 2350
  • Schulzt , N. M. and Kennedy , R. T. 1993 . Rapid immunoassays using capillary electrophoresis with fluorescence detection . Anal. Chem. , 65 : 3161
  • Kuhr , W. G. and Monning , C. A. 1992 . Capillary electrophoresis . Anal. Chem. , 64 : 389R
  • Perrett , D. and Ross , G. 1992 . Capillary electrophoresis: a powerful tool for biomedical analysis and research? . TrAC , 11 : 156
  • Hogan , B. L. and Yeung , E. S. 1992 . Determination of intracellular species at the level of a single erythrocyte via capillary electrophoresis with direct and indirect fluorescence detection . Anal. Chem. , 64 : 2841
  • Lee , T. T. and Yeung , E. S. 1992 . Quantitative determination of native proteins in individual human erythrocytes by capillary zone electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection . Anal. Chem. , 64 : 3045
  • Lucas , G. P. , Cambiaso , C. L. and Vaerman , J. P. 1992 . Characterization of an antiidiotypic MOAB bearing an internal image of the receptor-binding epitope of cholera-toxin . Clin. Exp. Immunol. , 89 : 378
  • Rosenzweig , Z. and Yeung , E. S. 1994 . Laser-based particle-counting microimmunoassay for the analysis of single human erythrocytes . Anal. Chem. , 66 : 1771
  • Afeyan , N. B. , Gordon , N. F. and Regnier , F. E. 1992 . Automated real-time immunoassay of biomolecules . Nature , 358 : 603
  • Pollema , C. H. and Ruzicka , J. 1994 . Flow injection renewable surface immunoassay: a new approach to immunoanalysis with fluorescence detection . Anal. Chem. , 66 : 1825
  • Hage , D. S. , Thomas , D. H. and Beck , M. S. 1993 . Theory of a sequential addition competitive binding immunoassay based on high-performance immunoaffinity chromatography . Anal. Chem. , 65 : 1622
  • van Emon , J. M. and Lopez-Avila , V. 1992 . Immunochemical methods for environmental analysis . Anal. Chem. , 64 : 79A
  • Sherry , J. P. 1992 . Environmental chemistry: the immunoassay option . Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem. , 23 : 217
  • Scheller , F. W. , Hintsche , R. , Pfeiffer , D. , Schubert , F. , Riedel , K. and Kindervater , R. 1991 . Biosensors: fundamentals, applications and trends . Sensors Actuators, B , 4 : 197
  • Clackson , T. , Hoogenboom , H. R. , Griffiths , A. D. and Winter , G. 1991 . Making antibody fragments using phage display libraries . Nature , 352 : 624

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.