268
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Invited Reviews

Mapping of audiometric analysis with microbiological findings in patients with chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM): a neglected clinical manifestation

, , &
Pages 212-232 | Received 01 Jul 2022, Accepted 09 Dec 2022, Published online: 05 Jan 2023

References

  • Morris P. Chronic suppurative otitis media. BMJ Clin Evid. 2012;2012:0507.
  • Acuin J. Chronic suppurative otitis media. Burden of illness and management options. Geneva: world Health Organization. 2004.
  • Clarke S, Richmond R, Worth H, et al. Effect of a participatory intervention in women’s self-help groups for the prevention of chronic suppurative otitis media in their children in jumla Nepal: a cluster-randomised trial. BMC Pediatr. 2019;19(1):1–10.
  • Parmar SM, Sood A, Chakkal HS. Prevalence of chronic suppurative otitis media in schoolgoing children. Indian J Otol. 2018;24(4):23–226.
  • Gopen Q. Pathology and clinical course of the inflammatory diseases of the Middle ear. In: Gulya AJ, Minor LB, Poe DS, editors. Glasscock-Shambaugh surgery of the ear. 6th ed. Shelton: People’s Medical House; 2010. pp. 427–428.
  • Mahdiani S, Lasminingrum L, Anugrah D. Management evaluation of patients with chronic suppurative otitis media: a retrospective study. Ann Med Surg. 2021;67:102492.
  • Monasta L, Ronfani L, Marchetti F, et al. Burden of disease caused by otitis media: systematic review and global estimates. PLoS One. 2012;7(4):e36226.
  • Li MG, Hotez PJ, Vrabec JT, et al. Is chronic suppurative otitis media a neglected tropical disease? PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2015;9(3):e0003485.
  • Mittal R, Lisi CV, Gerring R, et al. Current concepts in the pathogenesis and treatment of chronic suppurative otitis media. J Med Microbiol. 2015;64(10):1103–1116.
  • Gupta P, Varshney S, Kumar SK, et al. Chronic suppurative otitis media: a microbiological review of 20 years. Indian J Otol. 2020;26(2):59–67.
  • Mansour S, Al Shawabkeh MIA, Nicolas K, et al. Chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM). In: al-Qahtani A, Haidar H, Larem A, editors. Textbook of clinical otolaryngology. Cham: Springer; 2021. p. 63–76.
  • Bluestone CD, Klein JO. Otitis media in infants and children. 4th ed. Hamilton (Ontario): PMPH-USA; 2007.
  • Kong K, Coates HL. Natural history, definitions, risk factors and burden of otitis media. Med J Aust. 2009;191(S9):S39–S43.
  • Schilder AG, Chonmaitree T, Cripps AW, et al. Otitis media. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2016;2(1):1–18.
  • Sainudeen S, Asmi M, Pradeep M. Complex pneumosinus dilatans frontalis and CSOM associated with cranial fibrous dysplasia. J Radiol Clin Imag. 2021;4(3):113–124.
  • Wagh Kailash B, Ghule Shubhangi B, Karande GS, et al. Clinico-microbial profile of otomycosis in discharging otitis media in tertiary care hospital indian. J Pathol Microbiol. 2021;5(2):218–223.
  • Lieberthal AS, Carroll AE, Chonmaitree T, et al. The diagnosis and management of acute otitis media. Pediatrics. 2013;131(3):e964–e999.
  • Atkinson H, Wallis S, Coatesworth AP. Otitis media with effusion. Postgrad Med. 2015;127(4):381–385.
  • Singh GB, Malhotra S, Yadav SC, et al. The role of biofilms in chronic otitis media-active squamosal disease: an evaluative study. Otol Neurotol. 2021;42(9):e1279–e1285.
  • Verhoeff M, van der Veen EL, Rovers MM, et al. Chronic suppurative otitis media: a review. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2006;70(1):1–12.
  • Roland PS. The formation and management of Middle ear granulation tissue in chronic ear disease. Ear Nose Throat J. 2004;83(1 Suppl):5–8.
  • Haidar H, Sheikh R, Larem A, et al. Ossicular chain erosion in chronic suppurative otitis media. Otolaryngol. 2015;5(4):1000203.
