References
- Bagavandoss P, Wilks JW. Specific inhibiton of endothelial proliferation by thrombospondin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1990; 170: 867–872.
- Lahav J, Dardik R Stein O. Endothelial thrombospondin and its possible role in cell adhesion. Sem Thromb Hemost 1987; 13: 352–360.
- Poston RN, Johnson-Tidey RR. Localized adhesion of monocytes to human atherosclerotic plaques demonstrated in vivo. Am J Pathol 1996; 149: 73–80.
- Hegele RA. The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Clin Chim Acta 1996; 246: 21–38.
- Libby P. Pathogenesis of atherosclerosis: cellular interactions. In: Loscalzo J, Creager MA Dzau VJ, eds. Vascular Medicine: A textbook of vascular biology and disease 2nd ed. Pp. 297-306. Boston: Little and Brown, 1996.
- Virchow R. Phologose und Thrombose im Gefasssystem, gesammelte abhandlungen zur wissenschaftlichen Medicin. Frankfurt-am-Main: Meidinger Sohn and Company, 1856, p. 458.
- Jonasson L, Holm J, Skalli O, et al. Regional accumulations of T cells, macroph-ages, and smooth muscle cells in the human atherosclerotic plaque. Arteriosclerosis 1986; 6: 131–8.
- Hansson GK, Seifert PS, Olsson G, et al. Immunohistochemical detection of macrophages and T lymphocytes in atherosclerotic lesions of cholesterol-fed rabbits. Arterioscler Thromb 1991; 11: 745–50.
- Ross R, Glomset JA. The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. N Engl J Med 1976; 295: 369-377, 420–5.
- Ross R, Harker L. Hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis. Chronic hyperlipidemia initiates and maintains lesions by endothelial cell desquamation and lipid accumulation. Science 1976; 193: 1094–100.
- Ross R. Atherosclerosis: a problem of the biology of arterial wall cells and their interactions with blood components. Arteriosclerosis 1981; 1: 293–311.
- Ross R. The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis — an update. N Engl J Med 1986; 314: 488–500.
- Ross R. Pathogenesis of atherosclerosis: a perspective for the 1990s. Nature 1993; 362: 801–9.
- Gown AM, Tsukada T Ross R. Human atherosclerosis. II. Immunocytochemical analysis of the cellular composition of human atherosclerotic lesions. Am J Pathol 1986; 125: 191–207.
- Gerrity RG. The role of the monocyte in atherogenesis. I. Transition of blood-borne monocytes into foam cells in fatty lesions. Am J Pathol 1981; 103: 181–90.
- Clinton SK, Underwood R, Hayes L, et al. Macrophage-colony stimulating factor gene expression in vascular cells and in experimental and human atherosclerosis. Am J Pathol 1992; 140: 301–16.
- Feldman DL, Hoff HF Gerrity RG. Immunohistochemical localization of apoprotein B in aortas from hyperlipemic swine. Preferential accumulation in lesion-prone areas. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1984; 108: 817–22.
- Steinberg D, Parthasarathy S, Carew TE, et al. Beyond cholesterol. Modifications of low-density lipoprotein that increase its atherogenicity. N Engl J Med 1989; 320: 915–24.
- Bocan TMA, Guyton JR. Human aortic fibrolipid lesions. Progenitor-lesions for fibrous plaques, exhibiting early formation of the cholesterol-rich core. Am J Pathol 1985; 120: 193–206
- Bocan TMA, Schifani TA Guyton JR. Ultrastructure of the human aortic fibrolipid lesion. Formation of the atherosclerotic lipid-rich core. Am J Pathol 1986; 123: 413–24.
- Ross R, Wight TN, Strandness E, et al. Human atherosclerosis. I. Cell constitution and characteristics of advanced lesions of the superficial femoral artery. Am J Pathol 1984; 114: 79–93.
- Faggiotto A, Ross R. Studies of hypercholesterolemia in the nonhuman primate. II. Fatty streak conversion to fibrous plaque. Arteriosclerosis 1984; 4: 341–356.
