Application of a Key Events Dose-Response Analysis to Nutrients: A Case Study with Vitamin A (Retinol)

REFERENCES

• Arnhold , T. , Nau , H. , Meyer , S. , Rothkoetter , H. J. and Lampen , A. D. 2002 . Porcine intestinal metabolism of excess vitamin A differs following vitamin A supplementation and liver consumption . J. Nutr. , 132 ( 2 ) : 197 – 203 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Arnhold , T. , Tzimas , G. , Wittfoht , W. , Plonait , S. and Nau , H. 1996 . Identification of 9-cis-retinoic acid, 9,13-di-cis-retinoic acid, and14-hydroxy-4,14-retro-retinol in human plasma after liver consumption . Life Sci. , 59 ( 12 ) : 169 – 177 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Aström , A. , Pettersson , U. , Chambon , P. and Voorhees , J. J. 1994 . Retinoic acid induction of human cellular retinoic acid-binding protein-II gene transcription is mediated by retinoic acid receptor-retinoid X receptor heterodimers bound to one far upstream retinoic acid-responsive element with 5-base pair spacing . J. Biol. Chem. , 269 ( 35 ) : 22334 – 22339 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bachmann , H. , Desbarats , A. , Pattison , P. , Sedgewick , M. , Riss , G. , Wyss , A. , Cardinault , N. , Duszka , C. , Goralczyk , R. and Grolier , P. 2002 . Feedback regulation of beta, beta-carotene 15,15′-monooxygenase by retinoic acid in rats and chickens . J. Nutr. , 132 ( 12 ) : 3616 – 3622 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cifelli , C. J. , Green , J. B. , Wang , Z. , Yin , S. , Russell , R. M. , Tang , G. and Green , M. H. 2008 . Kinetic analysis shows that vitamin A disposal rate in humans is positively correlated with vitamin A stores . J. Nutr. , 138 ( 5 ) : 971 – 977 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Clagett-Dame , M. and DeLuca , H. F. 2002 . The role of vitamin A in mammalian reproduction and embryonic development . Annu. Rev. Nutr. , 22 : 347 – 381 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dawson , H. D. , Yamamoto , J. , Zolfaghari , R. , Rosales , F. , Dietz , J. , Shimada , T. , Li , N-Q. and Ross , A. C. 2000 . Regulation of hepatic vitamin A storage in a rat model of controlled vitamin A status during aging . J. Nutr , 130 : 1280 – 1286 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Luca , L. M. 1991 . Retinoids and their receptors in differentiation, embryogenesis, and neoplasia . FASEB J. , 5 ( 14 ) : 2924 – 2933 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eckhoff , C. , Collins , M. D. and Nau , H. 1991 . Human plasma all-trans-, 13-cis- and 13-cis-4-oxoretinoic acid profiles during subchronic vitamin A supplementation: Comparison to retinol and retinyl ester plasma levels . J. Nutr. , 121 : 1016 – 1025 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine . 1998 . Dietary Reference Intakes: A Risk Assessment Model for Establishing Upper Intake Levels for Nutrients , Washington, DC : National Academy Press .
   Google Scholar
• FSA (Food Standards Agency) . 2003 . Safe Upper Levels for Vitamins and Minerals: Report of the Expert Group on Vitamins and Minerals , United Kingdom : Food Standards Agency . http://www.food.gov.uk/multimedia/pdfs/vitmin2003.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Green , M. H. and Green , J. B. 1994 . Vitamin A intake and status influence retinol balance, utilization and dynamics in rats . J. Nutr. , 124 : 2477 – 2485 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Harrison , E. H. 2005 . Mechanisms of digestion and absorption of dietary vitamin A . Annu. Rev. Nutr. , 25 : 87 – 103 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartmann , S. , Froescheis , O. , Ringenbach , F. , Wyss , R. , Bucheli , F. , Bischof , S. , Bausch , J. and Wiegand , U. W. 2001 . Determination of retinol and retinyl esters in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography with automated column switching and ultraviolet detection . J. Chromatogr. B Biomed. Sci. Appl. , 751 ( 2 ) : 265 – 275 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hébuterne , X. , Wang , X.-D. , Johnson , E. J. , Krinsky , N. I. and Russell , R. M. 1995 . Intestinal absorption and metabolism of 9-cis-b-carotene in vivo: Biosynthesis of 9-cis-retinoic acid . J. Lipid Res. , 36 : 1264 – 1273 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Institute of Medicine . 2001 . Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc , Washington, DC : The National Academies Press .
   Google Scholar
• Institute of Medicine . 2006 . Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI): The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements , Washington, DC : The National Academies Press . 2006
   Google Scholar
• Julien , E. , Boobis , A. R. , Olin , S. S. and the ILSI Research Foundation Threshold Working Group . 2009 . The Key Events Dose-Response Framework: A cross-disciplinary mode-of-action based approach to examining dose-response and thresholds . Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. , 49 : 682 – 689 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawaguchi , R. , Yu , J. , Honda , J. , Hu , J. , Whitelegge , J. , Ping , P. , Wiita , P. , Bok , D. and Sun , H. 2007 . A membrane receptor for retinol binding protein mediates cellular uptake of vitamin A . Science , 315 ( 5813 ) : 820 – 825 . Feb 9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelley , S. K. and Green , M. H. 1998 . Plasma retinol is a major determinant of vitamin A utilization in rats . J. Nutr. , 128 : 1767 – 1773 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Krasinski , S. D. , Russell , R. M. , Otradovec , C. L. , Sadowski , J. A. , Hartz , S. C. , Jacob , R. A. and McGandy , R. B. 1989 . Relationship of vitamin A and vitamin E intake to fasting plasma retinol, retinol-binding protein, retinyl esters, carotene, alpha-tocopherol, and cholesterol among elderly people and young adults: Increased plasma retinyl esters among vitamin A-supplement users . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 49 ( 1 ) : 112 – 120 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McCaffery , P. J. , Adams , J. , Maden , M. and Rosa-Molinar , E. 2003 . Too much of a good thing: Retinoic acid as an endogenous regulator of neural differentiation and exogenous teratogen . Eur. J. Neurosci. , 18 : 457 – 472 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nollevaux , M. C. , Guiot , Y. , Horsmans , Y. , Leclercq , I. , Rahier , J. , Geubel , A. P. and Sempoux , C. 2006 . Hypervitaminosis A-induced liver fibrosis: Stellate cell activation and daily dose consumption . Liver Int. , 26 ( 2 ) : 182 – 186 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• O'Byrne , S. M. , Wongsiriroj , N. , Libien , J. , Vogel , S. , Goldberg , I. J. , Baehr , W. , Palczewski , K. and Blaner , W. S. 2005 . Retinoid absorption and storage is impaired in mice lacking lecithin: Retinol acyltransferase (LRAT) . J. Biol. Chem. , 280 ( 42 ) : 35647 – 35657 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Olson , J. A. 1984 . Serum levels of vitamin A and carotenoids as reflectors of nutritional status . J. Natl. Cancer Inst. , 73 ( 6 ) : 1439 – 1444 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Orland , M. D. , Anwar , K. , Cromley , D. , Chu , C. H. , Chen , L. , Billheimer , J. T. , Hussain , M. M. and Cheng , D. 2005 . Acyl coenzyme A dependent retinol esterification by acyl coenzyme A: Diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 . Biochim. Biophys. Acta. , 1737 ( 1 ) : 76 – 82 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Penniston , K. L. and Tanumihardjo , S. A. 2005 . Elevated serum concentrations of beta-glucuronide metabolites and 4-oxoretinol in lactating sows after treatment with vitamin A: A model for evaluating supplementation in lactating women . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 81 ( 4 ) : 851 – 858 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Perlmann , T. 2002 . Retinoid metabolism: A balancing act . Nat. Genet. , 31 : 7 – 8 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Randolph , R. K. and Ross , A. C. 1991 . Vitamin A status regulates hepatic lecithin:Retinol acyltransferase activity in rats . J. Biol. Chem. , 266 : 16453 – 16457 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Renwick , A. G. and Walker , R. 2008 . Risk assessment of micronutrients . Toxicol. Lett. , 180 ( 2 ) : 123 – 130 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Renwick , A. G. 2006 . Toxicology of micronutrients: Adverse effects and uncertainty . J. Nutr. , 136 ( 2 ) : 493S – 501S .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rochette-Egly , C. 2005 . Dynamic combinatorial networks in nuclear receptor-mediated transcription . J Biol Chem. , 280 ( 38 ) : 32565 – 32568 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ross , A. C. , Ambalavanan , N. , Zolfaghari , R. and Li , N. 2006 . Vitamin A combined with retinoic acid increases retinol uptake and lung retinyl ester formation in a synergistic manner in neonatal rats . J. Lipid Res. , 47 : 1844 – 1851 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ross , A. C. and Harrison , E. H. 2007 . “ Vitamin A: Nutritional Aspects of Retinoids and Carotenoids ” . In Handbook of Vitamins. , 4th ed. , Edited by: Rucker , R. B. , Zempleni , J. , Suttie , J. W. and McCormick , D. B. 1 – 40 . Boca Raton, FL : Taylor & Francis Group .
   Google Scholar
• Ross , A. C. and Zolfaghari , R. 2004 . Regulation of hepatic retinol metabolism: perspectives from studies on vitamin A status . J. Nutr. , 134 ( 1 ) : 269S – 275S .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SCF (Scientific Committee on Food) . 2006 . Tolerable Upper Intake Levels for Vitamins and Minerals , European Food Safety Authority, Scientific Committee on Food, Scientific Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , F. R. and Goodman , D. S. 1976 . Vitamin A transport in human vitamin A toxicity . N. Engl. J. Med. , 8 ( 15 ) : 805 – 808 . 294
   Google Scholar
• Soprano , D. R. and Blaner , W. S. 1994 . “ Plasma retinol-binding protein ” . In The Retinoids: Biology, Chemistry and Medicine , Edited by: Sporn , M. B. , Roberts , A. B. and Goodman , D. S. 257 – 281 . NY : Raven Press .
   Google Scholar
• Soprano , D. R. and Soprano , K. J. 1995 . Retinoids as teratogens . Annu. Rev. Nutr. , 15 : 111 – 132 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor , C. L. and Yetley , E. A. 2008 . Nutrient risk assessment as a tool for providing scientific assessments to regulators . J. Nutr. , 138 : 1987S – 1991S .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Underhill , T. M. , Kotch , L. E. and Linney , E. 1995 . Retinoids and mouse embryonic development . Vitam. Horm. , 51 : 403 – 457 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Underwood , B. A. 1994 . Hypovitaminosis A: International programmatic issues . J. Nutr. , 124 ( 8 Suppl ) : 1467S – 1472S .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• van Vliet , T. , Boelsma , E. , de Vries , A. J. and van den Berg , H. 2001 . Retinoic acid metabolites in plasma are higher after intake of liver paste compared with a vitamin A supplement in women . J. Nutr. , 131 ( 12 ) : 3197 – 3203 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Visani , G. , Manfroi , S. , Tosi , P. and Martinelli , G. 1996 . All-trans-retinoic acid and pseudotumor cerebri . Leukemia and Lymphoma. , 23 : 437 – 442 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang , X.-D. , Krinsky , N. I. , Tang , G. and Russell , R. M. 1992 . Retinoic acid can be produced from excentric cleavage of b-carotene in human intestinal mucosa . Arch. Biochem. and Biophys. , 293 : 298 – 304 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang , X.-D. , Russell , R. M. , Marini , R. P. , Tang , G. , Dolnikowski , G. G. , Fox , J. G. and Krinsky , N. I. 1993 . Intestinal perfusion of b-carotene in the ferret raises retinoic acid level in portal blood . Biochim. Biophys. Acta. , 1167 : 159 – 164 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang , Y. , Zolfaghari , R. and Ross , A. C. 2002 . Cloning of rat cytochrome P450RAI (CYP26) cDNA and regulation of its gene expression by all-trans-retinoic acid in vivo . Arch. Biochem. and Biophys. , 401 : 235 – 243 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams , G. M. and Iatropoulos , M. J. 2002 . Alteration of liver cell function and proliferation: differentiation between adaptation and toxicity . Toxicol. Pathol. , 30 ( 1 ) : 41 – 53 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson , D. E. , Hejazi , J. , Elstad , N. L. , Chan , I. F. , Gleeson , J. M. and Iverius , P. H. 1987 . Novel aspects of vitamin A metabolism in the dog: distribution of lipoprotein retinyl esters in vitamin A-deprived and cholesterol-fed animals . Biochim. Biophys. Acta. , 922 ( 3 ) : 247 – 258 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• World Health Organization/Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations . 2006 . A Model for Establishing Upper Levels of Intake for Nutrients and Related Substances Internet: http://www.who.int/ipcs/methods/en/
   Google Scholar
• Yen , C. L. , Monetti , M. , Burri , B. J. and Farese , R. V. Jr. 2005 . Acyl coenzyme A dependent retinol esterification by acyl coenzyme A: diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 . J. Lipid Res. , 46 ( 7 ) : 1502 – 1511 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yin , W. H. , Raffelsberger , W. and Gronemeyer , H. 2005 . Retinoic acid determines life span of leukemic cells by inducing antagonistic apoptosis-regulatory programs . Int. J. Biochem. Cell. Biol. , 37 : 1696 – 1708 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yost , R. W. , Harrison , E. H. and Ross , A. C. 1988 . Esterification by rat liver microsomes of retinol bound to cellular retinol-binding protein . J. Biol. Chem. , 263 : 18693 – 18701 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zile , M. H. 1998 . Vitamin A and embryonic development: An overview . J. Nutr. , 128 ( 2 Suppl ) : 455S – 458S .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar