2,326
Views
109
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

A Thought on the Biological Activities of Black Tea

&
Pages 379-404 | Published online: 27 Apr 2009

REFERENCES

  • Abe , C. , Kataoka , K. , Moriya , N. , Hosoya , N. and Nakamura , M. 2005 . Blood peroxide lipid concentration lowering agent JP2005082533
  • Alexopoulos , N. , Vlachopoulos , C. , Dima , I. , Aznaouridis , K. , Marioleas , P. and Stefanadis , C. 2005 . Effect of black tea on aortic stiffness and wave reflections . Am. J. Hypertens. , 18 ( suppl. 1 ) : A10
  • Ali , M. , Hayat , L. H. J. , Saleh , J. A. and Gubler , C. J. 1989 . Effect of consumption of green and black tea on the level of various enzymes in rats . Cell. Mol. Life Sci. , 45 : 112 – 114 .
  • Amarakoon , A. M. T. , Tappia , P. S. and Grimble , R. F. 1995 . Endotoxin induced production of interleukin-6 is enhanced by vitabmin E deficiency and reduced by black tea extract . Inflamm. Res. (Historical Archive) , 44 : 301 – 305 . 1995
  • Anderson , R. A. and Polansky , M. M. 2002 . Tea enhances insulin activity . J. Agr. Food Chem. , 50 : 7182 – 7186 .
  • Apostolides , Z. , Balentine , D. A. , Harbowy , M. E. , Hara , Y. and Weisburger , J. H. 1997 . Inhibition of PhIP mutagenicity by catechins, and by theaflavins and gallate esters . Mutat. Res.- Gen. Tox. En. , 389 : 167 – 172 .
  • Arctander , S. 1969 . Perfume and Flavour Chemicals Montclair, , USA
  • Astill , C. , Birch , M. R. , Dacombe , C. , Humphrey , P. G. and Martin , P. T. 2001 . Factors affecting the caffeine and polyphenol contents of black and green tea infusions . J. Agr. Food Chem. , 49 : 5340 – 5347 .
  • Balentine , D. A. , Wiseman , S. A. and Bouwens , L. C. M. 1997 . The chemistry of tea flavanoids . Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition , 37 : 693 – 704 .
  • Bao , T. Z. , Taneja , N. , Loder , D. P. , Balentine , D. A. and Conney , A. H. 1998 . Effects of tea polyphenols and flavonoids on liver microsomal glucuronidation of Estrodiol and estrone . The Journal of Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. , 64 : 207 – 215 .
  • Basu , S. , Chaudhuri , T. , Chauhan , S. P. S. , Das Gupta , A. K. , Choudhuri , L. and Vedasiromoni , J. R. 2005 . The theaflavin fraction is responsible for the facilitatory effect of black tea at the skeletal myoneural junction . Life Sci. , 76 : 3081 – 3088 .
  • Besra , S. E. , Gomes , A. , Ganguly , D. K. and Vedasiromoni , J. R. 2003 . Anti diarrhoeal activity of hot water extract of black tea . Phytother. Res. , 17 : 380 – 384 .
  • Bhattacharya , A. , Choudhuri , T. , Pal , S. , Chattopadhyay , S. , Datt , G. K. , Sa , G. and Das , T. 2003 . Apoptogenic effects of black tea on Ehrlich's ascites carcinoma cells . Carcinogenesis. , 24 : 75 – 80 .
  • Bhattacharya , A. , Mandal , D. , Lahiry , L. , Sa , G. and Das , T . 2004 . Black tea protects immunocytes from tumour induced apoptosis by changing Bcl-2/ Bax ratio . Cancer lett. , 209 : 147 – 154 .
  • Borse , B. B. , Jagan Mohan Rao , L. , Nagalakshmi , S. and Krishnamurthy , N. 2002 . Fingerprint of black teas from India: identification of the regio-specific characteristics . Food Chem. , 79 : 419 – 424 .
  • Bu-Abbas , A. , Clifford , M. N. , Walker , R. and Ioannides , C. 1999 . Modulation of hepatic cytochrome P450 activity and carcinogen bioactivation by black and decaffeinated black tea . Environ. Toxicol. Pharm. , 7 : 41 – 47 .
  • Burdock , G. A. 2004 . Fenaroli's Handbook of Flavor Ingredients. , 5th Edition , CRC Press .
  • Caderni , G. , Filippo , C. D. , Luceri , C. , Salvadori , M. , Giannini , A. , Biggeri , A. , Remy , S. , Cheynier , V. and Dolara , P. 2000 . Effects of black tea, green tea and wine extracts on intestinal carcinogenesis induced by azoxymethane in F344 rats . Carcinogenesis. , 21 : 1965 – 1969 .
  • Cao , J. , Luo , S. F. , Liu , T. W. and Li , Y. 2004 . Safety evaluation on fluoride content in black tea . Food Chem. , 88 : 233 – 236 .
  • Cao , J. , Xu , Y. , Chen , J. and Klaunig , J. E. 1996 . Chemopreventive effects of green and black tea on pulmonary and hepatic carcinogenesis . Fund. Appl. Toxicol. , 29 : 244 – 250 .
  • Chandramohan , K. V. P. , Hara , Y. , Abraham , S. K. and Nagini , S. 2005 . Comparative evaluation of chemopreventive efficacy of green and black tea polyphenols in the hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis model . Clin. Biochem. , 38 : 879 – 886 .
  • Charrier , M. J. S. , Savage , G. P. and Vanhanen , L. 2002 . Oxalate content and calcium binding capacity of tea and herbal teas . Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition. , 11 : 298
  • Chaudhuri , A. K. N. , Karmakar , S. , Roy , D. , Pal , S. , Pal , M. and Sen , T. 2005 . Anti-inflammatory activity of Indian black tea (Sikkim variety) . Pharmacol. Res. , 51 : 169 – 175 .
  • Chaudhuri , L. , Basu , S. , Seth , P. , Chaudhuri , T. , Besra , S. E. , Vedasiromoni and Ganguly , D. K. 2000 . Prokinetic effect of black tea on gastro intestinal motility . Life Sci. , 66 : 847 – 854 .