- Menger MD, Vollmar B. Adhesion molecules as determinants of disease: from molecular biology to surgical research. Br J Surg 1996; 83: 588–601.
- Bevilacqua MP, Nelson RM, Mannori G, et al. Endothelial-leukocyte adhesion molecules in human disease. Annu Rev Med 1994; 45: 361–78.
- Hynes RO. Integrins: a family of cell surface receptors. Cell 1987; 48: 549–54.
- Hynes RO. Integrins: versatility, modulation, and signaling in cell adhesion. Cell 1992; 69: 11–25.
- Bochner BS, Luscinskas FW, Gimbrone Jr. MA, et al. Adhesion of human basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils to interleukin 1-activated human vascular endothelial cells: contributionsof endothelial cell adhesion molecules. J Exp Med 1991; 173: 1553–6.
- Weller PF, Rand TH, Goelz SE, et al. Human eosinophil adherence to vascular endothelium mediated by binding to vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 and endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule 1. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991; 88: 7430–3.
- Carlos T, Kovach N, Schwartz B, et al. Human monocytes bind to two cytokine-induced adhesive ligands on cultured human endothelial cells: endothelial-leukocyte adhesion molecule-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1. Blood 1991; 77: 2266–71.
- Jang Y, Lincoff AM, Plow EF, et al. Cell adhesion molecules in coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 1994; 24: 1591–601.
- Arnaout MA. Structure and function of the leukocyte adhesion molecules CD11/ CD18. Blood 1990; 75: 1037–50.
- Rothlein R, Dustin ML, Marlin SD, et al. A human intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM-1) distinct from LFA-1. J Immunol 1986; 137: 1270–4.
- van der Wal AC, Das PK, Tigges AJ, et al. Adhesion molecules on the endot-helium and mononuclear cells in human atherosclerotic lesions. Am J Pathol 1992; 141: 1427–33.
- Staunton DE, Dustin ML, Erickson HP, et al. The arrangement of the immuno-globulin-like domains of ICAM-1 and the binding sites for LFA-1 and rhinovi-rus. Cell 1990; 61: 243–254.
- Diamond MS, Staunton DE, de Fougerolles AR, et al. ICAM-1 (CD54): a counter-receptor for Mac-1 (CD11b/CD18). J Cell Biol 1990; 111: 3129–39.
- Duperray A, Languino LR, Plescia J, et al. Molecular identification of a novel fibrinogen binding site on the first domain of ICAM-1 regulating leukocyte-endothelium bridging. J Biol Chem 1997; 272: 435–41.
- Staunton DE, Dustin ML Springer TA. Functional cloning of ICAM-2, a cell adhesion ligand for LFA-1 homologous to ICAM-1. Nature 1989; 339: 61–4.
- Nortamo P, Li R, Renkonen R, et al. The expression of human intercellular adhesion molecule-2 is refractory to inflammatory cytokines. Eur J Immunol 1991; 21: 2629–32.
- Hession C, Tizard R, Vassallo C, et al. Cloning of an alternate form of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1). J Biol Chem 1991; 266: 6682–5.
- Cybulsky MI, Fries JWU, Williams AJ, et al. Alternative splicing of human VCAM-1 in activated vascular endothelium. Am J Pathol 1991; 138: 815–20.
- Cybulsky MI, Fries JWU, Williams AJ, et al. Gene structure, chromosomal location, and basis for alternative mRNA splicing of the human VCAM1 gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991; 88: 7859–63.
- O’Brien KD, Allen MD McDonald TO. Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 is expressed in human coronary atherosclerotic plaques. J Clin Invest 1993; 92: 945–51.
- Carlos TM, Schwartz BR, Kovach NL, et al. Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 mediates lymphocyte adherence to cytokine-activated cultured human endot-helial cells. Blood 1990; 76: 965–70.
- Osborn L, Hession C, Tizard R, et al. Direct expression cloning of vascular cell adhesion molecule 1, a cytokine-induced endothelial protein that binds to lymphocytes. Cell 1989; 59: 1203–11.
