1,577
Views
113
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Guar Gum: A Miracle Therapy for Hypercholesterolemia, Hyperglycemia and Obesity

, , &
Pages 389-396 | Published online: 24 Apr 2007

REFERENCES

  • Anonymous . 1998 . A revolution in dietary fiber supplement Fenuber. Available from http://www.kbcincusa.com//Fenuber/Fenubernew.html Accessed on: March 25, 2004
  • Anwar , M. 1980 . Studies on the determination of optimum level of gram flour supplementation on the nutritive value of wheat protein , M. Sc. Thesis Pakistan : Univ. Agric. Faisalabad .
  • Aro , A. 1984 . Effect of guar gum in male subjects with hypercholesterolemia . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 39 : 911 – 916 .
  • Awan , J. A. 1993 . Elements of food and nutrition , 42 – 44 . Faisalabad , , Pakistan : Uni-Tech Communication .
  • Begin , F. 1989 . Effect of dietary fibers on glycemia, insulinemia and on gastrointestinal function in rats . Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. , 67 ( 10 ) : 1265 – 1271 .
  • Bhardwaj , P. K. 1994 . Control of hyperglycemia and hyperlipidaemia by plant product . J. Assoc. Physicians , 42 ( 1 ) : 33 – 35 .
  • Blackburn , N. A. and Johnson , I. T. 1981 . The effect of guar gum on the viscosity of the gastrointestinal contents and on glucose uptake from the perfused jejunum in the rat . Br. J. Nutr. , 46 : 239
  • Blake , D. E. 1997 . Wheat bread supplemented with depolymerized guar gum reduces the plasma cholesterol concentration in hypercholesterolemic human subjects . J. Clin. Nutr. , 65 ( 1 ) : 107 – 113 .
  • Brenelli , S. L. 1997 . Viscosity of gums in vitro and their ability to reduce postprandial hyperglycemia in normal subjects . Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res. , 30 ( 12 ) : 1437 – 1440 .
  • Brown , N. J. 1988 . The effect of guar gum on the distribution of a radiolabelled meal in the gastrointestinal tract of the rat . Br. J. Nutr. , 59 ( 2 ) : 223 – 231 .
  • Brown , L. 1999 . Cholesterol lowering effects of dietary fiber: a meta-analysis . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 69 ( 1 ) : 30 – 42 .
  • Castro , I. A. 2003 . Effects of diet supplementation with three soluble polysaccharides on serum lipid levels of hypercholesterolemic rats . Food Chem. , 80 ( 3 ) : 323 – 330 .
  • Chen , J. 2002 . The effects of an instant haw beverage on lipid levels, antioxidant enzyme and immune function in hyperlipidemia patients . Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi , 36 ( 3 ) : 172 – 175 .
  • Chiu , S. S. and Track , N. S. 1985 . Guar by-product improves carbohydrate tolerance in rats . Metabolism , 34 ( 5 ) : 481 – 485 .
  • Daumerie , C. and Henquin , J. C. 1982 . Acute effects of guar gum on glucose tolerance and intestinal absorption of nutrients in rats . Diabete Metab. , 8 ( 1 ) : 1 – 5 .
  • Ebeling , P. 1988 . Glucose and lipid metabolism and insulin sensitivity in type 1 diabetes: the effect of guar gum . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 48 : 98 – 103 .
  • Freed , S. H. 2000 . The clinical impact of fiber supplementation for the reduction of postprandial blood glucose and risk reduction of complications from diabetes . Diabetes in Control Newsletter , 15 ( 1 ) : 12 – 18 .
  • Frias , A. C. D. and Sgarbieri , V. C. 1999 . Guar gum effects on food intake, blood serum lipids and glucose levels of Wistar rats . Plant Foods Human Nutr. , 53 ( 1 ) : 15 – 28 .