  • Chen , C. N. , Lin , C. P. C. , Huang , K. K. , Chen , W. C. , Hsieh , H. P. , Liang , P. H. and Hsu , J. T. A. 2005 . Inhibition of SARS-CoV 3C like protease activity by Theaflavin-3,3′ digallate(TF 3). Evidence Based Complement . Altern. Med. , 2 : 2090 – 215 .
  • Chen , Z. , Pettinger , M. B. , Ritenbaugh , C. , La Croix , A. Z. , Robbins , J. , Caan , B. J. , Barad , D. H. and Hakim , I. A. 2003 . Habitual tea consumption and risk of osteoporosis : A prospective study in Women's Health Initiative Observational Cohort . Am. J. Epidemiol. , 158 : 772 – 781 .
  • Chen , K. Y. , Ho , C. T. , Rosen Robert , T. and Ghai , G. Black tea extract for prevention of disease . US Patent2004224034 . 2004 .
  • Cheng , T. O. 2004 . Will green tea be even better than black tea to increase coronary flow velocity ? . Am. J. Cardiol. , 94 : 1223
  • Chopra , D. and David , S. 2000 . The Chopra Centre Herbal Handbook , USA : Three Rivers Press .
  • Christian , M. S. and Brent , R. L. 2001 . Evaluation of the reproductive and developmental risks of caffeine . Teratology. , 64 : 51 – 78 .
  • Chung , F. L. 1999 . The prevention of lung cancer induced by a tobacco specific carcinogen in rodents by green and black tea . P. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. , 220 : 244
  • Chung , J. Y. , Huang , C. , Meng , X. , Dong , Z. and Yang , C. S. 1999 . Inhibition of activator protein 1 activity and cell growth by purified green tea and black tea polyphenols in H-ras-transformed cells . Carcinogenesis. , 59 : 4610 – 4617 .
  • Chunhong , D. Burns and scald regeneration powder and its preparing process . CN 1099978 . 1995 .
  • Crouvezier , S. , Powell , B. , Keir , D. and Yaqoob , P. 2001 . The effect of tea on the production of Pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines by human leucocytes in vitro . Cytokine. , 13 : 280 – 286 .
  • Cruze , S. Kit and method for migriane headache treatment . US Patent2004058019 . 2004 .
  • Das , A. S. , Das , D. , Mukherjee , M. , Mukherjee , S. and Mitra , C. 2005 . Phytoestrogenic effects of black tea extract (Camellia sinensis) in an oophorectomized rat model of osteoporesis . Life Sci. , 77 : 3049 – 3057 .
  • Das , M. , Sur , P. , Gomes , A. , Vedasiromoni , J. R. and Ganguly , D. K. 2002 . Inhibition of tumour growth and inflammation by consumption of tea . Phytother. Res. , 16 : 40 – 44 .
  • Dashwood , R. H. , Xu , M. , Hernaez , J. F. , Hasaniya , N. , Youn , K. and Razzuk , A. 1999 . Cancer chemopreventive mechanisms of tea against heterocyclic amine mutagens from cooked meat . P. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. , 220 : 239
  • Dong , Z. Quick-acting health-care tea . CN 1192874 . 1998 .
  • Dugo , G. , Pera , L. , Turco , V. , Bella , G. and Salvo , F. 2004 . Determination of Ni(II) in beverages without any sample pretreatment by adsorptive stripping chronopotentiometry . J. Agr. Food Chem. , 52 : 1829 – 1834 .
  • Erba , D. , Riso , P. , Foti , P. , Frigerio , F. , Criscuoli , F. and Testolin , G. 2003 . Black tea supplementation decreases oxidative damage in Jurkat T cells . Arch. Biochem. Biophys. , 416 : 196 – 201 . And references sited thereof
  • Fadhel , Z. A. and Amran , S. 2002 . Effects of black tea extract on carbon tetrachloride-induced lipid peroxidation in liver, kidneys and testes of rats . Phytother. Res. , 16 : 28 – 32 .
  • Feng , Q. , Torii , Y. , Uchide , K. , Nakamura , Y. , Hara , Y. and Osawa , T. 2002 . Black tea polyphenols, theaflavins, prevent cellular DNA damage by inhibiting oxidative stress and suppressing cytochrome P450 1A1 in cell culture . J. Agr. Food Chem. , 50 : 213 – 220 . and references cited there in
  • Feng , C. Life-prolonging health-care tea with function of curing hypertension and production method thereof . CN 1086090 . 1994 .
  • Feng , L. and Xue , C. Nourishing beverage . CN 1241376 . 2000 .
  • Gao , L. and Dong , A. Medicine for preventing and treating cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases . CN 1350859 . 2002 .
  • Go , J. , Xu , Y. , Chen , J. and Klaunig , J. E. 1996 . Chemopreventive effects of green and black tea on pulmonary and hepatic carcinogenesis . Fund. Appl. Toxicol. , 29 : 244 – 250 .
  • Goldbohm , R. A. , Hertog , M. G. , Brants , H. A. , Poppel , G. and Brandt , P. A. 1996 . Consumption of black tea and cancer risk: A prospective cohort study . J. Natl. Cancer I. , 88 : 93 – 100 .
  • Gomez , A. , Das , M. , Vedasiromoni , J. R. and Ganguly , D. K. 1999 . Proconvulsive effect of tea (Camellia sinensis) in mice . Phytother. Res. , 13 : 376 – 379 .
  • Gomez , A. , Vedasiromoni , J. R. , Das , M. , Sharma , R. M. and Ganguly , D. K. 1995 . Antihyperglycemic effect of black tea (Camellia sinensis) in rat . J. Ethnopharmacol. , 45 : 223 – 226 .
  • Grinberg , L. N. , Newmark , H. , Kitrossky , N. , Rahamim Chevion , M. and Rachmilewitz , E. A. 1997 . Protective effects of tea polyphenols against oxidative damage to red blood cells . Biochem. Pharmacol. , 54 : 973 – 978 .
