Dissecting Qualified Health Claims: Evidence From Experimental Studies

REFERENCES

• Andrews , J. , Craig , Scot Burton and Richard , G. Netemeyer . 2000 . Are some comparative nutrition claims misleading? The role of nutrition knowledge, ad claim type and disclosure conditions . Journal of Advertising , 29 ( 3 ) : 29 – 42 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrews , J. Craig , Richard , G. Netemeyer and Burton , Scot . 1998 . Consumer generalization of nutrient content claims in advertising . Journal of Marketing , 62 : 62 – 75 . (October)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balasubramanian , Siva K. and Cole , Catherine . 2002 . Consumers' search and use of nutrition information: the challenge and promise of the nutrition labeling and education act . Journal of Marketing , 66 : 112 – 127 . (July)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brouns , Fred . 2002 . Soya isoflavones: A new and promising ingredient for the health foods sector . Food Research International , 35 : 187 – 193 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brucks , Merrie , Andrew , A. Mitchell and Staelin , Richard . 1984 . The effect of nutritional information disclosure in advertising: an information processing approach . Journal of Public Policy and Marketing , 3 : 1 – 27 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cacioppo , John T. , von Hippel , William and John , M. Ernst . 1997 . Mapping cognitive structures and processes through verbal content: The Thought-listing technique . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 65 ( 6 ) : 928 – 940 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cacioppo , John T. and Richard , E. Petty . 1981 . “ Social psychological procedures for cognitive response assessment: The thought listing technique ” . In Cognitive Assessment , Edited by: Merluzzi , Thomas V. , Glass , Carol R. and Genest , Myles . Wahshington Square, NY : University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Consumer Federation of America . 2003 . Letter to Commission of Food and Drugs, U.S. Food and Drug Administration http://www.consumerfed.org/122702nutrition_study.html
   Google Scholar
• Consumer for Science in the Public Interest . 2003 . FDA Sued over Health Claims on Food Labels—Consumer Groups Say Unproven Health Claims will Mislead Consumers http://www.cspinet.org/200309251.html
   Google Scholar
• Derby , Brenda M. and Alan , S. Levy . 2005 . Effects of Strength of Science Disclaimers on the Communication Impacts of Health Claims http://www.fda.gov/OHRMS/dockets/dockets/03N0496/03N-0496-rpt0001.pdf Working paper No. 1, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, FDA. September
   Google Scholar
• 1994 . Dietary Supplement Health Education Act Public Law 103–417
   Google Scholar
• Emord , Jonathan W. 2000 . Pearson v. Shalala: The beginning of the end for FDA speech suppression . Journal of Public Policy and Marketing , 19 ( 1 ) : 139 – 143 .
   Google Scholar
• 1938 . Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act Public law 75–717
   Google Scholar
• Feick , Lawrence F. , Robert , O. Herrmann and Rex , H. Warland . 1986 . Search for Nutrition information: A probit analysis of the use of different information sources . The Journal of Consumer Affairs , 20 ( 2 ) : 173 – 192 .
   Google Scholar
• 1997 . Food and Drug Administration Modernization Act Public Law 105–115
   Google Scholar
• Food and Drug Administration . 1998 . Food Labeling: Health Claims; Soluble Fiber From Certain Foods and Coronary Heart Disease , Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition . http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/∼lrd/fr980218.html
   Google Scholar
• Food and Drug Administration . 2002 . Guidance for Industry: Qualified Health Claim in the Labeling of Conventional Foods and Dietary Supplements , Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition . http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/∼dms/hclmgui2.html
   Google Scholar
• Food and Drug Administration . 2003a . Consumer Health Information for Better Nutrition Initiative , Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition . http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/∼dms/nuttftoc.html Task Force Final Report, Office of Nutritional Products, Labeling, and Dietary Supplements
   Google Scholar
• Food and Drug Administration . 2003b . FDA to Encourage Science-based Labeling and Competition for Healthier Dietary Choice, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/NEWS/2003/NEW00923.html
   Google Scholar
• Food and Drug Administration . 2003c . Consumer Health Information for Better Nutrition Initiative http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/∼dms/nuttf-a.html Task Force Final Report: Attachment A - Possible Regulatory Frameworks for Qualified Health Claims. Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition
   Google Scholar
• Food and Drug Administration . 2003d . Consumer Health Information for Better Nutrition Initiative http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/∼dms/nuttf-b.html Task Force Final Report: Attachment B - Interim Evidence-Based Raking System for Scientific Data Guidance. Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition
   Google Scholar
• Food and Drug Administration . 2003e . Consumer Health Information for Better Nutrition Initiative http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/∼dms/nuttf-d.html Task Force Final Report: Attachment D - Consumer Studies Research Agenda. Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition
   Google Scholar
• Food and Drug Administration . 2003f . Consumer Health Information for Better Nutrition Initiative http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/∼dms/nuttf-e.html Task Force Final Report: Attachment E - Interim Procedures for Qualified Health Claims in the Labeling of Conventional Human Food and Human Dietary Supplements. Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition
   Google Scholar
• Ford , Gary T. , Hastak , Manoj , Mitra , Anusree and Ringold , Debra Jones . 1996 . Can consumer interpret nutrition information in the presence of health claim? a laboratory investigation . Journal of Public Policy and Marketing , 15 ( 1 ) : 6 – 27 .