  • Rout MR, Mohanty D, Vijaylaxmi Y, et al. Prevalence of cholesteatoma in chronic suppurative otitis media with Central perforation. Indian J Otol. 2012;18(1):7–10.
  • Khan A, Khan MI, Marwat M. Intracranial complications of chronic suppurative otitis media: clinical presentation and outcome of surgical procedures. Gomal J Med Sci. 2012;10(2):186–189.
  • Shariff M. Analysis of hearing loss by pure tone audiometry in patients with chronic suppurative otitis media. Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol. 2019;1:1–518.
  • Khatri VK, Siddiqui AH, Rahim DU, et al. Analysis of sensorineural hearing loss by pure tone audiometry in chronic suppurative otitis media. Ann Abbasi Shaheed Hosp Karachi Med Dent Coll. 2021;26(1):245–250.
  • Vaidya S, Sharma JK, Singh G. Study of outcome of tympanoplasties in relation to size and site of tympanic membrane perforation. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2014;66(3):341–346.
  • Alabbasi AM, Alsaimary IE, Najim JM. Prevalence and patterns of chronic suppurative otitis media and hearing impairment in Basrah city. J Med Med Sci. 2010;1(4):129–133.
  • Sandeep S, Raghavendra KS, Prakash BG, et al. How safe is safe ear?: a hospital based study. Int J Sci Study. 2014;2(2):31–34.
  • Manche SK, Madhavi J, Meganadh KR, et al. Association of tinnitus and hearing loss in otological disorders: a decade-long epidemiological study in a South indian population. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol. 2016;82(6):643–649.
  • Nagarajah D, Daud MKM, Salehuddin NS, et al. Tubotympanic cholesteatoma. Malays Fam Physician. 2021;16(3):123–125.
  • Rout MR, Das P, Mohanty D, et al. Ossicular chain defects in safe type of chronic suppurative otitis media. Indian J Otol. 2014;20(3):102–105.
  • Varshney S, Nangia A, Bist SS, et al. Ossicular chain status in chronic suppurative otitis media in adults. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2010;62(4):421–426.
  • Shaik A, Kulkarni NK, Hanumanthrao AVS. Clinical and radiological study of atticoantral type of chronic suppurative otitis media. J Med Dent Sci. 2020;9(51):3837–3841.
  • Si Y, Zhang ZG, Chen SJ, et al. Attenuated TLRs in Middle ear mucosa contributes to susceptibility of chronic suppurative otitis media. Hum Immunol. 2014;75(8):771–776.
  • Patel K, Shrimali G, Thakor N. A study of fungi isolated from cases of otitis media diagnosed at tertiary care hospital of Gujarat India. Int J Adv. Med. 2016;4:832–834.
  • Bizimana A, Hariharan M, Srinivasan V, et al. Microbiological profile of ear infection in a tertiary care hospital of Assam. European J Pharm Med Res. 2017;4(04):363–365.
  • Juyal D, Sharma M, Negi V, et al. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and its sensitivity spectrum in chronic suppurative otitis media: a study from garhwal hills of uttarakhand state, India. Indian J Otol. 2017;23(3):180–184.
  • Mittal S, Gill AK, Singh S, et al. Aerobic bacteriological profile in patients of otitis media. Indian J Basic Appl Med Res. 2018;8(1):401–407.
  • Rathi S, Jaiswal AA, Sharma N, et al. Bacteriological profile and drug sensitivity patterns in chronic suppurative otitis media patients at JLN hospital and research Centre, bhilai, Chhattisgarh state, India. IP Indian J Anat Surg Head Neck Brain. 2018;4:27–37.
  • Shilpa C, Sandeep S, Thanzeemunisa U, et al. Current microbiological trends of chronic suppurative otitis media in a tertiary care Centre, mysuru, India. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2019;71(Suppl 2):1449–1452.
  • Mahajan T, Dass A, Gupta N, et al. Bacteriological profile in attico-antral type of chronic suppurative otitis media. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2019;71(Suppl 2):1412–1421.
  • Chander VS, Kavinkumar A. Microbiological profile of chronic suppurative otitis media presenting to a tertiary care teaching hospital-A cross-sectional study. Int Arch Integr Med. 2019;6(5):5–11.