- Liaw CW, Cannon C, Power MD, et al. Identification and cloning of two species of adherins in bovine endothelial cells. EMBO J 1990; 9: 2701–8.
- Lampugnani MG, Resnati M, Raiteri M, et al. A novel endothelial-specific membrane protein is a marker of cell-cell contacts. J Cell Biol 1992; 118: 1511–22.
- Bevilacqua MP, Pober JS, Mendrick DL, et al. Identification of an inducible endothelial-leukocyte adhesion molecule. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1987; 84: 9238–42.
- Pober JS, Bevilacqua MP, Mendrick DL, et al. Two distinct monokines, interleukin 1 and tumor necrosis factor, each independently induce biosynthesis and transient expression of the same antigen on the surface of cultured human vascular endothelial cells. J Immunol 1986; 136: 1680–7.
- Bevilacqua MP, Stengelin S, Gimbrone Jr. MA, et al. Endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecules 1: an inducible receptor for neutrophils related to complement regulatory proteins and lectins. Science 1989; 243: 1160–4.
- Picker LJ, Kishimoto TK, Smith CW, et al. ELAM-1 is an adhesion molecule for skin-homing cells T cells. Nature 1991; 349: 796–9.
- Ley K, Bullard DC, Arbonés ML, et al. Sequential contribution of L- and P-selectin to leukocyte rolling in vivo. J Exp Med 1995; 181: 669–75.
- Johnson RC, Chapman SM, Dong ZM, et al. Absence of P-selectin delays fatty streak formation in mice. J Clin Invest 1997; 99: 1037–43.
- Vora DK, Fang Z-T, Liva SM, et al. Induction of P-selectin by oxidized lipopro-teins. Circ Res 1997; 80: 810–8.
- Atherton A, Born GVR. Quantitative investigations of the adhesiveness of circulating polymorphonuclear leukocytes to blood vessel walls. J Physiol (London) 1972; 222: 447–74.
- Ley K, Gaehtgens P. Endothelial, not hemodynamic, differences are responsible for preferential leukocyte rolling in rat mesenteric venules. Circ Res 1991; 69: 1034–41.
- Lawrence MB, Springer TA. Leukocytes roll on a selectin at physiologic flow rates: distinction from and prerequisite for adhesion through integrins. Cell 1991; 65: 859–73.
- Zimmerman GA, Prescott SM McIntyre TM. Endothelial cell interactions with granulocytes: tethering and signaling molecules. Immunol Today 1992; 13: 93–100.
- Oppenheimer-Marks N, Davis LS, Bogue DT, et al. Differential utilization of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 during the adhesion and transendothelial migration of human T lymphocytes. J Immunol 1991; 147: 2913–21.
- Gimbrone Jr. MA, Nagel T Topper JN. Biomechanical activation: an emerging paradigm in endothelial adhesion biology. J Clin Invest 1997; 99: 1809–13.
- Cybulsky MI, Gimbrone Jr. MA. Endothelial expression of a mononuclear leukocyte adhesion molecule during atherogenesis. Science 1991; 251: 788–91.
- Walpola PL, Gotlieb AI, Cybulsky MI, et al. Expression of ICAM-1 and CAM-1 and monocyte adherence in arteries exposed to altered shear stress. Arterioscler Throm Vasc Biol 1995; 15: 2–10.
- Davies PF. Flow-mediated endothelial mechanotransduction. Physiol Rev 1995; 75: 519–60.
- Nagel T, Resnick N, Atkinson WJ, et al. Shear stress selectively upregulates intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression in cultured human vascular endo-thelial cells. J Clin Invest 1994; 94: 885–891.
- Poole JCF, Florey HW. Changes in the endothelium of the aorta and the behaviour of macrophages in experimental atheroma of rabbits. J Pathol Bacteriol 1958; 75: 245–53.
- Gerrity RG, Naito HK, Richardson M, et al. Dietary-induced atherogenesis in swine: Morphology of the intima in prelesion stages. Am J Pathol 1979; 95: 775–92.
- Joris I, Zand T, Nunnari JJ, et al. Studies on the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. I. Adhesion and emigration of mononuclear cells in the aorta of hypercholester-olemic rats. Am J Pathol 1983; 113: 341–58.