  • Frick , M. H. 1987 . Helsinki heart study: primary prevention trial with Gemfibrozil in middle aged men with dyslipidemia . N. Engl. J. Med. , 317 : 1237 – 1245 .
  • Fuessl , H. S. 1987 . Guar sprinkled on food: effect on glycemic control, plasma lipids and gut hormones in non-insulin dependent diabetic patients . Diabet. Med. , 4 ( 5 ) : 463 – 468 .
  • Gee , J. M. 1983 . The influence of guar gum on intestinal cholesterol transport in the rat . Br. J. Nutr. , 50 ( 2 ) : 215 – 224 .
  • Glore , S. R. 1994 . Soluble fiber and serum lipids: a literature review . J. Am. Diet Assoc. , 94 ( 4 ) : 425 – 436 .
  • Goldrick , R. B. Atherosclerosis: Proceedings of Second Int. symposium . Edited by: Jones , R. J. New York : Springer Verlag .
  • Gould , K. L. 1992 . Improved stenosis geometry by quantitative coronary arteriography after vigorous risk factor modification . Am. J. Cardiol. , 69 ( 9 ) : 845 – 853 .
  • Jacotot , B. 1995 . Comparison of Fluvastatin versus Provastatin treatment of primary hypercholesterolemia . Am. J. Card. , 76 : 54A – 56A .
  • James , I. C. and Claude , L. 1998 . The national cholesterol education program (progress and prospects . J. Am. Med. Assoc. , 280 : 24
  • Jenkins , D. J. A. 1977 . Decrease in postprandial insulin and glucose concentrations by guar and pectin . Ann. Int. Med. , 86 ( 1 ) : 20 – 23 .
  • Johnson , I. T. 1984 . Effect of dietary supplements of guar gum and cellulose on intestinal cell proliferation, enzyme levels and sugar transport in the rat . Br. J. Nutr. , 52 : 477 – 487 .
  • Khan , A. R. 1981 . Effect of guar gum on blood lipids . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 34 : 2446 – 2449 .
  • Khaw , K. T. and Barrett , C. E. 1987 . Dietary fiber and reduced ischemic heart disease mortality rates in men and women: a 12-year prospective study . Am. J. Epidemiol , 126 : 1093 – 1102 .
  • Knopp , R. H. 1999 . Long term blood cholesterol lowering: effects of a dietary fiber supplement . Am. J. Preven. Medi. , 17 ( 1 ) : 18 – 23 .
  • Kovacs , E. M. 2001 . The effect of addition of modified guar gum to a low energy semi-solid meal on appetite and body weight loss . Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord. , 25 ( 3 ) : 307 – 315 .
  • Kritchevsky , D. and Story , J. A. 1974 . Binding of bile salts in vitro by non-nutritive fiber . J. Nutri. , 104 : 458 – 460 .
  • Krotkiewski , M. 1984 . Effect of guar gum on body weight, hunger ratings and metabolism in obese subjects . Br. J. Nutr. , 52 ( 1 ) : 97 – 105 .
  • Krothiewski , M. and Smith , U. 1985 . Dietary fiber in obesity. In Dietary Fibers Perspectives , Edited by: Leeds , A R . 61 – 67 . London : John Libbey .
  • Lalor , B. C. 1990 . Placebo-controlled trial of the effects of guar gum and metformin on fasting blood glucose and serum lipids in obese, type 2 diabetic patients . Diabetes Med. , 7 : 242 – 245 .
  • Leeds , A. R. 1985 . Dietary fiber perspectives—reviews and bibliography , London : John Libbey .
  • Lewis , B. 1974 . Serum lipoprotein abnormalities in patients with ischemic heart disease comparison with a control population . Br. Med. J. , 3 : 489 – 491 .
  • Manninen , V. 1988 . Lipid alterations and decline in the incidence of coronary heart disease in the Helsinki heart study . J. Am. Med. Assoc. , 260 : 641 – 651 .