  • Kumar R, Singh G. Study of bacterial pathogens and antibiotic sensitivity pattern of ear infections in patients with chronic suppurative otitis media attending a tertiary care hospital in panipat, indian. JMSH. 2019b;05(02):19–23.
  • Kumar D, Agrawal A, Kumar S, et al. Study of the microbiological profile of CSOM in a tertiary care Centre of North India. IOSR J Dent Med Sci. 2019a;18:20–24.
  • Smitha NR, Jnaneshwara KB, Asha B, et al. A study of aerobic bacteriological profile of chronic suppurative otitis media in a tertiary care hospital, South India. Indian J Microbiol Res. 2020;5(4):470–475.
  • Das M, Mohanty D, Rao US. A study on the microbiology of chronic suppurative otitis media in a tertiary care hospital in South India. SJPM. 2020;5(9):399–402.
  • Edwin M, Pramodhini S, Karthikeyan P, et al. Microbial profile and antibiogram of bacteria isolated from chronic suppurative otitis media in a tertiary care hospital. Puducherry. J Krishna Inst Med Sci Univ. 2020;9(4):72–79.
  • Ghosh S, Banerjee S, Saha P, et al. Analysis of microbes and their sensitivity patterns in chronic otitis media in West Bengal. BJOHNS. 2020;28(2):166–171.
  • Garg A, Agarwal L, Gupta M, et al. A study on bacteriological profile and the antibiotic susceptibility pattern in cases of chronic suppurative otitis media in haroti region. Med J Dr D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth. 2021;15(1):27–31.
  • Gupta S, Kumbhat P. Microbiology of chronic otitis media and shifting trends of its antibiotic susceptibility: a prospective observational study in a tertiary care institute of Western Rajasthan. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2021;2021:1–6.
  • Alam M, Sultan A, Chandra K. Microbiological assessment of chronic otitis media: aerobic culture isolates and their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2021;73:1–7.
  • Vineetha M, Swapna L, Ambulla CK. Bacteriological study on chronic suppurative otitis media in a tertiary care hospital. J Microbiol. 2021;2(1):10–12.
  • Balan S, Viswanatha B. Microbiology of chronic suppurative otitis media: a prospective study in a tertiary care hospital. J Otolaryngol-ENT Res. 2017;9(1):568–570.
  • Shashikala BS, Deepthi P, Viswanatha B. Fungal flora in chronic suppurative otitis media: a prospective study in a tertiary care hospital. Res Otolaryngol. 2018;7(1):5–8.
  • Haneefa S, Raveendran G, Theodore RBJ. A prospective study on aetiological agents of acute and chronic suppurative otitis media. J Acad Clin Microbiol. 2015;17(1):25–28.
  • Agrawal R, Khatri P, Parihar R, et al. Microbial assessment of chronic suppurative otitis media in a tertiary care center of Rajasthan. Int J Health Sci Res. 2017;7(2):120–126.
  • Basnet R, Sharma S, Rana JC, et al. Bacteriological study of otitis media and its antibiotic susceptibility pattern. J Nepal Health Res Counc. 2017;15(2):124–129.
  • Dayasena RP, Dayasiri MBKC, Jayasuriya C, et al. Aetiological agents in chronic suppurative otitis media in Sri Lanka. Australas Med J. 2011;4(2):101–104.
  • Chirwa M, Mulwafu W, Aswani JM, et al. Microbiology of chronic suppurative otitis media at queen elizabeth Central hospital, Blantyre, Malawi: a cross-sectional descriptive study. Malawi. Mal Med J. 1970;27(4):120–124.
  • Molla R, Tiruneh M, Abebe W, et al. Bacterial profile and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns in chronic suppurative otitis media at the university of gondar comprehensive specialized hospital, northwest Ethiopia. BMC Res Notes. 2019;12(1):1–6.
  • Khalil A, Mir A, Jan M, et al. Prevalence of bacteria in chronic suppurative otitis media patients and their sensitivity patterns against various antibiotics in human population of gilgit. Pak J Zool. 2013;45(6):1647–1653.