  • Guan , W. Sweet tea without saccharide . CN 1369212 . 2002 .
  • Gupta , S. , Chaudhuri , T. , Ganguly , D. K. and Giri , A. K. 2001 . Anticlastogenic effects of black tea (world blend) and its two active polyphenols theaflavins and thearubigins in vivo in Swiss albino mice . Life Sci. , 69 : 2735 – 2744 .
  • Hakim , I. A. , Alsaif , M. A. , Alduwaihy , M. , Al-Rubeaan , K. , Al-Nuaim , A. R. and Al-Attas , O. S. 2003 . Tea consumption and prevalence of coronary heart diseases in Saudi Adults . Prev. Med. , 36 : 64 – 70 .
  • Hakim , I. A. , Alsaif , M. A. , Alduwaihy , M. , Al-Rubeaan , K. , Al-Nuaim , A. R. and Al-Attas , O. S. 2003a . Black tea consumption and serum lipid profiles in Saudi women; a cross sectional study in Saudi Arabia . Nutr. Res. , 23 : 1515 – 1526 .
  • Halder , B. , Pramanick , S. , Mukhopadhyay , S. and Giri , A. K. 2005 . Inhibition of benzo (a) pyrene induced mutagenicity and genotoxicity by black tea polyphenols theaflavins and thearubigins in multiple test systems . Food. Chem. Toxicol. , 43 : 591 – 597 .
  • Halder , J. and Bhaduri , A. N. 1998 . Protective role of black tea against oxidative damage of human red blood cells . Biochem. Bioph. Res. Co. , 244 : 903 – 907 .
  • Han , Y. Amercian ginseng tea and preparing process thereof . CN 1262106 . 2000 .
  • Hara , M. , Mochida , H. and Okada , F. Composition comprising active carbon and plant polyphenol . JP 8291013 . 1996 .
  • Hasan , H. A. H. 1999 . Role of caffeine and tannin in anti-toxigenic properties of coffee and tea . Cryptogamie Mycol. , 20 : 17 – 21 .
  • Hernaez , J. F. , Xu , M. and Dashwood , R. H. 1998 . Antimutagenic activity of tea towards 2-hydroxy amino-3-methylimidazo [4, 5 - f] quinoline: effect of tea concentration and brew time on electrophile scavenging . Mutat. Res.- Fund. Mol. M. , 402 : 299 – 306 .
  • Higdon , J. V. and Frei , B. 2003 . Tea catechins and polyphenols: health effects, metabolism and antioxidant functions . Crit. rev. Food Sci. , 43 : 89 – 143 .
  • Hirata , K. , Shimada , K. , Watanabe , H. , Otsuka , R. , Tokai , K. , Yoshiyama , M. , Homma , S. and Yashikawa , J. 2004 . Black tea increases coronary flow velocity reserve in healthy male subjects . Am. J. Cardiol. , 93 : 1384 – 1388 .
  • Hodgson , J. M. , Burke , V. , Beilin , L. , Croft , K. D. and Puddey , I. B. 2003 . Can black tea influence plasma total homocysteine concentrations . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 77 : 907 – 911 . and reference cited therein
  • Hodgson , J. M. , Devine , A. , Puddey , I. B. , Chan , S. Y. , Beilin , L. J. and Prince , R. L. 2003a . Tea intake is inversely related to blood pressure in older women . J. Nutr. , 133 : 2883 – 2886 .
  • Hodgson , J. M. , Proudfoot , J. M. , Goft , K. D. , Puddey , I. B. , Mori , T. A. and Beilin , L. J. 1999 . Comparison of effects of black and green tea on in vitro lipoprotein oxidation in human serum . J. Sci. Food Agr. , 79 : 561 – 566 .
  • Hof , K. H. , Wiseman , S. A. , Yang , C. S. and Tijburg , L. B. M. 1999 . Plasma and Lipoprotein levels of tea catechins following repeated tea consumption . P. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. , 220 : 203
  • Hong , J. , Smith , T. J. , Hoc , C. T. , August , D. A. and Yang , C. S. 2001 . Effects of purified green and black tea polyphenols on cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase-dependent metabolism of arachidonic acid in human colon mucosa and colon tumour tissues . Biochem. Pharmacol. , 62 : 1175 – 1183 .
  • Hour , T. C. , Liang , Y. C. , Chu , I. S. and Lin , J. K. 1999 . Inhibition of eleven mutagens by various tea extracts, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, Gallic acid and caffeine . Food. Chem. Toxicol. , 37 : 567 – 579 .
  • http://www.fmltea.com
  • Hubbard , G. P. , Wolffram , S. , Lovegrove , J. A. and Gibbins , J. M. 2004 . Ingestion of quercetin inhibits platlet aggregation and essential components of the collagen-stimulated platlet activation pathway in humans . J. Thromb. Haemostasis. , 134 : 473 – 478 .
  • Ikegawa , Y. , Nonaka , Y. , Takahashi , S. and Sugimoto , S. Antibacterial use of fiber having fixed tea polyphenol . JP 2000328443 . 2000 .
  • IL'Yasova , D. , Arab , L. , Martinchick , A. , Sdvizhkov , A. , Urbanovich , L. and Weisgerber , U. 2003 . Black tea consumption and risk of rectal cancer in Moscow population . Ann. Epidemiol. , 13 : 405 – 411 .
  • Imanishi , H. , Sasaki , Y. F. , Ohta , T. , Watanabe , M. , Kato , T. and Shirasu , Y. 1991 . Tea tannin components modify the induction of sister chromatid exchanges and chromosome aberrations in mutagen-treated cultured mammalian cells and mice . Mutat. Res.- Gen. Tox. En. , 259 : 79 – 87 .
  • Jain , A. K. , Shimoi , K. , Nakamura , Y. , Kada , T. , Hara , Y. and Tomita , I. 1989 . Crude tea extracts decrease the mutagenic activity of N-Methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine in vitro and in intragastric tract of rats . Mutat. Res. , 210 : 1 – 8 .
  • Joiner , A. , Dries , M. , Elofsson , U. M. , Malmsten , M. and Arnebrant , T. 2003 . Adsorption from black tea and red wine onto in vitro salivary pellicles studied by ellipsometry . Eur. J. Oral Sci. , 111 : 417
  • Joiner , A. , Muller , D. , Elofsson , U. M. and Arnebrant , T. 2004 . Ellipsometry analysis of the in vitro adsorption of tea polyphenols onto salivary pellicles . Eur. J. Oral Sci. , 112 : 510
  • Katiyar , S. K. and Mukhtar , H. 1997 . Inhibition of phorbol ester tumour promoter 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate caused inflammatory responses in SENCAR mouse skin by black tea polyphenols . Carcinogenesis. , 18 : 1991 – 1916 .
  • Katiyar , S. K. and Mukhtar , H. 1998 . Tea antioxidants in cancer chemoprevention . J. Cell. Biochem. , 67 : 59 – 67 .
  • Khan , S. M. , Sobti , R. C. and Kataria , L. 2005 . Pesticide induced alteration in mice hepato-oxidative status and protective effects of black tea extract . Clin. Chim. Acta. , 358 : 131 – 138 .
  • Klein , R. D. and Fischer , S. M. 2002 . Black tea polyphenols inhibit IGF-1-induced signaling through Akt in normal prostate epithelial cells and Du 145 prostate carcinoma cells . Carcinogenesis. , 23 : 217 – 221 .
  • Klinken , B. , Jan-Willem , V. , Risselada , C. J. , Smorenburg , H. E. and Toshka , H. Y. Food compositions for gut health comprising black tea . AU 2003294731 . 2004 .
  • Konshi , Y. 2003 . Modulations of food derived substances on intestinal permeabiliy in Caco-2 cell monolayers . Biosci. Biotech. Bioch. , 67 : 2297 – 2299 .
  • Krishnan , R. and Maru , G. B. 2004 . Inhibitory effect(s) of polymeric black tea polyphenol fractions on the formation of (3H) - B(a) P-derived DNA adducts . J. Agr. Food Chem. , 52 : 4261 – 4269 .
  • Kroschwitz , J. I. and Howe-grant , M. 1997 . Tea, In:Kirk-othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, Vol. 23 , New York : John Wiley & Sons .
  • Krul , C. , Luiten-Schuite , A. , Tenfelde , A. , Ommen , B. V. , Verhagenl , H. and Havenaar , R. 2001 . Antimutagenic activity of green tea and black tea extracts studied in a dynamic in vitro gastrointestinal model . Mutat. Res.- Fund. Mol. M. , 474 : 71 – 85 .
  • Kundu , T. , Dey , S. , Roy , M. , Siddiqui , M. and Bhattacharya , R. K. 2005 . Induction of apoptosis in human leukemia cells by black tea and its polyphenol theaflavin . Cancer Lett. , 230 : 111 – 121 .
  • Kuo , K. L. , Weng , M. S. , Chiang , C. T. , Tsai , Y. J. , Lin-Shiau , S. Y. and Lin , J. K. 2005 . Comparative studies on hypolipidemic and growth suppressive effects of Oolong, black, Pu-erh and green tea leaves in rats . J. Agr. Food. Chem. , 53 : 480 – 489 .
  • Kuroda , Y. and Hara , Y. 1999 . Antimutagenic and anticarcinogenic activity of tea polyphenols . Mutat. Res. – Rev. Mutat. , 436 : 69 – 97 .
  • Lea , M. A. , Xiao , Q. , Sadhukhan , A. K. , Cottle , S. , Wang , Z. Y. and Yang , C. S. 1993 . Inhibitory effects of tea extracts and epigallocatechin gallate on DNA synthesis and proliferation of hepatoma and erythroleukemia cells . Cancer lett. , 68 : 231 – 236 .
  • Lee , H. H. , Ho , C. T. and Lin , J. K. 2004 . Theaflavin-3, 3′ -digallate and penta-o-galloyl-O-D-glucose inhibit rat liver microsomal 5D-reductase activity of the expression of androgen receptor in LNCaP prostate cancer cells . Carcinogenesis. , 25 : 1109 – 1118 .
  • Li , X. Hubei Haitang red tea drink and producing method . CN 1351839 . 2002 .
  • Liang , Y. C. , Chen , Y. C. , Lin , Y. L. , Lin-Shiau , S. Y. , Ho , C. T. and Lin , J. K. 1999 . Suppression of extracellular signals and cell proliferation by the black tea polyphenol, theaflavin-3, 3′ - digallate . Carcinogenesis. , 20 : 733 – 736 .
  • Liang , L. Tea for all the year round and production technology thereof . CN 1129070 . 1996 .
  • Lin , D. X. , Thompson , P. A. , Teitel , C. , Chen , J. S. and Kadlubur , F. F. 2003 . Direct reduction of N-acetoxy-PhIP by tea polyphenols: a possible mechanism for chemoprevention against PhIP″c DNA adduct formation . Mutat. Res.- Fund. Mol. M. , : 523 – 524 . 193 – 200 .
  • Lin , Y. L. , Tsai , S. H. , Lin Shiau , S. Y. , Ho , C. T. and Lin , J. K. 1999 . Theaflvin - 3,3 - digallate from black tea blocks the nitric oxide synthase by down regulating the activation of NF-B in macrophages . Eur. J. Pharmacol. , 367 : 379 – 388 .
  • Linke , H. A. B. and Lageros , R. Z. 2003 . Black tea extract and dental caries formation in hamsters . Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr. , 54 : 89 – 95 .
  • Liu , S. , Lu , H. , Zhao , Q. , He , Y. , Niu , J. , Debnath , A. K. , Wu , S. and Jiang , S. 2005 . Theaflavin derivatives in black tea and catechin derivatives in green tea inhibit HIV-1 entry by targeting GP 41 . BBA. , 1723 : 270 – 281 .
  • Liu , Y. Job's tears tea and its producing technology . CN 1279905 . 2001 .