  • Milani , M. 1995 . Effects of Fluvastatin and Provastatin on lipid profiles and thromboxane production in type 2-A hypercholesterolemia . Am. J. Card. , 76 : 51A – 53A .
  • Moriceau , S. 2000 . Cholesterol lowering effect of guar gum: changes in bile acid pools and intestinal reabsorption . Lipids , 35 ( 4 ) : 437 – 444 .
  • Morris , J. N. 1977 . Diet and heart: a postscript . Br. Med. J. , 2 : 1307 – 1314 .
  • Naureen , S. 2005 . Use of composite flours for chapati preparation in relation to serum profile , Ph.D. dissertation Pakistan : Institute of Food Sci. Technol., Univ. Agric. Faisalabad .
  • Niemi , M. K. 1988 . Long term effects of guar gum and microcrystalline cellulose on glycemic control and serum lipids in type 2 diabetes . Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. , 34 ( 4 ) : 427 – 429 .
  • Nishimura , N. 2000 . Plasma cholesterol lowering effect on rats of dietary fiber extracted from immature plants . Biosci. Biotechnol. and Biochem. , 64 ( 12 ) : 2543 – 2551 .
  • Ornish , D. M. 1998 . Can lifestyle changes reverse coronary atherosclerosis? Four-year results of the lifestyle heart trial . J. Am. Med. Assoc. , 280 : 2001 – 2008 .
  • Pearson , T. 1994 . Optimal risk factor management in the patient after coronary revascularization. A statement for healthcare professionals from an American Heart Association writing group . Circulation , 90 : 3125 – 3133 .
  • Pedersen , T. R. 1998 . Lipoprotein changes and reduction in the incidence of major coronary heart disease events in the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S) . Circulation , 97 : 1453 – 1460 .
  • Pitt , B. 1999 . Aggressive lipid lowering therapy compared with angioplasty in stable coronary artery disease . N. Engl. J. Med. , 341 : 70 – 76 .
  • Pszczola , D. E. 2003 . Plot thickens, as gums: add special effects . Food Technol. , 57 ( 12 ) : 34 – 47 .
  • Rao , C. N. and Rao , B. S. N. 1978 . Influence of starches from different sources on protein utilization in rats . Br. J. Nutr. , 40 ( 1 ) : 1 – 8 .
  • Rimm , E. B. 1996 . Vegetable, fruit and cereal fiber intake and risk of coronary heart disease among men . J. Am. Med. Assoc. , 275 : 447 – 451 .
  • Robins , S. J. 2001 . Relation of gemfibrozil treatment and lipid levels with major coronary events: VIA-HIT: a randomized controlled trial . Jamia , 285 : 1585 – 1591 .
  • Roy , S. 2000 . Gender and hormonal status affect the hypolipidemic mechanisms of dietary soluble fiber in guinea pigs . J. Nutr. , 130 ( 3 ) : 600 – 607 .
  • Russo , A . 2003 . Guar attenuates fall in postprandial blood pressure and slows gastric emptying of oral glucose in type 2 diabetes . Dig. Dis. Sci. , 48 ( 7 ) : 1221 – 1229 .
  • Salenius , J. P. 1995 . Long term effects of guar gum on lipid metabolism after carotid endarterectomy . Br. Med. J. , 310 : 95 – 96 .
  • Seal , C. J. and Mathers , J. C. 2001 . Comparative gastrointestinal and plasma cholesterol responses of rats fed on cholesterol free diets supplemented with guar gum and sodium alginate . Br. J. Nutr. , 85 ( 3 ) : 317 – 324 .
  • Shen , H. 1998 . Dietary soluble fiber lowers plasma LDL cholesterol concentrations by altering lipoprotein metabolism in female guinea pigs . J. Nutr. , 128 ( 9 ) : 1434 – 1441 .
  • Smith , U. 1987 . Dietary fiber, diabetes and obesity . Int. J. Obes. , 1 : 27 – 31 .