   Google Scholar
• Foxman , Ellen R. , Darrel , D and Muehling , Patrick A. Moore . 1988 . Disclaimer footnotes in ads: Discrepancies between purpose and performance . Journal of Public Policy and Marketing , 7 : 127 – 137 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• France , Karen R. and Paula , F. Bone . 2005 . Policy-makers' paradigms and evidence from consumer interpretations of dietary supplement labels . Journal of Consumer Affairs , 39 ( 1 ) : 27 – 51 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garretson , Judith A. and Burton , Scot . 2000 . Effects of nutrition facts panel values, nutrition claims, and health claims on consumer attitudes, perceptions of disease-related risks and trust . Journal of Public Policy and Marketing , 19 ( 2 ) : 213 – 227 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatcher , Larry and Edward , J. Stepanski . 1994 . A Step-by-Step Approach to Using the SAS System for Univariate and Multivariate Statistics , Cary, NC : SAS Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Institute of Food Technologists . 2005 . Functional Foods: Opportunities ad Challenges Chicago, IL Expert Report
   Google Scholar
• International Food Information Council Foundation . 2005 . Qualified Health Claims Consumer Research Project: Executive Summary www.ific.org Available online. March
   Google Scholar
• Ippolito , Pauline M. and Alan , D. Mathios . 1990 . Information, advertising, and health choices: A study of the cereal market . RAND Journal of Economics , 21 ( 3 ) : 459 – 480 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ippolito , Pauline M. and Alan , D. Mathios . 1991 . Health claims in food marketing: Evidence on knowledge and behavior in the cereal market . Journal of Public Policy and Marketing , 10 ( 1 ) : 15 – 32 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ippolito , Pauline M. and Alan , D. Mathios . 1993 . New food labeling regulations and the flow of nutrition information to customers . Journal of Public Policy and Marketing , 12 ( 2 ) : 188 – 205 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ippolito , Pauline M. and Janis , K. Pappalardo . 2002 . Advertising Nutrition & Health: Evidence from Food Advertising 1977-1997 , Federal Trade Commission . Bureau of Economics Staff Report, September
   Google Scholar
• Jensen , H. H. and Kesavan , T. 1993 . Sources of information, consumer attitudes on nutrition, and consumption of dairy products . The Journal of Consumer Affairs , 27 ( 2 ) : 357 – 376 .
   Google Scholar
• Katan , Martijn B. and Nicole , M De Roos . 2004 . Promises and problems of functional foods . Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition , 44 ( 5 ) : 369 – 377 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keenan , Joseph M. 2000 . Soluble fiber and heart health . Philippine Journal of Nutrition , 47 ( 1–2 )
   Google Scholar
• Keller , Scott B. , Landry , Mike , Olson , Jeanne , Anne , M. Velliquette , Burton , Scot and Craig , J. Andrews . 1997 . The effects of nutrition package claims, nutrition facts panels, and motivation to process nutrition information on consumer product evaluation . Journal of Public Policy and Marketing , 16 ( 2 ) : 256 – 269 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kozup , John C. , Elizabeth , H. Creyer and Burton , Scot . 2003 . Making healthful food choices: The influence of health claims and nutrition information on consumers' evaluations of packaged food products and restaurant menu items . Journal of Marketing , 67 : 19 – 34 . (April)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levy , Alan S. , Sara , B. Fein and Raymond , E. Schucker . 1996 . Performance characteristics of seven nutrition label formats . Journal of Public Policy and Marketing , 15 ( 1 ) : 1 – 15 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mason , Marlys J. and Debra , L. Scammon . 2000 . Health claims and disclaimers: extended boundaries and research opportunities in consumer interpretation . Journal of Public Policy and Marketing , 19 ( 1 ) : 144 – 150 .