- Faggiotto A, Ross R Harker L. Studies of hypercholesterolemia in the nonhuman primate. I. Changes that lead to fatty streak formation. Arteriosclerosis 1984; 4: 323–40.
- Gimbrone Jr. MA, Bevilacqua PM Cybulsky MI. Endothelial-dependent mechanisms of leukocyte adhesion in inflammation and atherosclerosis. Ann NY Acad Sci 1990; 598: 77–85.
- Cybulsky MI, Gimbrone Jr. MA. Endothelial expression of a mononuclear leukocyte adhesion molecule during atherogenesis. Science 1991; 251: 788–91.
- Li H, Cybulsky MI, Gimbrone Jr. MA, et al. An atherogenic diet rapidly induces ICAM-1, a cytokine regulatable mononuclear leukocyte adhesion molecule, in rabbit aortic endothelium. Arterioscler Thromb 1993; 13: 197–204.
- Poston RN, Haskard DO, Coucher JR, et al. Expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in atherosclerotic plaques. Am J Pathol 1992; 140: 665–73.
- Blann AD, McCollum CN. Circulating endothelial cell/leukocyte adhesion molecules in atherosclerosis. Thromb Haemost 1994; 72: 151–4.
- Haught WH, Mansour M, Rothlein R, et al. Alteration in circulating intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and L-selectin: further evidence for chronic inflammation in ischemic heart disease. Am Heart J 1996; 132: 1–8.
- O’Brian KD, Allen MD, McDonald TO, et al. Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 is expressed in human coronary atherosclerotic plaques: implications for the mode of progression of advanced coronary atherosclerosis. J Clin Invest 1993; 92: 945–51.
- O’Brian KD, McDonald TO, Chait A, et al. Neovascular expression of E-selectin, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 in human atherosclerosis and their relation to intimal leukocyte content. Circulation 1996; 93: 672–82.
- Gerrity RG. The role of the monoycte in atherogenesis. II. Migration of foam cells from atherosclerotic lesions. Am J Pathol 1981; 103: 191–200.
- Gray JL, Shankar R. Down regulation of CD11b and CD18 expression in atherosclerotic lesion-derived macrophages. Am Surgeon 1995; 61: 674–9.
- Kim JA, Territo MC, Wayner E, et al. Partial characterization of leukocyte binding molecules on endothelial cells induced by minimally oxidized LDL. Arterioscler Thromb 1994; 14: 427–33.
- McEvoy LM, Sun H, Tsao PS, et al. Novel vascular molecule involved in monocyte adhesion to aortic endothelium in models of atherogenesis. J Exp Med 1997; 185: 2069–77.
- McEvoy LM, Jutila MA Tsao PS. Anti-CD43 inhibits monocyte-endothelial adhesion in inflammation and atherogenesis. Blood 1997; 90: 3587–94.
- Dustin ML, Rothlein R, Bhan AK et al. Induction by IL-1 and interferon-g: tissue distribution, biochemistry, and function of a natural adherence molecule (ICAM-1). J Immunol 1986; 137: 245–54.
- Bradley JR, Pober JS. Prolonged cytokine exposure causes a dynamic redistribution of endothelial cell adhesion molecules to intercellular junctions. Lab Invest 1996; 75: 463–72.
- Ritchie AJ, Johnson DR, Ewenstein BM, et al. Tumor necrosis factor induction of endothelial cell surface antigens is independent of protein kinase C activation or inactivation. J Immunol 1991; 146: 3056–62.
- Marui N, Offermann MK, Swerlick R, et al. Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) gene transcription and expression are regulated through an antioxi-dant-sensitive mechansim in human vascular endothelial cells. J Clin Invest 1993; 92: 1866–74.
- Weber C, Erl W, Pietsch A, et al. Antioxidants inhibit monocyte adhesion by suppressing nuclear factor-kappa B mobilization and induction of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 in endothelial cells stimulated to generate radicals. Arterioscler Thromb 1994; 14: 1665–73.