  • Spiller , G. A. 1991 . Guar gum and plasma cholesterol: effect of guar gum and oat fiber source on plasma lipoproteins and cholesterol in hypercholesterolemic adults . Arterioslcer Thromb , 11 ( 5 ) : 1204 – 1208 .
  • Superko , H. R. 1988 . Effects of solid and liquid guar gum on plasma cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations in moderate hypercholesterolemia . Am. J. Cardiol , 62 ( 1 ) : 51 – 55 .
  • Todd , P. A. 1990 . Guar gum: a review of its pharmacological properties and use as a dietary adjunct in hypercholesterolaemia . Drugs , 39 ( 6 ) : 917 – 928 .
  • Track , N. S. 1985 . Guar gum consumption in adolescent and adult rats: short and long term metabolic effects . Can J. Physiol. Pharmacol. , 63 ( 9 ) : 1113 – 1121 .
  • Tuomilehto , J. 1989 . Guar gum and gemfibrozil—an effective combination in the treatment of hypercholesterolaemia . Atherosclerosis , 76 ( 1 ) : 71 – 77 .
  • Turner , P. R. 1990 . Metabolic studies on the hypolipidemic effect of guar gum . Atherosclerosis , 81 ( 2 ) : 145 – 150 .
  • UNECA (United Nations Commission for Africa) . 1985 . Technical compendium on composite flours , Africa Hall, Addis Ababa , Ethiopia : United Nations Commission for Africa .
  • Uro , A. B. O. and Azrag , R. M. 2001 . Hypoglycemic effect of guar gum and wheat bran enriched bread . Ahfad J. , 18 ( 2 ) : 30 – 36 .
  • Uusitupa , M. 1984 . Long term effects of guar gum on metabolic control, serum cholesterol and blood pressure levels in type 2 (non-insulin dependent) diabetic patients with high blood pressure . Ann. Clin. Res. , 43 : 126 – 131 .
  • Vaaler , S. 1986 . Diabetic control is improved by guar gum and wheat bran supplementation . Diabet. Med. , 3 ( 3 ) : 230 – 233 .
  • Vahouny , G. V. 1982 . Conclusions and recommendations of the symposium on dietary fiber in health and disease, Washington, DC . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 35 : 152 – 156 .
  • Vahouny , G. V. 1985 . “ Dietary fibers: aspects of nutrition, pharmacology and pathology ” . In Nutritional Pathology – Pathobiochemisrty of Dietary Imbalances , Edited by: Sidransky , H. 207 – 277 . New York : Marcel Dekker .
  • Wang , Y. H. and McIntosh , G. H. 1996 . Extrusion and boiling improve rat body weight gain and plasma cholesterol lowering ability of peas and chickpeas . J. Nutr. , 126 ( 12 ) : 3054 – 3062 .
  • Wisker , E. 1985 . “ Dietary fiber in cereals ” . In Advances in Cereal Science and Technology , Edited by: Pomeranz , Y . Vol. VII , 169 – 238 . St. Paul , Minnesota : Am. Assoc. Cereal Chem. .
  • Wood , D. 1998 . Prevention of coronary heart disease in clinical practice: recommendations of the Second Joint Task Force of European and other societies of coronary prevention . Atherosclerosis , 140 ( 2 ) : 199 – 208 .
  • Yamada , K. 2003 . Effect of dietary fiber on the lipid metabolism and immune function of aged Sprague Dawley rats . Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. , 67 ( 2 ) : 429 – 433 .
  • Yamamoto , Y. 2001 . Hypolipidemic effects of a guar gum-xanthan gum mixture in rats fed high sucrose diets . J. Japanese Soc. Nutr. Food Sci. , 54 ( 3 ) : 139 – 145 .
  • Yeager , S. 1998 . Fiber – the ultimate healer. The doctor's book of food remedies , 184 – 185 . Emmaus , Pennsylvania : Rodale Press, Inc. .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.