  • Liu , Z. and Chen , Z. Saussurea involucrata tea, ice tea and method for preperation of same . CN 1208585 . 1999 .
  • Los , J. and Podsedek , A. 2004 . Tannins from different foodstuffs as trypsin inhibitor . Pol. J. Food Nutr. Sci. , 13/54 : 51 – 55 .
  • Lu , C. M. , Lan , S. J. , Lee , Y. H. , Huang , J. K. , Huang , C. H. and Hseih , C. C. 1999 . Tea consumption: Fluid intake and bladder cancer risk in Southern Taiwan . Urology , 54 : 823 – 828 .
  • Lu , J. , Hu , C. T. , Ghai , G. and Chen , K. Y. 2000 . Differential effects of theaflvin monogallates on cell growth, apoptosis and Cox-2 gene expression in cancerous versus normal cells . Cancer Res. , 60 : 6465 – 6471 .
  • Lu , Y. , Guo , W. F. and Yang , X. Q. 2004 . Fluoride content in tea and its relationship with tea quality . J. Agr. Food Chem. , 52 : 4472 – 4476 .
  • Lu , Y. P. , Lou , Y. R. , Xie , J. G. , Yen , P. , Huang , M. T. and Conney , A. H. 1997 . Inhibitory effect of black tea on the growth of established skin tumours in mice:effects on tumour size, apoptosis, mitosis and bromodeoxyuridine incorporation into DNA . Carcinogenesis. , 18 : 2163 – 2169 .
  • Luczaj , W. and Skrzydlewska , E. 2004 . Antioxidant properties of black tea in alcohol intoxication . Food. Chem. Toxicol. , 42 : 2048 – 2051 .
  • Luximon-Ramma , A. , Bahorun , T. , Crozier , A. , Zbarsky , V. , Datla , K. P. , Dexter , D. T. and Aruomad , O. I. 2005 . Characterization of the antioxidant functions of flavonoids and proanthocyanidins in Mauritian black teas . Food Res. Int. , 38 : 357 – 367 .
  • Mai , V. , Katki , H. A. , Harmsen , H. , Gallaher , D. , Schatzkin , A. , Baer , D. J. and Clevidance , B. 2004 . Effects of a controlled diet and black tea drinking on the fecal microflora composition and the fecal bile profile of human volunteers in a double blinded randomized feeding study . J. Nutr. , 134 : 473 – 478 .
  • Maity , S. , Ukil , A. , Karmakar , S. , Datta , N. , Chaudhuri , T. , Vedasiromoni , J. R. , Ganguly , D. K. and Das , P. K. 2003 . Thearubigin, the major polyphenol of black tea, ameliorates mucosal injury in trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid- induced colitis . Eur. J. Pharmacol. , 470 : 103 – 112 .
  • Maity , S. , Vedasiromoni , J. R. and Ganguly , D. K. 1995 . Anti-ulcer effect of the hot water extract of black tea . J. Ethnopharmacol. , 46 : 167 – 174 .
  • Matsumoto , N. , Toshiyuki , K. , Okushio , K. and Hara , Y. 1996 . Inhibitory effects of tea catechins, black tea extract and Oolong tea extract on hepatocarcinogenesis in rat . Jpn. J. Cancer. Res. , 87 : 1034 – 1038 .
  • McArdle , N. J. , Clifford , M. N. and Ioannides , C. 1999 . Consumption of tea modulates the urinary excretion of mutagens in rats treated with IQ. Role of caffeine . Mutat. Res.- Gen. Tox. En. , 441 : 191 – 203 .
  • Michels , K. B. , Willet , W. C. , Fuchs , C. S. and Giovannucci , E. 2005 . Coffee, tea and Caffeine consumption and incidence of colon and rectal cancer . J. Natl. Cancer I. , 97 : 282 – 292 .
  • Millera , N. J. , Castelluccioa , C. , Tijburgb , L. and Rice-Evansa , C. 1996 . The antioxidant properties of theaflavins and their gallate esters - radical scavengers or metal chelators? . FEBS Lett. , 392 : 40 – 44 .
  • Mukherjee , P. , Sarkar , D. and Sharma , A. 1997 . Effect of dietary consumption of black tea infusion along and in combination with known clastogens on mouse bone marrow chromosomes in vivo . Food. Chem. Toxicol. , 35 : 657 – 661 .
  • Nakahara , K. , Miyagawa , K. and Fujii , W. Black tea-blended beet tea beverage and its production . JP 8317781 . 1996 .
  • Nashimoto , K. , Tashiro , Y. and Hara , M. Antiviral mask . JP 2002136615 . 2002 .
  • Negishi , H. , Jin-Wen , Y. , Ikeda , K. , Njelekela , M. , Nara , Y. and Yamori , Y. 2004 . Black and green tea polyphenols attenuate blood pressure increases in stroke prone spontaneously hypertensive rats . J. Nutr. , 134 : 38 – 42 .
  • Nelson , M. and Poulter , J. 2004 . Impact of tea drinking on iron status in the U.K . J. Am. Diet. Assoc. , 97 ( supplement 1 ) : 464
  • Nobre , H. V. Jr. , Cunha , G. M. A. , Maia , F. D. , Oliveira , R. A. , Moraes , M. O. and Rao , V. S. N. 2003 . Catechin attenuates 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced cell death in primary cultures of mesencephalic cells . Comp. Biochem. Phys. C. , 136 : 175 – 180 .
  • Nomura , M. , Ma , W. Y. , Huang , C. , Yang , C. S. , Bowden , T. , Miyamoto , K. and Dong , Z. 2000 . Inhibition of ultraviolet B-induced AP-1 activation by theaflavins from black tea . Carcinogenesis. , 28 : 148 – 155 .
  • O'Coinceanainn , M. , Bonnely , S. , Baderschneider , B. and Hynes , M. J. 2004 . Reaction of iron (lll) with theaflavin: complexation and oxidatve products . J. Inorg. Biochem. , 98 : 657 – 663 .