- Iwasaki T, Uehara Y, Graves L, et al. Herbimycin A blocks IL-1-induced NF-kB DNA-binding activity in lymphoid cell lines. FEBS Lett 1992; 298: 240–5.
- Palmer-Crocker RL, Pober JS. IL-4 induction of VCAM-1 on endothelial cells involves activation of a protein tyrosine kinase. J Immunol 1995; 154: 2838–45.
- Weber C, Negrescu E, Erl W, et al. Inhibitors of protein tyrosine kinase suppress TNF-stimulated induction of endothelial cell adhesion molecules. J Immunol 1995; 155: 445–51.
- Meichle A, Schütze S, Hensel G, et al. Protein kinase C-independent activation of nuclear factor kB by tumor necrosis factor. J Biol Chem 1990; 265: 8339–43.
- Weber C. Involvement of tyrosine phosphorylation in endothelial adhesion molecule induction. Immunol Res 1996; 15: 30–7.
- May MJ, Wheeler-Jones CP, Pearson JD. Effects of protein tyrosine kinase inhibitors on cytokine-induced adhesion molecule expression by human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Br J Pharmacol 1996; 118: 1761–71.
- Pietersma A, Tilly BC, Gaestel M, et al. P38 mitogen activated protein kinase regulates endothelial VCAM-1 expression at the post-transcriptional level. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1997; 230: 44–8.
- Cathcart MK, Morel DW Chisolm III GM. Monocytes and neutrophils oxidize low density lipoprotein making it cytotoxic. J Leukoc Biol 1985; 38: 341–50.
- Steinberg D. Antioxidants and atherosclerosis. A current assessment. Circulation 1991; 84: 1420–5.
- Territo MC, Berliner JA, Almada L, et. al. b-Very low density lipoprotein pretreatment of endothelial monolayers increases monocyte adhesion. Arteriosclerosis 1989; 9: 824–8.
- Steinberg D. Modified forms of low-density lipoprotein and atherosclerosis. J Intern Med 1993; 233: 227–32.
- Westhuyzen J. The oxidation hypothesis in atherosclerosis: an update. Ann Clin Lab Sci 1997; 27: 1–11.
- Lehr HA, Kröber M, Hübner C, et al. Stimulation of leukocyte/endothelium interaction by oxidized low-density lipoprotein in hairless mice. Involvement of CD11b/CD18 adhesion receptor complex. Lab Invest 1993; 68: 388–95.
- Pober JS, Gimbrone Jr. MA, Lapierre LA, et al. Overlapping patterns of activation of human endothelial cells by interleukin 1, tumor necrosis factor, and immune interferon. J Immunol 1986; 137: 1893–6.
- Kume N, Cybulsky MI, Gimbrone Jr. MA. Lysophosphatidylcholine, a component of atherogenic lipoprotein, induces mononuclear leukocyte adhesion molecules in cultured human and rabbit arterial endothelial cells. J Clin Invest 1992; 90: 1138–44.
- Wenzel K, Felix S Kleber FX. E-selectin polymorphism and atherosclerosis: an association study. Hum Mol Genet 1994; 3: 1935–7.
- Wenzel K, Ernst M, Rohde K, et al. DNA polymorphisms in adhesion molecule genes-a new risk factor for early atherosclerosis. Hum Genet 1996; 97: 15–20.
- Vora DK, Rosenbloom CL, Beaudet AL, et al. Polymorphisms and linkage analysis for ICAM-1 and the selectin gene cluster. Genomics 1994; 221: 473–7.
- Kannel WB, Schwartz MJ McNamara PM. Blood pressure and risk of coronary heart disease: theFramingham study. Dis Chest 1969; 56: 43–52.
- Garrison FJ, Kannel WB, Feinleib M, et al. Cigarette smoking and HDL cholesterol: the Framingham offsping study. Atherosclerosis 1978; 30: 17–25.
- Kannel WB. Lipids, diabetes and coronary heart disease: insights from the Framingham study. Am Heart J 1985; 110: 1100–7.
- Tropea BI, Huie P, Cooke JP, et al. Hypertension-enhanced monocyte adhesion in experimental atherosclerosis. J Vasc Surg 1996; 23: 596–605.
- Blann AD, Waite MA. Von Willebrand factor and soluble E-selectin in hypertension: influence of treatment and value in predicting the progression of atherosclerosis. Coron Artery Dis 1996; 7: 143–7.
- Dalekos GN, Elisaf M, Bairaktari E, et al. Increased serum levels of interleukin-1b in the systemic circulation of patients with essential hypertension: additional risk factor for atherogenesis in hypertensive patients? J Lab Clin Med 1997; 129: 300–8.
- Rossi V, Breviario F, Ghezzi P, et al. A prostacyclin synthesis induced in vascular cells by interleukin-1. Science 1985; 229: 174–6.
- Libby P, Warner SJC, Friedman GB. Interleukin-1: a mitogen for human vascular smooth muscle cells that induces the release of growth-inhibitory prostanoids. J Clin Invest 1988; 81: 487–98.
- Dinarello CA, Wolff SM. The role of IL-1 in disease. N Engl J Med 1993; 328: 106–13.
- Komatsu S, Panés J, Russell JM, et al. Effects of chronic arterial hypertension on constitutive and induced intercelluar adhesion molecule-1 expression in vivo. Hypertension 1997; 29: 683–9.
- Cronstein BN, Kimmel SC, Levin RI, et al. A mechanism for the antiinflamma-tory effects of corticosteroids: the glucocorticoid receptor regulates leukocyte adhesion to endothelial cell and expression of endothelial-leukocyte adhesion molecule-1 and intercellular adhesion molecule-1. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992; 89: 9991–5.
- Aziz KE, Wakefield D. Modulation of endothelial cell expression of ICAM-1, E-selectin and VCAM-1 by b-estradiol, progesterone and dexamethasone. Cell Immunol 1996; 167: 79–85.
- Medalie JH, Levene C, Papier C, et al. Blood groups, myocardial infarction and angina pectoris among 10,000 adult males. N Engl J Med 1973; 285: 1348–53.
- Fowkes FGR. Epidemiology of peripheral vascular disease. London: Springer, 1991.
- Blann AD, Daly RJ Amiral J. The influence of age, gender and ABO blood group on soluble endothelial cell markers and adhesion molecules. Br J Haematol 1996; 92: 498–500.
- Morisaki N, Saito I, Tamura K, et al. New indices of ischemic heart disease and aging: studies on the serum levels of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) in patients with hypercholesterolemia and ischemic heart disease. Atherosclerosis 1997; 131: 43–8.
- Peter K, Nawroth P, Conradt C, et al. Circulating vascular cell adhesion mol-ecule-1 correlates with the extent of human atheroclerosis in contrast to circulating intercellular adhesion molecule-1, E-selectin, P-selectin, and thrombomodulin. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1997; 17: 505–12.
- Hackman A, Abe Y, Insull W, et al. Levels of soluble cell adhesion molecules in patients with dyslipidemia. Circulation 1996; 93: 1334–8.
- Pearson JD. Markers of endothelial perturbation and damage. Br J Rheumatol 1993; 32: 651–2.
- Blann AD. Von Willebrand factor and the endothelium in vascular disease. Br J Biomed Sci 1993; 50: 125–34.
- Blann AD, Davis A, Miller JP, et al. Von Willebrand factor and soluble E-selectin in hyperlipidaemia: relationship to lipids and vascular disease. Am J Hematol 1997; 55: 15–23.
- Blann AD, Miller JP McCollum CN. Von Willebrand factor and soluble E-selectin in the prediction of cardiovascular disease progression in hyperlipidaemia. Atherosclerosis 1997; 132: 151–6.
- Blann AD, Morris J McCollum C. Soluble L-selectin in peripheral arterial disease: relationship with soluble E-selectin and soluble P-selectin. Atherosclerosis 1996; 126: 227–31.
- De Caterina R, Libby P. Control of endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecules by fatty acids. Lipids 1996; 31(Suppl): S57–S63.