  • Mofatteh MR, Moghaddam FS, Yousefi M, et al. A study of bacterial pathogens and antibiotic susceptibility patterns in chronic suppurative otitis media. J Laryngol Otol. 2018;132(1):41–45.
  • Uddén F, Filipe M, Reimer Å, et al. Aerobic bacteria associated with chronic suppurative otitis media in Angola. Infect Dis Poverty. 2018;7(1):42.
  • Shumi RN, Siddiqe A, Akter A. Microbiological study of chronic suppurative otitis media. Bangladesh Med J. 2019;46(2):7–9.
  • Kazeem MJ, Aiyeleso R. Current bacteriological profile of chronic suppurative otitis media in a tertiary facility of Northern Nigeria. Indian J Otol. 2016;22(3):157–161.
  • Brook I. Anaerobic infections: diagnosis and management. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2007.
  • O S, K R L SK. Study of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria in chronic suppurative otitis media. jebmh. 2015;2(17):2501–2505.
  • Maji PK, Chatterjee TK, Chatterjee S, et al. The investigation of bacteriology of chronic suppurative otitis media in patients attending a tertiary care hospital with special emphasis on seasonal variation. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2007;59(2):128–131.
  • Deshmukh KA, Manthale D. Prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from chronic suppurative otitis media. Int J Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2016;3(1):56–60.
  • Prakash R, Juyal D, Negi V, et al. Microbiology of chronic suppurative otitis media in a tertiary care setup of uttarakhand state, India. N Am J Med Sci. 2013;5(4):282–287.
  • Adebola SO, Ologe FE, Alabi BS, et al. Profile of anaerobic bacteriology of Middle ear aspirates in a developing country: does immunocompromise play a role? Anaerobe. 2014;26:31–35.
  • Vishwanath S, Mukhopadhyay C, Prakash R, et al. Chronic suppurative otitis media: optimizing initial antibiotic therapy in a tertiary care setup. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2012;64(3):285–289.
  • Hiremath B, Mudhol RS, Vagrali MA. Bacteriological profile and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern in chronic suppurative otitis media: a 1-year cross-sectional study. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2019;71(S2):1221–1226. 2019
  • Choi W, Choe S, Lau GW. Inactivation of FOXA2 by respiratory bacterial pathogens and dysregulation of pulmonary mucus homeostasis. Front Immunol. 2020;11:515.
  • Morin CD, Déziel E, Gauthier J, et al. An organ system-based synopsis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence. Virulence. 2021;12(1):1469–1507.
  • MacArthur CJ, Hefeneider SH, Kempton JB, et al. C3H/HeJ mouse model for spontaneous chronic otitis media. Laryngoscope. 2006;116(7):1071–1079.
  • Khuris Al-Kilabi AA, Al-Turaihi TS, Al Mohammed HS. Molecular detection of quorum sensing genes in Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from CSOM patients and their relationship to biofilm ability. Eur Asian J BioSci. 2020;14(2):4929–4934.
  • Mittal R, Lisi CV, Kumari H, et al. Otopathogenic Pseudomonas aeruginosa enters and survives inside macrophages. Front Microbiol. 2016;7:1828.
  • Mittal R, Debs LH, Patel AP, et al. Otopathogenic Staphylococcus aureus invades human Middle ear epithelial cells primarily through cholesterol dependent pathway. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):1–10.
  • Kaur H, Kaur A, Soni SK, et al. Microbially-derived cocktail of carbohydrases as an anti-biofouling agents: a ‘green approach. Biofouling. 2022;38(5):455–481.
  • Vijayasekaran S, Coates H. Bacterial biofilm in the Middle ear. In: Lim, D, Bluestone, C, Casselbrant, M, editors. Recent advances in otitis media: proceedings of the eighth international symposium. Hamilton: BC Decker; 2003. p. 115–118.
  • Homøe P, Bjarnsholt T, Wessman M, et al. Morphological evidence of biofilm formation in greenlanders with chronic suppurative otitis media. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2009;266(10):1533–1538.
  • Jensen RG, Johansen HK, Bjarnsholt T, et al. Recurrent otorrhea in chronic suppurative otitis media: is biofilm the missing link? Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2017;274(7):2741–2747.