   Google Scholar
• McCue , Patrick and Shetty , Kalidas . 2004 . Heath benefits of soy isoflavonoids and strategies for enhancement: A review . Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition , 44 ( 5 ) : 361 – 367 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitra , Anu , Hastak , Manoj , Gary , T. Ford and Ringold , Debra Jones . 1999 . Can the educationally disadvantaged interpret the fda-mandated nutrition facts panel in the presence of an implied health claim? . Journal of Public Policy and Marketing , 18 ( 1 ) : 106 – 117 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moorman , Christine . 1996 . A Quasi experiment to assess the consumer and informational determinants of nutrition information processing activities: The case of the nutrition labeling and education act . Journal of Public Policy and Marketing , 15 ( 1 ) : 28 – 44 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy , R. , Dennis , Theodore H. Hoppock and Michelle , K. Rush . 1998 . Generic Copy Test of Food Health Claims in Advertising , Washington, D.C. : Federal Trade Commission . Joint Staff Report of the Bureaus of Economics and Consumer Protection, November
   Google Scholar
• Murphy , R. Dennis . 2005 . Consumer Perceptions of Qualified Health Claims in Advertising , Washington, D.C. : Bureau of Economics, Federal Trade Commission . Working Paper No. 277
   Google Scholar
• 1990 . Nutrition Labeling and Education Act Public law 101–535
   Google Scholar
• 1999 . Pearson v. Shalala, 164 F.3d 650 (D.C. Cir. 1999) reversing, 14 F. Supp. 2d 10 (D.D.C. 1998)
   Google Scholar
• Petty , Richard E. and John , T. Cacioppo . 1986 . Communication and Persuasion: Central and Peripheral Routes to Attitude Change , New York, NY : Springer/Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Roe , Brian , Alan , Levy S. and Brenda , M. Derby . 1999 . The impact of health claims on consumer search and product evaluation outcomes: Results from FDA experimental data . Journal of Public Policy and Marketing , 18 ( 1 ) : 89 – 105 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross , Sharon . 2000 . Functional foods: The food and drug administration perspective . American Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 71 : 1795S – ∗S . (suppl)
   Google Scholar
• Sirtori , Cesare R. and Maria , R. Lovati . 2001 . Soy proteins and cardiovascular disease . Current Atherosclerosis Report , 3 ( 1 ) : 47 – 53 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sujan , Mita . 1985 . Consumer knowledge: Effects on evaluation strategies mediation consumer judgments . Journal of Consumer Research , 12 ( June ) : 31 – 46 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viswanathan , Madhubalan and Hastak , Manoj . 2002 . The role of summary information in facilitating consumers' comprehension of nutrition information . Journal of Public Policy and Marketing , 21 ( 2 ) : 305 – 318 .
   Google Scholar
• Vladeck , David C. 1999 . Devaluing truth: Unverified health claims in the aftermath of pearson v. shalala . Food and Drug Law Journal , 54 ( 4 ) : 535 – 553 .
   Google Scholar
• Vladeck , David C. 2000 . Truth and consequences: The perils of half-truths and unsubstantiated health claims for dietary supplements . Journal of Public Policy and Marketing , 19 ( 1 ) : 132 – 138 .
   Google Scholar
• Wansink , Brian . 2003 . How do front and back package labels influence beliefs about health claims? . The Journal of Consumer Affairs , 37 ( 2 ) : 305 – 316 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wansink , Brian , Steven , T. Sonka and Clare , M. Hasler . 2004 . Front-Label health claims: When less is more . Food Policy , 29 : 659 – 667 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinfurt , Kevin P. 1994 . “ Multivariate Analysis of Variance ” . In Reading and Understanding Multivariate Statistics , Edited by: Laurence , G. Grimm and Paul , R. Yarnold . Washington, DC : American Psychological Association .
   Google Scholar
• Wright , Len Tiu . 1997 . Exploring the need for extended research: an investigation of consumer attitudes to product labeling . Journal of Product and Brand Management , 6 ( 6 ) : 417 – 427 .
   Google Scholar