  • O'Neill , I. K. , Loktinov , A. , Manson , M. M. , Ball , H. , Bandaletova , T. and Bingham , S. A. 1997 . Comparison of metabolic effects of vegetables and teas with colorectal proliferation and with tumour development in DMH-treated F344 rats . Cancer Lett. , 114 : 287 – 291 .
  • Okamoto , H. and Okada , F. Antiseptic sterilizer . JP 2005015361 . 2005 .
  • Omori , M. and Nakajima , Y. Inhibitor of blood pressure elevation . JP 2003113105 . 2003 .
  • Omori , M. and Nakajima , Y. Ameliorant for renal function . JP 2003113103 . 2003a .
  • Omori , M. and Nakajima , Y. Lipid metabolism improving agent . JP 2003113102 . 2003b .
  • Osu , H. , Takeo , C. , Mukai , I. , Sugiyama , K. and Yokota , M. Antiallergic drug . JP 3258726 . 1991 .
  • Perry , T. L. , Jones , K. , Hansen , S. and Wall , R. A. 1988 . 2-Phenyl pyridine and 3-phenyl pyridine, constituents of tea, are unlikely to cause idiopathic Parkinson's disease . J. Neurol. Sci. , 85 : 309 – 317 .
  • Powell , J. J. , Green field , S. M. , Parkes , H. G. , Nicholson , J. K. and Thompson , R. P. H. 1993 . Gastrointestinal availability of aluminium from tea . Food. Chem. Toxicol. , 31 : 449 – 454 .
  • Prystai , E. A. , Kies , C. V. and Driskell , J. A. 1999 . Calcium, copper, iron, magnesium and zinc utilization of humans as affected by consumption of black, decaffeinated black and green teas . Nutr. Res. , 19 : 167 – 177 .
  • Record , I. R. and Dreosti , I. E. 1998 . Protection by black tea and green tea against UVB and UVA+B induced skin cancer in hairless mice . Mutat. Res.- Fund. Mol. M. , 422 : 191 – 199 .
  • Riemersma , R. A. , Rice-Evans , C. A. , Tyrrell , R. M. , Clifford , M. N. and Lean , M. E. J. 2001 . Tea flavonoids and cardiovascular health . QJM Mon. J. Assoc. Phys. , 94 : 277 – 282 .
  • Rogers , A. E. , Hafer , L. J. , Iskander , Y. S. and Yang , S . 1998 . Black tea and mammary gland carcinogenesis by 7, 12-dimethyl benz [a] anthracene in rats fed control or high fat diets . Carcinogenesis , 19 : 1269 – 1273 .
  • Saha , P. and Das , S. 2003 . Regulation of hazardous exposure by protective exposure: Modulation of phase II detoxification and lipid peroxidation by Camellia sinensis Swertia chirata . Teratogen. Carcin. Mut. , 23 : 313 – 322 .
  • Sakai , I. , Akai , I. , Suzuki , T. , Nishinaka , S. , Akiba , H. , Yamada , M. and Koyama , K. Inhibitor of aldose reductase . JP 8027012 . 1996 .
  • Sakamoto , K. 2000 . Synergistic effect of thearubigin and genistein on human prostate tumour cell (PC-3) growth via cell cycle arrest . Cancer Lett. , 151 : 103 – 109 .
  • Sanderson , G. W. 1972 . “ The Chemistry of Tea manufacturing ” . In Structural and Functional Aspects of Phytochemistry, Recent advances in Phytochemistry , Edited by: Runeckles , V. C. and Tso , T. C. New York : Academic press .
  • Sarkar , A. and Bhaduri , A. 2001 . Black tea is a powerful chemopreventor of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species . Biochem. Bioph. Res. Co. , 284 : 173 – 178 .
  • Sato , Y. Cosmetic . JP 2001058940 . 2001 .
  • Satoh , E. , Ishiii , T. , Shimizu , Y. , Sawamura , S. and Nishimura , M. 2002 . The mechanism underlying the protective effect of the thearubigin fraction of black tea (Camellia Sinensis) extract against the neuromuscular blocking action of Botulinum neurotoxins . Pharmacol. Toxicol. , 90 : 199
  • Sawamura , S. , Nishimura , M. and Sakane , I. Clostridial bacteriotoxin neutralizer and method for producing the same . JP 2004168773 . 2004 .
  • Sawamura , S. I. , Nishimura , M. and Sakane , I. Neutralizing agent for clostridium bacterial neurotoxins and preparation method thereof . US 2004102387 . 2004a .
  • Scharbert , S. and Hofmann , T. 2005 . Molecular definition of black tea taste by means of quantitative studies, taste reconstitution and omission experiments . J. Agr. Food. Chem. , 53 : 5377 – 5384 .
  • Scharbert , S. , Holzmann , N. and Hofmann , T. 2004 . Identification of the Astringent taste compounds in black tea infusions by combining instrumental analysis and human bioresponse . J. Agr. Food Chem. , 52 : 3498 – 3508 .
  • Sebe , T. , Nakanishi , U. , Hashino , K. and Azuma , S. Pharmaceutical preparation . JP 11199498 . 1999 .
  • Serafini , M. , Laranjinha , J. A. N. , Almeida , L. M. and Maiani , G. 2000 . Inhibition of human LDL lipid peroxidation by phenol-rich beverages and their impact on plasma total antioxidant capacity in humans . J. Nutr. Biochem. , 11 : 585 – 590 .
  • Sesso , H. D. , Paffenbarger , R. S. Jr. , Oguma , Y. and Lee , I. M. 2003 . Lack of association between tea and cardiovascular disease in college alumni . Int. J. Epidemiol. , 32 : 527 – 533 .
  • Seto , Y. , Lin , C. C. , Endo , Y. and Fujimoto , K. 2005 . Retardation of lipid oxidation in blue sprat by hot water tea extracts . J. Sci. Food Agr. , 85 : 1119 – 1124 .
  • Shimoi , K. , Nakamura , Y. , Tomita , I. and Kada , T. 1985 . Bioantimutagenic effects of tannic acid on UV and chemically induced mutagenesis In: Escherichia coli B/r . Mutat. Res. , 149 : 17 – 23 .
  • Shiraki , M. , Hara , Y. , Osawa , T. , Kumon Harue , K. , Nakayama , T. and Kawakishi , S. 1994 . Antioxidative and antimutagenic effects of theaflavins from black tea. Mutat. Res. . Lett. , 323 : 29 – 34 .
  • Shomar , B. , Mueller , G. , Yahya , A. , Askar , S. and Sansur , R. 2004 . Fluorides in ground water, soil and infused black tea and the occurance of dental fluorosis among school children of the Gaza strip . J. Water Health. , 2 : 23 – 35 .
  • Shukla , Y. and Taneja , P. 2001 . Antimutagenic effects of black tea extract using ‘rodent dominant lethal mutation assay’ . Toxicology , 168 : 269 – 274 .
  • Shukla , Y. and Taneja , P. 2002 . Anticarcinogenic effect of black tea on pulmonary tumours in swiss albino mice . Cancer Lett. , 176 : 137 – 141 .
  • Siddiqui , I. A. , Roisuddin , S. and Shukla , Y. 2005 . Protective effects of black tea extract on testosterone induced oxidative damage in prostate . Cancer Lett. , 227 : 125 – 132 .
  • Smith , A. , Sturgess , W. and Gallagher , J. 1999 . Effects of a low dose of caffeine given in different drinks on mood and performance . Hum. Psychopharm. , 14 : 473 – 482 .
  • South , P. K. , House , W. A. and Miller , D. D. 1997 . Tea consumption does not affect iron absorption in rats unless tea and iron are comsumed together . Nutr. Res. , 17 : 1303 – 1310 .
  • Stavric , B. , Maitula , T. I. , Klassen , R. and Downie , R. H. 1996 . The effect of teas on the invitro mutagenic potential of heterocyclic aromatic amines . Food. Chem. Toxicol. , 34 : 515 – 523 .
  • Steele Kelloff , G. J. , Balentine , D. , Boone , C. W. , Mehta , R. , Bagheri , D. , Sigman , C. C. , Zhu , S. and Sharma , S. 2000 . Comparative chemopreventive mechanisms of green tea, black tea and selected polyphenol extracts measured by in vitro bioassays . Carcinogenesis. , 21 : 63 – 67 .
  • Stitch , H. F. , Rosin , M. P. and Bryson , L. 1982 . Inhibition of mutagenicity of a model nitrosation reaction by naturally occurring phenolics, coffee and tea . Mutat. Res.- Fund. Mol. M. , 95 : 119 – 128 .
  • Sun , C. L. , Yuan , J. M. , Lee , M. J. , Young , C. S. , Gao , Y. T. , Ross , R. K. and Yu , M. C. 2002 . Urinary tea polyphenols in relation to gastric and esophageal cancers: a prospective study of men in Shanghai, China . Carcinogenesis , 23 : 1497 – 1503 .
  • Temple , S. J. , Temple , C. M. , Boxtel , A. J. B. and Clifford , M. N. 2001 . The effect of drying on black tea quality . J. Sci. Food Agr. , 81 : 764 – 772 .
  • Thiagarajan , G. , Chandani , S. , Sundari , S. , Rao , S. H. , Kulkarni , A. V. and Balasubramanian , D. 2001 . Antioxidant properties of Green and Black tea and their potential ability to retard the progression of eye lens . Exp. Eye Res. , 73 : 393 – 401 .
  • Tian , W. , Wang , X. and Wu , X. Fatty acid synthetic enzyme inhibitor and its production method and application . CN 1475249 . 2004 .
  • Tokudome , S. , Nahomi , I. , Goto , C. , Tokudome , Y. and Moore , M. A. 2005 . Letters to Editor - Black tea and cardiovascular disease . Int. J. Epidemiol. , 34 : 482 – 483 .
  • Tomita , M. , Irwin , K. I. , Xie , Z. J. and Santoro , T. J. 2002 . Tea pigments inhibit the production of type 1 (TH1) and type 2 (TH2) helper T cell cytokines in CD4 + T cells . Phytother. Res. , 16 : 36 – 47 .
  • Trewby , P. N. , Rutter , M. D. , Earl , U. M. and Sattar , M. A. 1998 . Teapot myositis . Lancet , 351 ( 9111 ) : 1248
  • Ullmann , U. , Haller , J. , Bakker , G. C. M. , Brink , E. J. and Weber , P. 2005 . Epigallocatechin gallate does not impair nonhaem-iron absorption in man . Phytomedicine. , 12 : 410 – 415 .
  • Vinson , J. A. and Zhang , J. 2005 . Black and green teas equally inhibit diabetic cataracts in a streptozotocin induced rat model of diabetes . J. Agr. Food Chem. , 53 : 3710 – 3713 .
  • Vinson , J. A. and Dabbargh , Y. A. 1998 . Tea polyphenols:antioxidant effectiveness of teas, tea components, tea fractions and their binding with lipoproteins . Nutr. Res. , 18 : 1067 – 1075 .
  • Vinson , J. A. , Teufel , K. and Wu , N. 2004 . Green and black teas inhibit atherosclerosis by lipid, antioxidant and fibrinolytic mechanisms . J. Agr. Food Chem. , 52 : 3661 – 3665 .
  • Vita , J. A. 2005 . Polyphenols and cardiovascular disease: effects on endothelial and platelet function . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 81 : 2925 – 2975 .
  • Wang , D. , Kurasawa , E. , Yamaguchi , Y. , Kubota , K. and Kobayashi , A. 2001 . 1. Analysis of glycosidically bound aroma precursors in tea leaves. 2. Changes in glycoside contents and glycosidase activities in tea leaves during black tea manufacturing process . J. Agric. Food. Chem. , 49 : 1900 – 1903 .
  • Wang , Z. Y. , Wang , L. D. , Lee , M. J. , Ho , L. T. , Huang , M. T. , Conney , A. H. and Yang , C. S. 1995 . Inhibition of N-nitrosomethylbenzyl-amino-induced esophageal tumorigenesis in rats by green and black tea . Carcinogenesis , 16 : 2143 – 2148 .
  • Weisburger , J. H. , Hara , Y. , Dolan , L. , Luo , F. Q. , Pittman , B. and Zang , E. 1996 . Tea polyphenols as inhibitors of mutagenicity of major classes of carcinogens . Mutat. Res.- Gen. Tox. En. , 371 : 57 – 63 .
  • Weisburger , J. H. , Dolan , L. and Pittman , B. 1998 . Inhibition of PhIP mutagenicity by caffeine, lycopene, daidzein and genistein . Mutat. Res.- Gen. Tox. En. , 416 : 125 – 128 .
  • Weisburger , J. H. , Rivenson , A. , Reinhardt , J. , Aliaga , C. , Braley , J. , Pittman , B. and Zang , E. 1998a . Effect of black tea on azoxymethane - induced colon cancer . Carcinogensis , 19 : 229 – 232 .
  • Weisburger , J. H. , Veliath , E. , Pittman , B. , Zang , E. and Hara , Y. 2002 . Tea polyphenols inhibit the formation of mutagens during cooking of meat . Mutat. Res.- Gen. Tox. En. , 516 : 19 – 22 .
  • Wen , Z. Preparation method of smelly black tea pickled egg . CN 1596673 . 2005 .
  • Widlansky , M. E. , Duffy , S. J. , Hamburg , N. M. , Gokce , N. , Warden , B. A. , Wiseman , S. , Keaney , J. F. Jr. , Frei , B. and Vita , J. A. 2005 . Effects of black tea consumption on plasma catechins and markers of oxidative stress and inflammation in patients with coronary artery disease . Free Radical Bio. Med. , 38 : 499 – 506 .
  • Wolfram , R. M. , Oguogho , A. , Efthimiou , Y. , Budinsky , A. C. and Sinzinger , H. 2002 . Effect of black tea on (iso -) prostaglandins and platelet aggregation in healthy volunteers . Prostag. Leukotr. Ess. , 66 : 529 – 533 .
  • Workhoven , J. 1974 . Tea Processing; FAO Agricultural Services Bulletin No 26 , Rome : Food and Agricultural Organisation of the United Nations .
  • Wu , A. H. , Arakawa , K. , Stanczyk , F. Z. , Berg , D. V. D. , Koh , W. P. and Yu , M. C. 2005 . Tea and circulating estrogen levels in postmenopausal Chinese women in Singapore . Carcinogenesis , 26 : 976 – 980 .
  • Wu , S. Cancer preventing health tea made of garlic, pepper, chilli, tea and ginger . CN 1337243 . 2002 .
  • Xiangming , W. , Renliang , X. , Yuhui , Q. and Al , E. Health tea . CN 1077595 . 1993 .
  • Xu , H. Natural oxidizing agent capable of inhibiting cigarette harmful matter . CN 1414064 . 2003 .
  • Yamada , F. , Harada , H. , Sakamoto , T. and Taniguchi , T. Dentrifice or mouth wash . JP 2053717 . 1990 .
  • Yamane , T. , Shibui , H. , Tsubaki , T. and Otowaki , K. Method for improving meat quality . JP 6209720 . 1994 .
  • Yamanishi , T. , Hara , Y. , Luo , S. and Wickremasinghe , R. L. 1995 . Special isuue on tea . Food Rev. Int. , 11 : 371 – 546 .
  • Yang , G. Y. , Liao , J. , Li , C. , Chung , J. , Yurkow , E. J. , Ho , C. T. and Chung , S . 2000 . Effect of black and green tea polyphenols on C-jun phosphorylation and H2O2 production in transformed and non transformed human bronchial cell lines: possible mechanisms of cell growth inhibition and apoptosis induction . Carcinogenesis , 21 : 2035 – 2039 .
  • Yang , G. Y. , Liao , J. , Kim , K. , Yurkow , E. J. and Yang , C. S. 1998 . Inhibition of growth and induction of apoptosis in human cancer cell lines by tea polyphenols . Carcinogenesis , 19 : 611 – 616 .
  • Yang , G. Y. , Liu , Z. , Seril , D. N. , Liao , J. , Ding , W. , Kim , S. , Bondoc , F. and Yang , C. S. 1997 . Black tea constituents, theaflavins, inhbit 4-(methyl nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) - induced lung tumorigenesis in A/J mice . Carcinogenesis , 18 : 2361 – 2365 .
  • Yang , J. and Ma , E. Instant lycium berry tea . CN 1443462 . 2003 .
  • Yee , Y. K. , Koo , M. W. L. and Szeto , M. L. 2002 . Helicobacter Pylori infection: Risk and virulence: Chinese tea consumption and lower risk of heliobacter infection . J. Gastroen. Hepatol. , 17 : 552
  • Yoxall , V. R. , Parker , D. A. , Kentish , P. A. and Ioannides , C. 2004 . Short-term black tea intake modulates the excretion of urinary mutagens in rats treated with 2-amino-3-methyl imidazo-(4,5-f)quinoline (IQ):role of CYP1A2 upregulation . Arch. Toxicol. , 78 : 477 – 482 .
  • Yuwen , J. Nutritious instant health tea and its production process . CN 1160490 . 1997 .
  • Zeegers , M. P. A. , Tan , F. E. S. , Goldbohm , A. and Brendt , P. A. 2001 . Are coffee and tea consumption associated with urinary tract cancer risk . Int. J. Epidemiol. , 30 : 353 – 362 .
  • Zhang , G. , Miura , Y. and Yagasaki , K. 2001 . Inhibition of hepatoma cell invasion beneath mesothelial – cell monolayer by sera from tea and related component treated rats and their modes of action . Cytotechnology , 36 : 187 – 193 .
  • Zhang , G. , Miura , Y. and Yagasaki , K. 1999 . Effects of green, oolong and black tea and related components on the proliferation and invasion of hepatoma cells in culture . Cytotechnology , 31 : 37 – 44 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.