  • Khomtchouk KM, Kouhi A, Santa Maria P. The role of neutrophils in Pseudomonas aeruginosa chronic suppurative otitis media. J Immunol. 2019;202(1Supplement):190.
  • Ralte Z, Naina P, Amladi A, et al. Determination of biofilm-forming capacity of otopathogens isolated from discharging ears in children with chronic otitis media. Indian J Med Microbiol. 2019;37(3):442–445.
  • Khomtchouk KM, Kouhi A, Xia A, et al. A novel mouse model of chronic suppurative otitis media and its use in preclinical antibiotic evaluation. Sci Adv. 2020;6(33):eabc1828.
  • Dohar JE, Hebda PA, Veeh R, et al. Mucosal biofilm formation on Middle‐ear mucosa in a nonhuman primate model of chronic suppurative otitis media. Laryngoscope. 2005;115(8):1469–1472.
  • Bhutta MF, Thornton RB, Kirkham LAS, et al. Understanding the aetiology and resolution of chronic otitis media from animal and human studies. Dis Model Mech. 2017;10(11):1289–1300.
  • Wang AY, Shen Y, Wang JT, et al. Animal models of chronic tympanic membrane perforation: a ‘time-out’to review evidence and standardize design. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2014;78(12):2048–2055.
  • Khomtchouk KM, Joseph LI, Khomtchouk BB, et al. Treatment with a neutrophil elastase inhibitor and ofloxacin reduces P. aeruginosa burden in a mouse model of chronic suppurative otitis media. Npj Biofilms Microbiomes. 2021;7(1):1–8.
  • Yorgancılar E, Yıldırım M, Gun R, et al. Complications of chronic suppurative otitis media: a retrospective review. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2013;270(1):69–76.
  • Akinpelu OV, Amusa YB, Komolafe EO, et al. Challenges in management of chronic suppurative otitis media in a developing country. J Laryngol Otol. 2008;122(1):16–20.
  • Islam MR, Taous A, Hossain MM, et al. Comparative study of tubotympanic and atticoantral variety of chronic suppurative otitis media. Bangladesh J Otorhinolaryngol. 1970;16(2):113–119.
  • Ashraf M, Gupta A, Al Jabr I. Otogenic intracranial complications-A case series. Int Arch BioMed Clin Res. 2017;3(2):32–36.
  • Sun J, Sun J. Intracranial complications of chronic otitis media. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2014;271(11):2923–2926.
  • Uddin MN, Islam MS, Hossen MD, et al. Study of antibiotic sensitivity of aural swab and aetiological factors of chronic otitis media-active mucosal type. Bangladesh J Otorhinolaryngol. 2021;27(2):111–116.
  • Shoaib M, Muammil I, Hammad M, et al. A mini-review on commonly used biochemical tests for identification of bacteria. Int J Sci Res Publ. 2020;54(1):2708–3578.
  • Rifai N. Tietz textbook of clinical chemistry and molecular diagnostics. The Netherlands: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2017.
  • Singhal N, Kumar M, Kanaujia PK, et al. MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry: an emerging technology for microbial identification and diagnosis. Front Microbiol. 2015;6:791.
  • Janda JM, Abbott SL. 16S rRNA gene sequencing for bacterial identification in the diagnostic laboratory: pluses, perils, and pitfalls. J Clin Microbiol. 2007;45(9):2761–2764.
  • Sunita M, Sambandan AP. Importance of Pre-Operative HRCT temporal bone in chronic suppurative otitis media. J Otolaryngo-Head N. 2015;9(1):10–13.
  • Happani H, Kalola J, Rathod H, et al. Role of HRCT temporal bone in patients with chronic supparative otitis media. Radiology. 2018;3(3):C70–C72.
  • Franks JR. Hearing measurement. In: Goelzer B, Hansen CH, Sehrndt GA, editors. Occupational exposure to noise: evaluation, prevention and control. Geneva: world Health Organisation; 2001. p. 183.
  • Mansour S, Magnan J, Nicolas K, et al. Chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM): a Middle ear mucosal disease. In: Middle ear diseases. Cham: Springer; 2018. p. 205–274.
  • Muftah S, Mackenzie I, Faragher B, et al. Prevalence of chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) and associated hearing impairment among school-aged children in Yemen. Oman Med J. 2015;30(5):358–365.
  • Lasisi AO, Sulaiman OA, Afolabi OA. Socio-economic status and hearing loss in chronic suppurative otitis media in Nigeria. Ann Trop Paediatr. 2007;27(4):291–296.
  • Kamal N, Joarder AH, Chowdhury AA, et al. Prevalence of chronic suppurative otitis media among the children living in two selected slums of Dhaka city. Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull. 2004;30(3):95–104.
  • Bhutta MF, Head K, Chong LY, et al. Aural toilet (ear cleaning) for chronic suppurative otitis media. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020;124(9):CD013057.
  • Choi HG, Park KH, Park SN, et al. The appropriate medical management of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in chronic suppurative otitis media. Acta Otolaryngol. 2010;130(1):42–46.
  • Head K, Chong LY, Bhutta MF, et al. Topical antiseptics for chronic suppurative otitis media (protocol). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018;(6):1–26.
  • Bala S, Fiaz S. A case study on the efficacy of samudraphena churna in the management of karnasrava (CSOM). World J Pharm Res. 2019;8(7):1719–1724.
  • Daniel SJ. Topical treatment of chronic suppurative otitis media. Curr Infect Dis Rep. 2012;14(2):121–127.
  • Adriztina I, Adenin LI, Lubis YM. Efficacy of boric acid as a treatment of choice for chronic suppurative otitis media and its ototoxicity. Korean J Fam Med. 2018;39(1):2–9.
  • Gupta C, Agrawal A, Gargav ND. Role of acetic acid irrigation in medical management of chronic suppurative otitis media: a comparative study. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2015;67(3):314–318.
  • Chong LY, Head K, Webster KE, et al. Systemic antibiotics for chronic suppurative otitis media. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021;2(2):CD013053.
  • Reller LB, Weinstein M, Jorgensen JH, et al. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing: a review of general principles and contemporary practices. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;49(11):1749–1755.
  • van Belkum A, Burnham CAD, Rossen JW, et al. Innovative and rapid antimicrobial susceptibility testing systems. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2020;18(5):299–311.
  • Bhadra AK, Sahu SC, Dhal NK. Indigenous herbal treatment for chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) among kondh tribe of bolangir district, odisha, India: a case study. Biohelica. 2010;1(1):38–40.
  • Nhan C, Bezdjian A, Saha S, et al. Safety of transtympanic application of probiotics in a chinchilla animal model. J Otolaryngo-Head N. 2017;46(1):1–6.
  • Merkus P, Kemp P, Ziylan F, et al. Classifications of mastoid and Middle ear surgery: a scoping review. J Int Adv Otol. 2018;14(2):227–232.
  • Naderpour M, Moghadam YJ, Ghanbarpour E, et al. Evaluation of factors affecting the surgical outcome in tympanoplasty. Iran J Otorhinolaryngol. 2016;28(85):99–104.
  • Gamra OB, Nacef I, Abid W, et al. Myringoplasty in children: our results. Egypt J Ear Nose Throat Allie. 2015;16(1):41–46.
  • Yurttaş V, Ural A, Kutluhan A, et al. Factors that may affect graft success in tympanoplasty with mastoidectomy. ENT Updates. 2015;5(1):9–12.
  • Isaacson G, Melaku A. Results of pediatric tympanoplasty on short‐term surgical missions. Laryngoscope. 2016;126(6):1464–1469.
  • Hassen SM, Yesuf SA, Fröschl U, et al. The success rate of tympanoplasty in chronic suppurative otitis media patients: a retrospective study. J Otol Rhinol. 2021;10(3):1–5.
  • Frade González C, Castro Vilas C, Cabanas Rodríguez E, et al. Prognostic factors influencing anatomic and functional outcome in myringoplasty. Acta Otorrinolaringol Esp. 2002;53(10):729–735.
  • Janitra SN. Success rate of intact canal wall tympanoplasty in safe type of chronic suppurative otitis media’ patients. Indian J Forensic Med Toxicol. 2021;15(4):2626–2633.
  • Dave V, Ruparel M. Correlation of eustachian tube dysfunction with results of tympanoplasty in mucosal type of chronic suppurative otitis media. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2019;71(1):10–13.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.