Lassa Virus

REFERENCES

• Auperin D D, Romanowski V, Galinski M, Bishop D H. Sequencing studies of pichinde arenavirus S RNA indicate a novel coding strategy, an ambisense viral S RNA. J Virol. 1984; 52: 897–904. [PUBMED]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vieth S, Torda A E, Asper M, Schmitz H, Günther S. Sequence analysis of L RNA of Lassa virus. Virology. 2004; 318: 153–68. [PUBMED]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charrel R N, de, Lamballerie X. Arenaviruses other than Lassa virus. Antiviral Res. 2003; 57: 89–100. [PUBMED]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wulff H, Lange J V, Webb P A. Interrelationships among arenaviruses measured by indirect immunofluorescence. Intervirology. 1978; 9: 344–50
   Google Scholar
• Bowen M D, Peters C J, Nichol S T. Phylogenetic analysis of the Arenaviridae: Patterns of virus evolution and evidence for cospeciation between arenaviruses and their rodent hosts. Mol Phylogenet Evol. 1997; 8: 301–16. [PUBMED]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowen M D, Rollin P E, Ksiazek T G, Hustad H L, Bausch D G, Demby A H, Bajani M D, Peters C J, Nichol S T. Genetic diversity among Lassa virus strains. J Virol. 2000; 74: 6992–7004. [PUBMED]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salazar-Bravo J, Ruedas L A, Yates T L. Mammalian reservoirs of arenaviruses. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2002; 262: 25–63. [PUBMED]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clegg J C. Molecular phylogeny of the arenaviruses. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2002; 262: 1–24. [PUBMED]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hugot J P, Gonzalez J P, Denys C. Evolution of the Old World Arenaviridae and their rodent hosts: Generalized host-transfer or association by descent?. Infect Genet Evol. 2001; 1: 13–20. [PUBMED]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peters C J. Human infection with arenaviruses in the Americas. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2002; 262: 65–74. [PUBMED]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maiztegui J I, McKee K T, Jr., Barrera Oro J G, Harrison L H, Gibbs P H, Feuillade M R, Enria D A, Briggiler A M, Levis S C, Ambrosio A M, Halsey N A, Peters C J. Protective efficacy of a live attenuated vaccine against Argentine hemorrhagic fever. AHF Study Group. J Infect Dis. 1998; 177: 277–83. [PUBMED]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rousseau M C, Saron M F, Brouqui P, Bourgeade A. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus in southern France: Four case reports and a review of the literature. Eur J Epidemiol. 1997; 13: 817–23. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Smadel J E, Green R H, Paltauf R M, Gonzalez T A. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis: Two human fatalities following an unusual febrile illness. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1942; 49: 683–6
   Google Scholar
• Barton L L, Peters C J, Ksiazek T G. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus: An unrecognized teratogenic pathogen. Emerg Infect Dis. 1995; 1: 152–3. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Barton L L, Mets M B. Congenital lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection: Decade of rediscovery. Clin Infect Dis. 2001; 33: 370–4. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright R, Johnson D, Neumann M, Ksiazek T G, Rollin P, Keech R V, Bonthius D J, Hitchon P, Grose C F, Bell W E, Bale J F. Congenital lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus syndrome: A disease that mimics congenital toxoplasmosis or Cytomegalovirus infection. Pediatrics. 1997; 100, http://www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/100/1/e9
   Google Scholar
• Enders G, Varho-Göbel M, Löhler J, Terletskaia-Ladwig E, Eggers M. Congenital lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection: An underdiagnosed disease. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1999; 18: 652–5. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Barton L L, Hyndman N J. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus: Reemerging central nervous system pathogen. Pediatrics. 2000; 105, http://www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/105/3/e35
   Google Scholar
• Mets M B, Barton L L, Khan A S, Ksiazek T G. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus: An underdiagnosed cause of congenital chorioretinitis. Am J Ophthalmol. 2000; 130: 209–15. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pinschewer D D, Perez M, Sanchez A B, de la, Torre J C. Recombinant lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus expressing vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2003; 100: 7895–900. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Lukashevich I S, Stelmakh T A, Golubev V P, Stchesljenok E P, Lemeshko N N. Ribonucleic acids of Machupo and Lassa viruses. Arch Virol. 1984; 79: 189–203. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossi C, Rey O, Jenik P, Franze-Fernandez M T. Immunological identification of Tacaribe virus proteins. Res Virol. 1996; 147: 203–11. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Wilson S M, Clegg J C. Sequence analysis of the S RNA of the African arenavirus Mopeia: An unusual secondary structure feature in the intergenic region. Virology. 1991; 180: 543–52. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clegg J C, Wilson S M, Oram J D. Nucleotide sequence of the S RNA of Lassa virus (Nigerian strain) and comparative analysis of arenavirus gene products. Virus Res. 1991; 18: 151–64. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Auperin D D, McCormick J B. Nucleotide sequence of the Lassa virus (Josiah strain) S genome RNA and amino acid sequence comparison of the N and GPC proteins to other arenaviruses. Virology. 1989; 168: 421–5. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Auperin D D, Sasso D R, McCormick J B. Nucleotide sequence of the glycoprotein gene and intergenic region of the Lassa virus S genome RNA. Virology. 1986; 154: 155–67. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Clegg J C, Oram J D. Molecular cloning of Lassa virus RNA: Nucleotide sequence and expression of the nucleocapsid protein gene. Virology. 1985; 144: 363–72. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romanowski V, Matsuura Y, Bishop D H. Complete sequence of the S RNA of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (WE strain) compared to that of Pichinde arenavirus. Virus Res. 1985; 3: 101–14. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Southern P J, Singh M K, Riviere Y, Jacoby D R, Buchmeier M J, Oldstone M B. Molecular characterization of the genomic S RNA segment from lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. Virology. 1987; 157: 145–55. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riviere Y, Ahmed R, Southern P J, Buchmeier M J, Dutko F J, Oldstone M B. The S RNA segment of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus codes for the nucleoprotein and glycoproteins 1 and 2. J Virol. 1985; 53: 966–8. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Salvato M, Shimomaye E, Oldstone M B. The primary structure of the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus L gene encodes a putative RNA polymerase. Virology. 1989; 169: 377–84. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Singh M K, Fuller-Pace F V, Buchmeier M J, Southern P J. Analysis of the genomic L RNA segment from lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. Virology. 1987; 161: 448–56. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lukashevich I S, Djavani M, Shapiro K, Sanchez A, Ravkov E, Nichol S T, Salvato M S. The Lassa fever virus L gene: Nucleotide sequence, comparison, and precipitation of a predicted 250 kDa protein with monospecific antiserum. J Gen Virol. 1997; 78: 547–51. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Djavani M, Lukashevich I S, Sanchez A, Nichol S T, Salvato M S. Completion of the Lassa fever virus sequence and identification of a RING finger open reading frame at the L RNA 5′ end. Virology. 1997; 235: 414–8. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Djavani M, Lukashevich I S, Salvato M S. Sequence comparison of the large genomic RNA segments of two strains of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus differing in pathogenic potential for guinea pigs. Virus Genes. 1998; 17: 151–5. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salvato M S, Shimomaye E M. The completed sequence of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus reveals a unique RNA structure and a gene for a zinc finger protein. Virology. 1989; 173: 1–10. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Perez M, de la, Torre J C. Characterization of the genomic promoter of the prototypic arenavirus lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. J Virol. 2003; 77: 1184–94. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Young P R, Howard C R. Fine structure analysis of Pichinde virus nucleocapsids. J Gen Virol. 1983; 64: 833–42. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Meyer B J, Southern P J. Sequence heterogeneity in the termini of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus genomic and antigenomic RNAs. J Virol. 1994; 68: 7659–64. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Meyer B J, Southern P J. A novel type of defective viral genome suggests a unique strategy to establish and maintain persistent lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infections. J Virol. 1997; 71: 6757–64. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Fuller-Pace F V, Southern P J. Detection of virus-specific RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity in extracts from cells infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus: In vitro synthesis of full-length viral RNA species. J Virol. 1989; 63: 1938–44. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Garcin D, Kolakofsky D. Tacaribe arenavirus RNA synthesis in vitro is primer dependent and suggests an unusual model for the initiation of genome replication. J Virol. 1992; 66: 1370–6. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cornu T I, de la, Torre J C. RING finger Z protein of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) inhibits transcription and RNA replication of an LCMV S-segment minigenome. J Virol. 2001; 75: 9415–26. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer B J, Southern P J. Concurrent sequence analysis of 5′ and 3′ RNA termini by intramolecular circularization reveals 5′ nontemplated bases and 3′ terminal heterogeneity for lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus mRNAs. J Virol. 1993; 67: 2621–7. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcin D, Kolakofsky D. A novel mechanism for the initiation of Tacaribe arenavirus genome replication. J Virol. 1990; 64: 6196–203. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iapalucci S, Lopez N, Franze-Fernandez M T. The 3′ end termini of the Tacaribe arenavirus subgenomic RNAs. Virology. 1991; 182: 269–78. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Lopez N, Jacamo R, Franze-Fernandez M T. Transcription and RNA replication of tacaribe virus genome and antigenome analogs require N and L proteins: Z protein is an inhibitor of these processes. J Virol. 2001; 75: 12241–51. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polyak S J, Zheng S, Harnish D G. 5′ termini of Pichinde arenavirus S RNAs and mRNAs contain nontemplated nucleotides. J Virol. 1995; 69: 3211–5. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Raju R, Raju L, Hacker D, Garcin D, Compans R, Kolakofsky D. Nontemplated bases at the 5′ ends of Tacaribe virus mRNAs. Virology. 1990; 174: 53–9. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lukashevich I S, Maryankova R F, Fidarov F M. Reproduction of Lassa virus in different cell cultures. Acta Virol. 1983; 27: 282–5. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Popescu M, Schaefer H, Lehmann-Grube F. Homologous interference of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus: Detection and measurement of interference focus-forming units. J Virol. 1976; 20: 1–8. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Welsh R M, Lampert P W, Oldstone M B. Prevention of virus-induced cerebellar diseases by defective-interfering lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. J Infect Dis. 1977; 136: 391–9. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• van der, Zeijst B A, Noyes B E, Mirault M E, Parker B, Osterhaus A D, Swyryd E A, Bleumink N, Horzinek M C, Stark G R. Persistent infection of some standard cell lines by lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus: Transmission of infection by an intracellular agent. J Virol. 1983; 48: 249–61. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Reiserova L, Kaluzova M, Kaluz S, Willis A C, Zavada J, Zavodska E, Zavadova Z, Ciampor F, Pastorek J, Pastorekova S. Identification of MaTu-MX agent as a new strain of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) and serological indication of horizontal spread of LCMV in human population. Virology. 1999; 257: 73–83. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Peters C J, Jahrling P B, Liu C T, Kenyon R H, McKee K T, Jr., Barrera Oro J G. Experimental studies of arenaviral hemorrhagic fevers. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 1987; 134: 5–68. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott T FM, Rivers T M. Meningitis in man caused by a filterable virus. I. Two cases and the method of obtaining a virus from their spinal fluids. J Exp Med. 1936; 63: 397–414
   Google Scholar
• Dutko F J, Oldstone M B. Genomic and biological variation among commonly used lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus strains. J Gen Virol. 1983; 64: 1689–98. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Riviere Y, Ahmed R, Southern P J, Buchmeier M J, Oldstone M B. Genetic mapping of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus pathogenicity: Virulence in guinea pigs is associated with the L RNA segment. J Virol. 1985; 55: 704–9. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Genovesi E V, Johnson A J, Peters C J. Susceptibility and resistance of inbred strains of Syrian golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) to wasting disease caused by lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus: Pathogenesis of lethal and non-lethal infections. J Gen Virol. 1988; 69: 2209–20. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Lukashevich I S, Tikhonov I, Rodas J D, Zapata J C, Yang Y, Djavani M, Salvato M S. Arenavirus-mediated liver pathology: Acute lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection of rhesus macaques is characterized by high-level interleukin-6 expression and hepatocyte proliferation. J Virol. 2003; 77: 1727–37. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomori O, Johnson K M, Kiley M P, Elliott L H. Standardization of a plaque assay for Lassa virus. J Med Virol. 1987; 22: 77–89. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Tomori O, Johnson K. Differentiation between two African arenaviruses (Lassa and Mozambique) by plaque assay. Acta Virol. 1987; 31: 146–51. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Lukashevich I S, Vasiuchkov A D, Mar'iankova R F, Votiakov V I. [Factors affecting plaque formation by Lassa virus in Vero cells]. Vopr Virusol. 1982; 57–61
   Google Scholar
• Battegay M, Cooper S, Althage A, Banziger J, Hengartner H, Zinkernagel R M. Quantification of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus with an immunological focus assay in 24- or 96-well plates. J Virol Methods. 1991; 33: 191–8. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ciurea A, Klenerman P, Hunziker L, Horvath E, Odermatt B, Ochsenbein A F, Hengartner H, Zinkernagel R M. Persistence of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus at very low levels in immune mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1999; 96: 11964–9. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Asper M, Sternsdorf T, Hass M, Drosten C, Rhode A, Schmitz H, Günther S. Inhibition of different Lassa virus strains by alpha and gamma interferons and comparison with a less pathogenic arenavirus. J Virol. 2004; 78: 3162–9. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drosten C, Gottig S, Schilling S, Asper M, Panning M, Schmitz H, Günther S. Rapid detection and quantification of RNA of Ebola and Marburg viruses, Lassa virus, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, Rift Valley fever virus, dengue virus, and yellow fever virus by real-time reverse transcription-PCR. J Clin Microbiol. 2002; 40: 2323–30. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang L, Marriott K A, Harnish D G, Aronson J F. Reassortant analysis of guinea pig virulence of pichinde virus variants. Virology. 2001; 290: 30–8. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lukashevich IS. Generation of reassortants between African arenaviruses. Virology. 1992; 188: 600–5. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vladyko A S, Surikova L E, Vovk T A, Cherednichenko I A, Torop A V. [Experimental evaluation of the pathogenicity of Lassa virus variants]. Vopr Virusol. 1985; 30: 454–7. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Ahmed R, Salmi A, Butler L D, Chiller J M, Oldstone M B. Selection of genetic variants of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus in spleens of persistently infected mice. Role in suppression of cytotoxic T lymphocyte response and viral persistence. J Exp Med. 1984; 160: 521–40. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Villarete L, Somasundaram T, Ahmed R. Tissue-mediated selection of viral variants: Correlation between glycoprotein mutation and growth in neuronal cells. J Virol. 1994; 68: 7490–6. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Ahmed R, Oldstone M B. Organ-specific selection of viral variants during chronic infection. J Exp Med. 1988; 167: 1719–24. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ceriatti F S, Damonte E B, Coto C E. [Induction of heat-sensitive mutants of Junin virus using 5-fluorouracil]. Rev Argent Microbiol. 1983; 15: 105–12. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Ceriatti F S, Damonte E B, Mersich S E, Coto C E. Partial characterization of two temperature-sensitive mutants of junin virus. Microbiologica. 1986; 9: 343–51. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Ciurea A, Hunziker L, Zinkernagel R M, Hengartner H. Viral escape from the neutralizing antibody response: The lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus model. Immunogenetics. 2001; 53: 185–9. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ciurea A, Klenerman P, Hunziker L, Horvath E, Senn B M, Ochsenbein A F, Hengartner H, Zinkernagel R M. Viral persistence in vivo through selection of neutralizing antibody-escape variants. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2000; 97: 2749–54. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alche L E, Coto C E. In vitro selection of Junin virus antigenic variants. Arch Virol. 1993; 128: 389–94. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Howard C R, Lewicki H, Allison L, Salter M, Buchmeier M J. Properties and characterization of monoclonal antibodies to Tacaribe virus. J Gen Virol. 1985; 66: 1383–95. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Ciurea A, Hunziker L, Martinic M M, Oxenius A, Hengartner H, Zinkernagel R M. CD4+ T-cell-epitope escape mutant virus selected in vivo. Nat Med. 2001; 7: 795–800. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aebischer T, Moskophidis D, Rohrer U H, Zinkernagel R M, Hengartner H. In vitro selection of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus escape mutants by cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1991; 88: 11047–51. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Pircher H, Moskophidis D, Rohrer U, Burki K, Hengartner H, Zinkernagel R M. Viral escape by selection of cytotoxic T cell-resistant virus variants in vivo. Nature. 1990; 346: 629–33. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee K J, Novella I S, Teng M N, Oldstone M B, de la, Torre J C. NP and L proteins of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) are sufficient for efficient transcription and replication of LCMV genomic RNA analogs. J Virol. 2000; 74: 3470–7. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinschewer D D, Perez M, de la, Torre J C. Role of the virus nucleoprotein in the regulation of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus transcription and RNA replication. J Virol. 2003; 77: 3882–7. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee K J, Perez M, Pinschewer D D, de la, Torre J C. Identification of the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) proteins required to rescue LCMV RNA analogs into LCMV-like particles. J Virol. 2002; 76: 6393–7. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Salvato M S, Schweighofer K J, Burns J, Shimomaye E M. Biochemical and immunological evidence that the 11 kDa zinc-binding protein of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus is a structural component of the virus. Virus Res. 1992; 22: 185–98. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tortorici M A, Ghiringhelli P D, Lozano M E, Albarino C G, Romanowski V. Zinc-binding properties of Junin virus nucleocapsid protein. J Gen Virol. 2001; 82: 121–8. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Garcin D, Rochat S, Kolakofsky D. The Tacaribe arenavirus small zinc finger protein is required for both mRNA synthesis and genome replication. J Virol. 1993; 67: 807–12. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Cornu T I, Feldmann H, de la, Torre J C. Cells expressing the RING finger Z protein are resistant to arenavirus infection. J Virol. 2004; 78: 2979–83. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cornu T I, de la, Torre J C. Characterization of the arenavirus RING finger Z protein regions required for Z-mediated inhibition of viral RNA synthesis. J Virol. 2002; 76: 6678–88. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacamo R, Lopez N, Wilda M, Franze-Fernandez M T. Tacaribe virus Z protein interacts with the L polymerase protein to inhibit viral RNA synthesis. J Virol. 2003; 77: 10383–93. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strecker T, Eichler R, Meulen J, Weissenhorn W, Dieter Klenk H, Garten W, Lenz O. Lassa virus Z protein is a matrix protein sufficient for the release of virus-like particles. J Virol. 2003; 77: 10700–5. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eichler R, Strecker T, Kolesnikova L, ter Meulen J, Weissenhorn W, Becker S, Klenk H D, Garten W, Lenz O. Characterization of the Lassa virus matrix protein Z: Electron microscopic study of virus-like particles and interaction with the nucleoprotein (NP). Virus Res. 2004; 100: 249–55. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freed E O. The HIV-TSG101 interface: Recent advances in a budding field. Trends Microbiol. 2003; 11: 56–9. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perez M, Craven R C, de la, Torre J C. The small RING finger protein Z drives arenavirus budding: Implications for antiviral strategies. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2003; 100: 12978–83. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borden K L, Campbell Dwyer E J, Salvato M S. An arenavirus RING (zinc-binding) protein binds the oncoprotein promyelocyte leukemia protein (PML) and relocates PML nuclear bodies to the cytoplasm. J Virol. 1998; 72: 758–66. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sternsdorf T, Grotzinger T, Jensen K, Will H. Nuclear dots: Actors on many stages. Immunobiology. 1997; 198: 307–31. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Djavani M, Rodas J, Lukashevich I S, Horejsh D, Pandolfi P P, Borden K L, Salvato M S. Role of the promyelocytic leukemia protein PML in the interferon sensitivity of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. J Virol. 2001; 75: 6204–8. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bonilla W V, Pinschewer D D, Klenerman P, Rousson V, Gaboli M, Pandolfi P P, Zinkernagel R M, Salvato M S, Hengartner H. Effects of promyelocytic leukemia protein on virus-host balance. J Virol. 2002; 76: 3810–8. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Borden K L, Campbelldwyer E J, Carlile G W, Djavani M, Salvato M S. Two RING finger proteins, the oncoprotein PML and the arenavirus Z protein, colocalize with the nuclear fraction of the ribosomal P proteins. J Virol. 1998; 72: 3819–26. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell Dwyer E J, Lai H, MacDonald R C, Salvato M S, Borden K L. The lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus RING protein Z associates with eukaryotic initiation factor 4E and selectively represses translation in a RING-dependent manner. J Virol. 2000; 74: 3293–300. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kentsis A, Dwyer E C, Perez J M, Sharma M, Chen A, Pan Z Q, Borden K L. The RING domains of the promyelocytic leukemia protein PML and the arenaviral protein Z repress translation by directly inhibiting translation initiation factor eIF4E. J Mol Biol. 2001; 312: 609–23. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kentsis A, Gordon R E, Borden K L. Self-assembly properties of a model RING domain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2002; 99: 667–72. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burns J W, Buchmeier M J. Glycoproteins of the arenaviruses. M S, Salvato. The Arenaviridae. Pp 17–35, New York, Plenum Press. 1993
   Google Scholar
• Eichler R, Lenz O, Strecker T, Garten W. Signal peptide of Lassa virus glycoprotein GP-C exhibits an unusual length. FEBS Lett. 2003; 538: 203–6. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Froeschke M, Basler M, Groettrup M, Dobberstein B. Long-lived signal peptide of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus glycoprotein pGP-C. J Biol Chem. 2003; 278: 41914–20. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eichler R, Lenz O, Strecker T, Eickmann M, Klenk H D, Garten W. Identification of Lassa virus glycoprotein signal peptide as a trans-acting maturation factor. EMBO Rep. 2003; 4: 1084–8. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright K E, Spiro R C, Burns J W, Buchmeier M J. Post-translational processing of the glycoproteins of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. Virology. 1990; 177: 175–83. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buchmeier M J, Southern P J, Parekh B S, Wooddell M K, Oldstone M B. Site-specific antibodies define a cleavage site conserved among arenavirus GP-C glycoproteins. J Virol. 1987; 61: 982–5. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lenz O, ter Meulen J, Klenk H D, Seidah N G, Garten W. The Lassa virus glycoprotein precursor GP-C is proteolytically processed by subtilase SKI-1/S1P. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2001; 98: 12701–5. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beyer W R, Popplau D, Garten W, von, Laer D, Lenz O. Endoproteolytic processing of the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus glycoprotein by the subtilase SKI-1/S1P. J Virol. 2003; 77: 2866–72. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lenz O, ter Meulen J, Feldmann H, Klenk H D, Garten W. Identification of a novel consensus sequence at the cleavage site of the Lassa virus glycoprotein. J Virol. 2000; 74: 11418–21. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Kunz S, Edelmann K H, de la, Torre J C, Gorney R, Oldstone M B. Mechanisms for lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus glycoprotein cleavage, transport, and incorporation into virions. Virology. 2003; 314: 168–78. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vincent M J, Sanchez A J, Erickson B R, Basak A, Chretien M, Seidah N G, Nichol S T. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus glycoprotein proteolytic processing by subtilase SKI-1. J Virol. 2003; 77: 8640–9. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Burns J W, Buchmeier M J. Protein-protein interactions in lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. Virology. 1991; 183: 620–9. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Gallaher W R, DiSimone C, Buchmeier M J. The viral transmembrane superfamily: Possible divergence of Arenavirus and Filovirus glycoproteins from a common RNA virus ancestor. BMC Microbiol. 2001; 1: 1, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Glushakova S E, Omelyanenko V G, Lukashevitch I S, Bogdanov A A, Jr., Moshnikova A B, Kozytch A T, Torchilin V P. The fusion of artificial lipid membranes induced by the synthetic arenavirus ‘fusion peptide’. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1992; 1110: 202–8. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glushakova S E, Lukashevich I S, Baratova L A. Prediction of arenavirus fusion peptides on the basis of computer analysis of envelope protein sequences. FEBS Lett. 1990; 269: 145–7. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Simone C, Buchmeier M J. Kinetics and pH dependence of acid-induced structural changes in the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus glycoprotein complex. Virology. 1995; 209: 3–9. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borrow P, Oldstone M B. Mechanism of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus entry into cells. Virology. 1994; 198: 1–9. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Simone C, Zandonatti M A, Buchmeier M J. Acidic pH triggers LCMV membrane fusion activity and conformational change in the glycoprotein spike. Virology. 1994; 198: 455–65. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glushakova S E, Lukashevich I S. Early events in arenavirus replication are sensitive to lysosomotropic compounds. Arch Virol. 1989; 104: 157–61. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glushakova S E, Pyzhik E V, Vasiuchkov A D, Erokhina I R, Mar'iankova R F. [pH-dependent fusion of eukaryotic cells, caused by arenaviruses, pathogenic and non-pathogenic for humans]. Mol Gen Mikrobiol Virusol. 1992; 27–31
   Google Scholar
• Cao W, Henry M D, Borrow P, Yamada H, Elder J H, Ravkov E V, Nichol S T, Compans R W, Campbell K P, Oldstone M B. Identification of alpha-dystroglycan as a receptor for lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus and Lassa fever virus. Science. 1998; 282: 2079–81. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kunz S, Campbell K P, Oldstone M B. Alpha-dystroglycan can mediate arenavirus infection in the absence of beta-dystroglycan. Virology. 2003; 316: 213–20. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borrow P, Oldstone M B. Characterization of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus-binding protein(s): A candidate cellular receptor for the virus. J Virol. 1992; 66: 7270–81. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sevilla N, Kunz S, Holz A, Lewicki H, Homann D, Yamada H, Campbell K P, de la, Torre J C, Oldstone M B. Immunosuppression and resultant viral persistence by specific viral targeting of dendritic cells. J Exp Med. 2000; 192: 1249–60. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Smelt S C, Borrow P, Kunz S, Cao W, Tishon A, Lewicki H, Campbell K P, Oldstone M B. Differences in affinity of binding of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus strains to the cellular receptor alpha-dystroglycan correlate with viral tropism and disease kinetics. J Virol. 2001; 75: 448–57. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Spiropoulou C F, Kunz S, Rollin P E, Campbell K P, Oldstone M B. New World arenavirus clade C, but not clade A and B viruses, utilizes alpha-dystroglycan as its major receptor. J Virol. 2002; 76: 5140–6. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Durbeej M, Henry M D, Ferletta M, Campbell K P, Ekblom P. Distribution of dystroglycan in normal adult mouse tissues. J Histochem Cytochem. 1998; 46: 449–57. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rambukkana A, Kunz S, Min J, Campbell K P, Oldstone M B. Targeting Schwann cells by nonlytic arenaviral infection selectively inhibits myelination. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2003
   Google Scholar
• Kunz S, Sevilla N, McGavern D B, Campbell K P, Oldstone M B. Molecular analysis of the interaction of LCMV with its cellular receptor [alpha]-dystroglycan. J Cell Biol. 2001; 155: 301–10. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Kunz S, Borrow P, Oldstone M B. Receptor structure, binding, and cell entry of arenaviruses. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2002; 262: 111–37. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buckley S M, Casals J, Downs W G. Isolation and antigenic characterization of Lassa virus. Nature. 1970; 227: 174, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frame J D, Baldwin J M, Jr., Gocke D J, Troup J M. Lassa fever, a new virus disease of man from West Africa. I. Clinical description and pathological findings. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1970; 19: 670–6. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leifer E, Gocke D J, Bourne H. Lassa fever, a new virus disease of man from West Africa. II. Report of a laboratory-acquired infection treated with plasma from a person recently recovered from the disease. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1970; 19: 677–9. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buckley S M, Casals J. Lassa fever, a new virus disease of man from West Africa. 3. Isolation and characterization of the virus. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1970; 19: 680–91. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Speir R W, Wood O, Liebhaber H, Buckley S M. Lassa fever, a new virus disease of man from West Africa. IV. Electron microscopy of Vero cell cultures infected with Lassa virus. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1970; 19: 692–4. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• McCormick J B, Webb P A, Krebs J W, Johnson K M, Smith E S. A prospective study of the epidemiology and ecology of Lassa fever. J Infect Dis. 1987; 155: 437–44. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monath T P, Maher M, Casals J, Kissling R E, Cacciapuoti A. Lassa fever in the Eastern Province of Sierra Leone, 1970–1972. II. Clinical observations and virological studies on selected hospital cases. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1974; 23: 1140–9. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lukashevich L S, Clegg J C, Sidibe K. Lassa virus activity in Guinea: Distribution of human antiviral antibody defined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with recombinant antigen. J Med Virol. 1993; 40: 210–7. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bausch D G, Demby A H, Coulibaly M, Kanu J, Goba A, Bah A, Conde N, Wurtzel H L, Cavallaro K F, Lloyd E, Baldet F B, Cisse S D, Fofona D, Savane I K, Tolno R T, Mahy B, Wagoner K D, Ksiazek T G, Peters C J, Rollin P E. Lassa fever in Guinea: I. Epidemiology of human disease and clinical observations. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2001; 1: 269–81. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Ter Meulen J, Lukashevich I, Sidibe K, Inapogui A, Marx M, Dorlemann A, Yansane M L, Koulemou K, Chang-Claude J, Schmitz H. Hunting of peridomestic rodents and consumption of their meat as possible risk factors for rodent-to-human transmission of Lassa virus in the Republic of Guinea. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1996; 55: 661–6. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ter Meulen J, Koulemou K, Wittekindt T, Windisch K, Strigl S, Conde S, Schmitz H. Detection of Lassa virus antinucleoprotein immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM antibodies by a simple recombinant immunoblot assay for field use. J Clin Microbiol. 1998; 36: 3143–8. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yalley-Ogunro J E, Frame J D, Hanson A P. Endemic Lassa fever in Liberia. VI. Village serological surveys for evidence of Lassa virus activity in Lofa County, Liberia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1984; 78: 764–70. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Frame J D, Jahrling P B, Yalley-Ogunro J E, Monson M H. Endemic Lassa fever in Liberia. II. Serological and virological findings in hospital patients. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1984; 78: 656–60. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Frame J D, Yalley-Ogunro J E, Hanson A P. Endemic Lassa fever in Liberia. V. Distribution of Lassa virus activity in Liberia: Hospital staff surveys. TransR Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1984; 78: 761–3
   Google Scholar
• Monath T P, Mertens P E, Patton R, Moser C R, Baum J J, Pinneo L, Gary G W, Kissling R E. A hospital epidemic of Lassa fever in Zorzor, Liberia, March–April 1972. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1973; 22: 773–9. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Monson M H, Frame J D, Jahrling P B, Alexander K. Endemic Lassa fever in Liberia. I. Clinical and epidemiological aspects at Curran Lutheran Hospital, Zorzor, Liberia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1984; 78: 549–53. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Bajani M D, Tomori O, Rollin P E, Harry T O, Bukbuk N D, Wilson L, Childs J E, Peters C J, Ksiazek T G. A survey for antibodies to Lassa virus among health workers in Nigeria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1997; 91: 379–81. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Carey D E, Kemp G E, White H A, Pinneo L, Addy R F, Fom A L, Stroh G, Casals J, Henderson B E. Lassa fever. Epidemiological aspects of the 1970 epidemic, Jos, Nigeria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1972; 66: 402–8. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomori O, Fabiyi A, Sorungbe A, Smith A, McCormick J B. Viral hemorrhagic fever antibodies in Nigerian populations. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1988; 38: 407–10. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White H A. Lassa fever. A study of 23 hospital cases. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1972; 66: 390–401. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Troup J M, White H A, Fom A L, Carey D E. An outbreak of Lassa fever on the Jos plateau, Nigeria, in January–February 1970. A preliminary report. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1970; 19: 695–6. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher-Hoch S P, Tomori O, Nasidi A, Perez-Oronoz G I, Fakile Y, Hutwagner L, McCormick J B. Review of cases of nosocomial Lassa fever in Nigeria: The high price of poor medical practice. BMJ. 1995; 311: 857–9. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunther S, Emmerich P, Laue T, Kuhle O, Asper M, Jung A, Grewing T, ter Meulen J, Schmitz H. Imported lassa fever in Germany: Molecular characterization of a new lassa virus strain. Emerg Infect Dis. 2000; 6: 466–76. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monath T P, Newhouse V F, Kemp G E, Setzer H W, Cacciapuoti A. Lassa virus isolation from Mastomys natalensis rodents during an epidemic in Sierra Leone. Science. 1974; 185: 263–5. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demartini J C, Green D E, Monath T P. Lassa virus infection in Mastomys natalensis in Sierra Leone. Gross and microscopic findings in infected and uninfected animals. Bull World Health Organ. 1975; 52: 651–63. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demby A H, Inapogui A, Kargbo K, Koninga J, Kourouma K, Kanu J, Coulibaly M, Wagoner K D, Ksiazek T G, Peters C J, Rollin P E, Bausch D G. Lassa fever in Guinea: II. Distribution and prevalence of Lassa virus infection in small mammals. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2001; 1: 283–97. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Walker D H, Wulff H, Lange J V, Murphy F A. Comparative pathology of Lassa virus infection in monkeys, guinea-pigs, and Mastomys natalensis. Bull World Health Organ. 1975; 52: 523–34. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keenlyside R A, McCormick J B, Webb P A, Smith E, Elliott L, Johnson K M. Case-control study of Mastomys natalensis and humans in Lassa virus-infected households in Sierra Leone. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1983; 32: 829–37. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCormick J B, Fisher-Hoch S P. Lassa fever. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2002; 262: 75–109. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rai S K, Cheung D S, Wu M S, Warner T F, Salvato M S. Murine infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus following gastric inoculation. J Virol. 1996; 70: 7213–8. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Lukashevich I S, Djavani M, Rodas J D, Zapata J C, Usborne A, Emerson C, Mitchen J, Jahrling P B, Salvato M S. Hemorrhagic fever occurs after intravenous, but not after intragastric, inoculation of rhesus macaques with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. J Med Virol. 2002; 67: 171–86. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rai S K, Micales B K, Wu M S, Cheung D S, Pugh T D, Lyons G E, Salvato M S. Timed appearance of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus after gastric inoculation of mice. Am J Pathol. 1997; 151: 633–9. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Yin C, Djavani M, Schenkel A R, Schmidt D S, Pauza C D, Salvato M S. Dissemination of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus from the gastric mucosa requires G protein-coupled signaling. J Virol. 1998; 72: 8613–9. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Stephenson E H, Larson E W, Dominik J W. Effect of environmental factors on aerosol-induced Lassa virus infection. J Med Virol. 1984; 14: 295–303. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCormick J B, King I J, Webb P A, Johnson K M, O'Sullivan R, Smith E S, Trippel S, Tong T C. A case-control study of the clinical diagnosis and course of Lassa fever. J Infect Dis. 1987; 155: 445–55. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frame J D. Clinical features of Lassa fever in Liberia. Rev Infect Dis. 1989; 11(Suppl 4)S783–9. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Knobloch J, McCormick J B, Webb P A, Dietrich M, Schumacher H H, Dennis E. Clinical observations in 42 patients with Lassa fever. Tropenmed Parasitol. 1980; 31: 389–98. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gunther S, Kuhle O, Rehder D, Odaibo G N, Olaleye D O, Emmerich P, ter Meulen J, Schmitz H. Antibodies to Lassa virus Z protein and nucleoprotein co-occur in human sera from Lassa fever endemic regions. Med Microbiol Immunol (Berl). 2001; 189: 225–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meunier D Y, McCormick J B, Georges A J, Georges M C, Gonzalez J P. Comparison of Lassa, Mobala, and Ippy virus reactions by immunofluorescence test. Lancet. 1985; 1: 873–4. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Swanepoel R, Leman P A, Shepherd A J, Shepherd S P, Kiley M P, McCormick J B. Identification of Ippy as a Lassa-fever-related virus. Lancet. 1985; 1: 639, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Fisher-Hoch S P, Price M E, Craven R B, Price F M, Forthall D N, Sasso D R, Scott S M, McCormick J B. Safe intensive-care management of a severe case of Lassa fever with simple barrier nursing techniques. Lancet. 1985; 2: 1227–9. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Helmick C G, Webb P A, Scribner C L, Krebs J W, McCormick J B. No evidence for increased risk of Lassa fever infection in hospital staff. Lancet. 1986; 2: 1202–5. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Anonymous. Lassa fever. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 1997; 72: 162
   Google Scholar
• ter Meulen J, Lenz O, Koivogui L, Magassouba N, Kaushik S K, Lewis R, Aldis W. Short communication: Lassa fever in Sierra Leone: UN peacekeepers are at risk. Trop Med Int Health. 2001; 6: 83–4. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Anonymous. Lassa fever, imported case, Netherlands. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2000; 75: 265
   Google Scholar
• Anonymous. Case of Lassa fever in a soldier returning to the United Kingdom. Commun Dis Rep CDR Wkly. 2003; 13, 13 February. http://www.hpa.org.uk/cdr/PDFfiles/2003/cdr0703.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Anonymous. Lassa fever imported to England. Commun Dis Rep CDR Wkly. 2000; 10: 99
   Google Scholar
• Ruo S L, Mitchell S W, Kiley M P, Roumillat L F, Fisher-Hoch S P, McCormick J B. Antigenic relatedness between arenaviruses defined at the epitope level by monoclonal antibodies. J Gen Virol. 1991; 72: 549–55. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Jahrling P B, Frame J D, Smith S B, Monson M H. Endemic Lassa fever in Liberia. III. Characterization of Lassa virus isolates. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1985; 79: 374–9. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jahrling P B, Frame J D, Rhoderick J B, Monson M H. Endemic Lassa fever in Liberia. IV. Selection of optimally effective plasma for treatment by passive immunization. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1985; 79: 380–4. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charrel R N, Feldmann H, Fulhorst C F, Khelifa R, de, Chesse R, de, Lamballerie X. Phylogeny of New World arenaviruses based on the complete coding sequences of the small genomic segment identified an evolutionary lineage produced by intrasegmental recombination. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2002; 296: 1118–24. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Archer A M, Rico-Hesse R. High genetic divergence and recombination in Arenaviruses from the Americas. Virology. 2002; 304: 274–81. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Gunther S, Weisner B, Roth A, Grewing T, Asper M, Drosten C, Emmerich P, Petersen J, Wilczek M, Schmitz H. Lassa fever encephalopathy: Lassa virus in cerebrospinal fluid but not in serum. J Infect Dis. 2001; 184: 345–9. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Charrel R N, de, Lamballerie X, Fulhorst C F. The Whitewater Arroyo virus: Natural evidence for genetic recombination among Tacaribe serocomplex viruses (family Arenaviridae). Virology. 2001; 283: 161–6. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Walker D H, McCormick J B, Johnson K M, Webb P A, Komba-Kono G, Elliott L H, Gardner J J. Pathologic and virologic study of fatal Lassa fever in man. Am J Pathol. 1982; 107: 349–56. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCormick J B, Walker D H, King I J, Webb P A, Elliott L H, Whitfield S G, Johnson K M. Lassa virus hepatitis: A study of fatal Lassa fever in humans. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1986; 35: 401–7. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edington G M, White H A. The pathology of Lassa fever. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1972; 66: 381–9. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winn W C, Jr., Monath T P, Murphy F A, Whitfield S G. Lassa virus hepatitis. Observations on a fatal case from the 1972 Sierra Leone epidemic. Arch Pathol. 1975; 99: 599–604. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Walker D H, Johnson K M, Lange J V, Gardner J J, Kiley M P, McCormick J B. Experimental infection of rhesus monkeys with Lassa virus and a closely related arenavirus, Mozambique virus. J Infect Dis. 1982; 146: 360–8. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker D H, Wulff H, Murphy F A. Experimental Lassa virus infection in the squirrel monkey. Am J Pathol. 1975; 80: 261–78. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Evseev A A, Dvoretskaia V I, Bogatikov G V, Pshenichnov V A, Mustafin R M. [Experimental Lassa fever in hamadryas baboons]. Vopr Virusol. 1991; 36: 150–2. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Callis R T, Jahrling P B, DePaoli A. Pathology of Lassa virus infection in the rhesus monkey. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1982; 31: 1038–45. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jahrling P B, Smith S, Hesse R A, Rhoderick J B. Pathogenesis of Lassa virus infection in guinea pigs. Infect Immun. 1982; 37: 771–8. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher-Hoch S P, Mitchell S W, Sasso D R, Lange J V, Ramsey R, McCormick J B. Physiological and immunologic disturbances associated with shock in a primate model of Lassa fever. J Infect Dis. 1987; 155: 465–74. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jahrling P B, Hesse R A, Eddy G A, Johnson K M, Callis R T, Stephen E L. Lassa virus infection of rhesus monkeys: Pathogenesis and treatment with ribavirin. J Infect Dis. 1980; 141: 580–9. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher-Hoch S, McCormick J B, Sasso D, Craven R B. Hematologic dysfunction in Lassa fever. J Med Virol. 1988; 26: 127–35. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lange J V, Mitchell S W, McCormick J B, Walker D H, Evatt B L, Ramsey R R. Kinetic study of platelets and fibrinogen in Lassa virus-infected monkeys and early pathologic events in Mopeia virus-infected monkeys. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1985; 34: 999–1007. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts P J, Cummins D, Bainton A L, Walshe K J, Fisher-Hoch S P, McCormick J B, Gribben J G, Machin S J, Linch D C. Plasma from patients with severe Lassa fever profoundly modulates f-met-leu-phe induced superoxide generation in neutrophils. Br J Haematol. 1989; 73: 152–7. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cummins D, Fisher-Hoch S P, Walshe K J, Mackie I J, McCormick J B, Bennett D, Perez G, Farrar B, Machin S J. A plasma inhibitor of platelet aggregation in patients with Lassa fever. Br J Haematol. 1989; 72: 543–8. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson K M, McCormick J B, Webb P A, Smith E S, Elliott L H, King I J. Clinical virology of Lassa fever in hospitalized patients. J Infect Dis. 1987; 155: 456–64. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmitz H, Kohler B, Laue T, Drosten C, Veldkamp P J, Gunther S, Emmerich P, Geisen H P, Fleischer K, Beersma M F, Hoerauf A. Monitoring of clinical and laboratory data in two cases of imported Lassa fever. Microbes Infect. 2002; 4: 43–50. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Mahanty S, Bausch D G, Thomas R L, Goba A, Bah A, Peters C J, Rollin P E. Low levels of interleukin-8 and interferon-inducible protein-10 in serum are associated with fatal infections in acute Lassa fever. J Infect Dis. 2001; 183: 1713–21. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puglielli M T, Browning J L, Brewer A W, Schreiber R D, Shieh W J, Altman J D, Oldstone M B, Zaki S R, Ahmed R. Reversal of virus-induced systemic shock and respiratory failure by blockade of the lymphotoxin pathway. Nat Med. 1999; 5: 1370–4. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahanty S, Hutchinson K, Agarwal S, McRae M, Rollin P E, Pulendran B. Cutting edge: Impairment of dendritic cells and adaptive immunity by Ebola and Lassa viruses. J Immunol. 2003; 170: 2797–801. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baize S, Kaplon J, Faure C, Pannetier D, Georges-Courbot M C, Deubel V. Lassa virus infection of human dendritic cells and macrophages is productive but fails to activate cells. J Immunol. 2004; 172: 2861–9. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lukashevich I S, Maryankova R, Vladyko A S, Nashkevich N, Koleda S, Djavani M, Horejsh D, Voitenok N N, Salvato M S. Lassa and Mopeia virus replication in human monocytes/macrophages and in endothelial cells: Different effects on IL-8 and TNF-alpha gene expression. J Med Virol. 1999; 59: 552–60. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis R M, Cosgriff T M, Griffin B Y, Rhoderick J, Jahrling P B. Immune serum increases arenavirus replication in monocytes. J Gen Virol. 1988; 69: 1735–9. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Bausch D G, Rollin P E, Demby A H, Coulibaly M, Kanu J, Conteh A S, Wagoner K D, McMullan L K, Bowen M D, Peters C J, Ksiazek T G. Diagnosis and clinical virology of Lassa fever as evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, indirect fluorescent-antibody test, and virus isolation. J Clin Microbiol. 2000; 38: 2670–7. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodas J D, Lukashevich I S, Zapata J C, Cairo C, Tikhonov I, Djavani M, Pauza C D, Salvato M S. Mucosal arenavirus infection of primates can protect them from lethal hemorrhagic fever. J Med Virol. 2004; 72: 424–35. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Peters C J, Liu C T, Anderson G W, Jr., Morrill J C, Jahrling P B. Pathogenesis of viral hemorrhagic fevers: Rift Valley fever and Lassa fever contrasted. Rev Infect Dis. 1989; 11(Suppl 4)S743–9. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Seo S H, Hoffmann E, Webster R G. Lethal H5N1 influenza viruses escape host anti-viral cytokine responses. Nat Med. 2002; 8: 950–4. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jahrling P B, Peters C J. Passive antibody therapy of Lassa fever in cynomolgus monkeys: Importance of neutralizing antibody and Lassa virus strain. Infect Immun. 1984; 44: 528–33. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hummel K B, Martin M L, Auperin D D. Baculovirus expression of the glycoprotein gene of Lassa virus and characterization of the recombinant protein. Virus Res. 1992; 25: 79–90. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Lloyd G, Barber G N, Clegg J C, Kelly P. Identification of Lassa fever virus infection with recombinant nucleocapsid protein antigen. Lancet. 1989; 2: 1222, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Hufert F T, Ludke W, Schmitz H. Epitope mapping of the Lassa virus nucleoprotein using monoclonal anti-nucleocapsid antibodies. Arch Virol. 1989; 106: 201–12. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Vladyko A S, Bystrova S I, Lemeshko N N, Lukashevich I S. [Characteristics of monoclonal antibodies to Lassa virus nucleoprotein]. Mol Gen Mikrobiol Virusol. 1987; 37–40
   Google Scholar
• Vladyko A S, Bystrova S I, Malakhova I V, Kunitskaia L, Lemeshko N N, Kras'ko A G, Kozhich A T, Lukashevich I S. [The localization and preliminary characteristics of antigenic sites (B epitopes) in the nucleocapsid protein of the Lassa virus]. Vopr Virusol. 1993; 38: 30–4. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Krasko A G, Moshnikova A B, Kozhich A T, Tchikin L D, Ivanov V T, Vladyko A S, Lukashevich I S. Lassa virus glycoproteins: Antigenic and immunogenic properties of synthetic peptides to GP1. Arch Virol. 1990; 115: 133–7. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Weber E L, Buchmeier M J. Fine mapping of a peptide sequence containing an antigenic site conserved among arenaviruses. Virology. 1988; 164: 30–8. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Fisher-Hoch S P, McCormick J B, Auperin D, Brown B G, Castor M, Perez G, Ruo S, Conaty A, Brammer L, Bauer S. Protection of rhesus monkeys from fatal Lassa fever by vaccination with a recombinant vaccinia virus containing the Lassa virus glycoprotein gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1989; 86: 317–21. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ter Meulen J, Badusche M, Kuhnt K, Doetze A, Satoguina J, Marti T, Loeliger C, Koulemou K, Koivogui L, Schmitz H, Fleischer B, Hoerauf A. Characterization of human CD4(+) T-cell clones recognizing conserved and variable epitopes of the Lassa virus nucleoprotein. J Virol. 2000; 74: 2186–92. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ter Meulen J, Badusche M, Satoguina J, Strecker T, Lenz O, Loeliger C, Sakho M, Koulemou K, Koivogui L, Hoerauf A. Old- and New World arenaviruses share a highly conserved epitope in the fusion domain of the glycoprotein 2 which is recognized by Lassa virus specific human CD4+ T cell clones. Virology. 2004, in press.
   Google Scholar
• Whitmire J K, Asano M S, Murali-Krishna K, Suresh M, Ahmed R. Long-term CD4 Th1 and Th2 memory following acute lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection. J Virol. 1998; 72: 8281–8. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Epps H L, Terajima M, Mustonen J, Arstila T P, Corey E A, Vaheri A, Ennis F A. Long-lived memory T lymphocyte responses after hantavirus infection. J Exp Med. 2002; 196: 579–88. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher-Hoch S P, Hutwagner L, Brown B, McCormick J B. Effective vaccine for lassa fever. J Virol. 2000; 74: 6777–83. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klenerman P, Hengartner H, Zinkernagel R M. A non-retroviral RNA virus persists in DNA form. Nature. 1997; 390: 298–301. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emond R T, Bannister B, Lloyd G, Southee T J, Bowen E T. A case of Lassa fever: Clinical and virological findings. Br MedJ (Clin Res Ed). 1982; 285: 1001–2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lunkenheimer K, Hufert F T, Schmitz H. Detection of Lassa virus RNA in specimens from patients with Lassa fever by using the polymerase chain reaction. J Clin Microbiol. 1990; 28: 2689–92. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mertens P E, Patton R, Baum J J, Monath T P. Clinical presentation of Lassa fever cases during the hospital epidemic at Zorzor, Liberia, March-April 1972. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1973; 22: 780–4. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Webb P A, McCormick J B, King I J, Bosman I, Johnson K M, Elliott L H, Kono G K, O'Sullivan R. Lassa fever in children in Sierra Leone, West Africa. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1986; 80: 577–82. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Fleischer K, Kohler B, Kirchner A, Schmid J. [Lassa fever]. Med Klin (Munich). 2000; 95: 340–5
   Google Scholar
• Demby A H, Chamberlain J, Brown D W, Clegg C S. Early diagnosis of Lassa fever by reverse transcription-PCR. J Clin Microbiol. 1994; 32: 2898–903. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trappier S G, Conaty A L, Farrar B B, Auperin D D, McCormick J B, Fisher-Hoch S P. Evaluation of the polymerase chain reaction for diagnosis of Lassa virus infection. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1993; 49: 214–21. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• McCormick J B, King I J, Webb P A, Scribner C L, Craven R B, Johnson K M, Elliott L H, Belmont-Williams R. Lassa fever. Effective therapy with ribavirin. N Engl J Med. 1986; 314: 20–6. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monson M H, Cole A K, Frame J D, Serwint J R, Alexander S, Jahrling P B. Pediatric Lassa fever: A review of 33 Liberian cases. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1987; 36: 408–15. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Price M E, Fisher-Hoch S P, Craven R B, McCormick J B. A prospective study of maternal and fetal outcome in acute Lassa fever infection during pregnancy. BMJ. 1988; 297: 584–7. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solbrig V M, McCormick J B. Lassa fever: Central nervous system manifestations. J Trop Geograph Neurol. 1991; 1: 23–30
   Google Scholar
• Cummins D, Bennett D, Fisher-Hoch S P, Farrar B, Machin S J, McCormick J B. Lassa fever encephalopathy: Clinical and laboratory findings. J Trop Med Hyg. 1992; 95: 197–201. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Cummins D, McCormick J B, Bennett D, Samba J A, Farrar B, Machin S J, Fisher-Hoch S P. Acute sensorineural deafness in Lassa fever. JAMA. 1990; 264: 2093–6. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirabayashi Y, Oka S, Goto H, Shimada K, Kurata T, Fisher-Hoch S P, McCormick J B. An imported case of Lassa fever with late appearance of polyserositis. J Infect Dis. 1988; 158: 872–5. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Johnson K M, Monath T P. Imported Lassa fever–reexamining the algorithms. N Engl J Med. 1990; 323: 1139–41. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmes G P, McCormick J B, Trock S C, Chase R A, Lewis S M, Mason C A, Hall P A, Brammer L S, Perez-Oronoz G I, McDonnell M K, et al, Lassa fever in the United States. Investigation of a case and new guidelines for management. N Engl J Med. 1990; 323: 1120–3. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahdy M S, Chiang W, McLaughlin B, Derksen K, Truxton B H, Neg K. Lassa fever: The first confirmed case imported into Canada. Can Dis Wkly Rep. 1989; 15: 193–8. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Zweighaft R M, Fraser D W, Hattwick M A, Winkler W G, Jordan W C, Alter M, Wolfe M, Wulff H, Johnson K M. Lassa fever: Response to an imported case. N Engl J Med. 1977; 297: 803–7. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Woodruff A W, Monath T P, Mahmoud A A, Pain A K, Morris C A. Lassa fever in Britain: An imported case. BMJ. 1973; 3: 616–7. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cooper C B, Gransden W R, Webster M, King M, O'Mahony M, Young S, Banatvala J E. A case of Lassa fever: Experience at St Thomas's Hospital. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1982; 285: 1003–5
   Google Scholar
• Anonymous. Update: Management of patients with suspected viral hemorrhagic fever–United States. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1995; 44: 475–9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wirtz A, Niedrig M, Fock R. Management of patients in Germany with suspected viral haemorrhagic fever and other potentially lethal contagious infections. Euro Surveill. 2002; 7: 36–42. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Hugonnet S, Sax H, Pittet D. Management of viral haemorrhagic fevers in Switzerland. Euro Surveill. 2002; 7: 42–4. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Crowcroft N, Brown D, Gopal R, Morgan D. Current management of patients with viral haemorrhagic fevers in the United Kingdom. Euro Surveill. 2002; 7: 44–8. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Swaan C M, van den, Broek P J, Wijnands S, van Steenbergen E. Management of viral haemorrhagic fever in the Netherlands. Euro Surveill. 2002; 7: 48–50. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Haas W H, Breuer T, Pfaff G, Schmitz H, Kohler P, Asper M, Emmerich P, Drosten C, Golnitz U, Fleischer K, Gunther S. Imported Lassa fever in Germany: Surveillance and management of contact persons. Clin Infect Dis. 2003; 36: 1254–8. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jahrling P B, Peters C J, Stephen E L. Enhanced treatment of Lassa fever by immune plasma combined with ribavirin in cynomolgus monkeys. J Infect Dis. 1984; 149: 420–7. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher-Hoch S P, Gborie S, Parker L, Huggins J. Unexpected adverse reactions during a clinical trial in rural west Africa. Antiviral Res. 1992; 19: 139–47. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huggins J W, Hsiang C M, Cosgriff T M, Guang M Y, Smith J I, Wu Z O, LeDuc J W, Zheng Z M, Meegan J M, Wang Q N, et al, Prospective, double-blind, concurrent, placebo-controlled clinical trial of intravenous ribavirin therapy of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. J Infect Dis. 1991; 164: 1119–27. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knowles S R, Phillips E J, Dresser L, Matukas L. Common adverse events associated with the use of ribavirin for severe acute respiratory syndrome in Canada. Clin Infect Dis. 2003; 37: 1139–42. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henderson B E, Gary G W, Jr., Kissling R E, Frame J D, Carey D E. Lassa fever. Virological and serological studies. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1972; 66: 409–16. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Schmitz H, Wolf H R. Use of monoclonal antibody for the detection of Lassa virus antibody and antigen in patients with Lassa fever. Med Microbiol Immunol (Berl). 1986; 175: 181–2
   Google Scholar
• Niklasson B S, Jahrling P B, Peters C J. Detection of Lassa virus antigens and Lassa virus-specific immunoglobulins G and M by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. J Clin Microbiol. 1984; 20: 239–44. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Jahrling P B, Niklasson B S, McCormick J B. Early diagnosis of human Lassa fever by ELISA detection of antigen and antibody. Lancet. 1985; 1: 250–2. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Livak K J, Flood S J, Marmaro J, Giusti W, Deetz K. Oligonucleotides with fluorescent dyes at opposite ends provide a quenched probe system useful for detecting PCR product and nucleic acid hybridization. PCR Methods Appl. 1995; 4: 357–62. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wittwer C T, Herrmann M G, Moss A A, Rasmussen R P. Continuous fluorescence monitoring of rapid cycle DNA amplification. Biotechniques. 1997; 22: 130–1, 34–8. [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drosten C, Kummerer B M, Schmitz H, Gunther S. Molecular diagnostics of viral hemorrhagic fevers. Antiviral Res. 2003; 57: 61–87. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwok S, Kellogg D E, McKinney N, Spasic D, Goda L, Levenson C, Sninsky J J. Effects of primer-template mismatches on the polymerase chain reaction: Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 model studies. Nucleic Acids Res. 1990; 18: 999–1005. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christopherson C, Sninsky J, Kwok S. The effects of internal primer-template mismatches on RT-PCR: HIV-1 model studies. Nucleic Acids Res. 1997; 25: 654–8. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poch O, Blumberg B M, Bougueleret L, Tordo N. Sequence comparison of five polymerases (L proteins) of unsegmented negative-strand RNA viruses: Theoretical assignment of functional domains. J Gen Virol. 1990; 71: 1153–62. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poch O, Sauvaget I, Delarue M, Tordo N. Identification of four conserved motifs among the RNA-dependent polymerase encoding elements. EMBO J. 1989; 8: 3867–74. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vieth S, Drosten C, Lenz O, Vincent M, Hass M, Becker-Ziaja B, ter Meulen J, Nichol S T, Schmitz H, Günther S. A reverse transcription PCR assay for detection of Lassa virus and related Old World arenaviruses targeting the L gene, submitted.
   Google Scholar
• Lozano M E, Posik D M, Albarino C G, Schujman G, Ghiringhelli P D, Calderon G, Sabattini M, Romanowski V. Characterization of arenaviruses using a family-specific primer set for RT-PCR amplification and RFLP analysis. Its potential use for detection of uncharacterized arenaviruses. Virus Res. 1997; 49: 79–89. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Drosten C, Panning M, Guenther S, Schmitz H. False-negative results of PCR assay with plasma of patients with severe viral hemorrhagic fever. J Clin Microbiol. 2002; 40: 4394–5. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell S W, McCormick J B. Physicochemical inactivation of Lassa, Ebola, Marburg viruses and effect on clinical laboratory analyses. J Clin Microbiol. 1984; 20: 486–9. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barber G N, Clegg J C, Chamberlain J. Expression of Lassa virus nucleocapsid protein segments in bacteria: Purification of high-level expression products and their application in antibody detection. Gene. 1987; 56: 137–44. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Barber G N, Clegg J C, Lloyd G. Expression of the Lassa virus nucleocapsid protein in insect cells infected with a recombinant baculovirus: Application to diagnostic assays for Lassa virus infection. J Gen Virol. 1990; 71: 19–28. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Elliott L H, McCormick J B, Johnson K M. Inactivation of Lassa, Marburg, and Ebola viruses by gamma irradiation. J Clin Microbiol. 1982; 16: 704–8. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huggins J W, Robins R K, Canonico P G. Synergistic antiviral effects of ribavirin and the C-nucleoside analogs tiazofurin and selenazofurin against togaviruses, bunyaviruses, and arenaviruses. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1984; 26: 476–80. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodriguez M, McCormick J B, Weissenbacher M C. Antiviral effect of ribavirin on Junin virus replication in vitro. Rev Argent Microbiol. 1986; 18: 69–74. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Burns N J, 3rd, Barnett B B, Huffman J H, Dawson M I, Sidwell R W, de, Clercq E, Kende M. A newly developed immunofluorescent assay for determining the Pichinde virus-inhibitory effects of selected nucleoside analogues. Antiviral Res. 1988; 10: 89–98. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Andrei G, de, Clercq E.. Inhibitory effect of selected antiviral compounds on arenavirus replication in vitro. Antiviral Res. 1990; 14: 287–99. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nair V, Ussery M A. New hypoxanthine nucleosides with RNA antiviral activity. Antiviral Res. 1992; 19: 173–8. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smee D F, Morris J L, Barnard D L, Van Aerschot A. Selective inhibition of arthropod-borne and arenaviruses in vitro by 3′-fluoro-3′-deoxyadenosine. Antiviral Res. 1992; 18: 151–62. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Andrei G, de, Clercq E. Molecular approaches for the treatment of hemorrhagic fever virus infections. Antiviral Res. 1993; 22: 45–75. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Candurra N A, Maskin L, Damonte E B. Inhibition of arenavirus multiplication in vitro by phenotiazines. Antiviral Res. 1996; 31: 149–58. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia C C, Candurra N A, Damonte E B. Antiviral and virucidal activities against arenaviruses of zinc-finger active compounds. Antivir Chem Chemother. 2000; 11: 231–7. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wachsman M B, Lopez E M, Ramirez J A, Galagovsky L R, Coto C E. Antiviral effect of brassinosteroids against herpes virus and arenaviruses. Antivir Chem Chemother. 2000; 11: 71–7. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartolotta S, Garcia C C, Candurra N A, Damonte E B. Effect of fatty acids on arenavirus replication: Inhibition of virus production by lauric acid. Arch Virol. 2001; 146: 777–90. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Ruiz-Jarabo C M, Ly C, Domingo E, de la, Torre J C. Lethal mutagenesis of the prototypic arenavirus lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV). Virology. 2003; 308: 37–47. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephen E L, Jahrling P B. Experimental Lassa fever virus infection successfully treated with ribavirin. Lancet. 1979; 1: 268–9. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Dvoretskaia V I, Evseev A A, Bogatikov G V, Pshenichnov V A. [Comparative evaluation of the antiviral efficacy of virazole and ribamidil in experimental Lassa fever in monkeys]. Vopr Virusol. 1990; 35: 151–2. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Crotty S, Maag D, Arnold J J, Zhong W, Lau J Y, Hong Z, Andino R, Cameron C E. The broad-spectrum antiviral ribonucleoside ribavirin is an RNA virus mutagen. Nat Med. 2000; 6: 1375–9. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crotty S, Cameron C E, Andino R. RNA virus error catastrophe: Direct molecular test by using ribavirin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2001; 98: 6895–900. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grande-Perez A, Sierra S, Castro M G, Domingo E, Lowenstein P R. Molecular indetermination in the transition to error catastrophe: Systematic elimination of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus through mutagenesis does not correlate linearly with large increases in mutant spectrum complexity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2002; 99: 12938–43. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Jahrling P B. Protection of Lassa virus-infected guinea pigs with Lassa-immune plasma of guinea pig, primate, and human origin. J Med Virol. 1983; 12: 93–102. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frame J D, Verbrugge G P, Gill R G, Pinneo L. The use of Lassa fever convalescent plasma in Nigeria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1984; 78: 319–24. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krasniaskii V P, Gradoboev V N, Borisevich I V, Potryvaeva N V, Lebedinskaia E V, Chernikova N K, Timan'kova G D. [Development and study of immunoglobulins against Lassa fever]. Vopr Virusol. 1997; 42: 71–4. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Ignatyev G, Steinkasserer A, Streltsova M, Atrasheuskaya A, Agafonov A, Lubitz W. Experimental study on the possibility of treatment of some hemorrhagic fevers. J Biotechnol. 2000; 83: 67–76. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lucia H L, Coppenhaver D H, Baron S. Arenavirus infection in the guinea pig model: Antiviral therapy with recombinant interferon-alpha, the immunomodulator CL246,738 and ribavirin. Antiviral Res. 1989; 12: 279–92. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Fisher-Hoch S P, McCormick J B. Towards a human Lassa fever vaccine. Rev Med Virol. 2001; 11: 331–41. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clegg J C, Lloyd G. Vaccinia recombinant expressing Lassa-virus internal nucleocapsid protein protects guineapigs against Lassa fever. Lancet. 1987; 2: 186–8. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrison H G, Bauer S P, Lange J V, Esposito J J, McCormick J B, Auperin D D. Protection of guinea pigs from Lassa fever by vaccinia virus recombinants expressing the nucleoprotein or the envelope glycoproteins of Lassa virus. Virology. 1989; 171: 179–88. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Auperin D D, Esposito J J, Lange J V, Bauer S P, Knight J, Sasso D R, McCormick J B. Construction of a recombinant vaccinia virus expressing the Lassa virus glycoprotein gene and protection of guinea pigs from a lethal Lassa virus infection. Virus Res. 1988; 9: 233–48. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pushko P, Geisbert J, Parker M, Jahrling P, Smith J. Individual and bivalent vaccines based on alphavirus replicons protect guinea pigs against infection with Lassa and Ebola viruses. J Virol. 2001; 75: 11677–85. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCormick J B, Mitchell S W, Kiley M P, Ruo S, Fisher-Hoch S P. Inactivated Lassa virus elicits a non protective immune response in rhesus monkeys. J Med Virol. 1992; 37: 1–7. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiley M P, Lange J V, Johnson K M. Protection of rhesus monkeys from Lassa virus by immunisation with closely related Arenavirus. Lancet. 1979; 2: 738, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Djavani M, Yin C, Xia L, Lukashevich I S, Pauza C D, Salvato M S. Murine immune responses to mucosally delivered Salmonella expressing Lassa fever virus nucleoprotein. Vaccine. 2000; 18: 1543–54. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Djavani M, Yin C, Lukashevich I S, Rodas J, Rai S K, Salvato M S. Mucosal immunization with Salmonella typhimurium expressing Lassa virus nucleocapsid protein cross-protects mice from lethal challenge with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. J Hum Virol. 2001; 4: 103–8. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lee K J, de la, Torre J C. Reverse genetics of arenaviruses. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2002; 262: 175–93. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer B J, de la, Torre J C, Southern P J. Arenaviruses: Genomic RNAs, transcription, and replication. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2002; 262: 139–57. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buchmeier M J. Arenaviruses: Protein structure and function. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2002; 262: 159–73. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oldstone M B. Biology and pathogenesis of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2002; 263: 83–117. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biron C A, Nguyen K B, Pien G C. Innate immune responses to LCMV infections: Natural killer cells and cytokines. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2002; 263: 7–27. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Slifka M K. Mechanisms of humoral immunity explored through studies of LCMV infection. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2002; 263: 67–81. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Homann D. Immunocytotherapy. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2002; 263: 43–65. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNally J M, Welsh R M. Bystander T cell activation and attrition. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2002; 263: 29–41. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Enria D A, Barrera Oro J G. Junin virus vaccines. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2002; 263: 239–61. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitton J L. Designing arenaviral vaccines. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2002; 263: 221–38. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Sevilla N, Domingo E, de la, Torre J C. Contribution of LCMV towards deciphering biology of quasispecies in vivo. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2002; 263: 197–220. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Evans C F, Redwine J M, Patterson C E, Askovic S, Rall G F. LCMV and the central nervous system: Uncovering basic principles of CNS physiology and virus-induced disease. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2002; 263: 177–95. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• von, Herrath M G. Regulation of virally induced autoimmunity and immunopathology: Contribution of LCMV transgenic models to understanding autoimmune insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2002; 263: 145–75
   Google Scholar
• Nguyen L T, Bachmann M F, Ohashi P S. Contribution of LCMV transgenic models to understanding T lymphocyte development, activation, tolerance, and autoimmunity. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2002; 263: 119–43. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Zinkernagel R M. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus and immunology. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2002; 263: 1–5. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar