Human taste perception

References

• Abrahams , H. , Krakauer , D. and Dallenbach , K. M. 1937 . Gustatory adaptation to salt . Am. J. Psychol. , 49 : 462
   Google Scholar
• Arfmann , B. L. and Chapanis , N. P. 1962 . The relative sensitivities of taste and smell in smokers and non‐smokers . J. Gen. Psychol. , 66 : 315
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartoshuk , L. M. 1968 . Water taste in man . Percept. Psychophys. , 3 : 69
   Google Scholar
• Bartoshuk , L. M. Alteration of taste qualities through natural products . Paper presented at Army Research Conference . New York : West Point .
   Google Scholar
• Bartoshuk , L. 1971 . “ The Chemical Senses, I. Taste ” . In Woodworth and Schlosberg's Experimental Psychology , 3rd ed. , Edited by: Kling , J. and Riggs , L. 169 New York : Holt, Rinehart, and Winston .
   Google Scholar
• Bartoshuk , L. M. , Dateo , G. P. , Vandenbelt , D. J. , Buttrick , R. L. and Long , L. Jr. 1969 . “ Effects of Gymnema sylvestre and Synsepalum dulcificum on taste ” . In Olfaction and Taste III , Edited by: Pfaffmann , C. M. 436 New York : Rockefeller University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bartoshuk , L. N. , McBurney , D. H. and Pfaffmann , C. 1964 . Taste of sodium chloride solutions after adaptation to sodium chloride: Implications for the “water taste,”; . Science , 143 : 967
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Beebe‐Center , J. G. and Waddell , D. 1948 . A general psychological scale of taste . J. Psychol. , 26 : 517
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bekesy , G. 1964 . Von, Sweetness produced electrically on the tongue and its relation to taste theories . J. Appl. Physiol. , 19 : 1105
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bekesy , G. 1965 . Von., The effect of adaptation on the taste threshold observed with a semi automatic gustometer . J. Gen. Physiol. , 48 : 481
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bekesy , G. 1966 . Von, Taste theories and the chemical stimulation of single papillae . J. Appl. Physiol. , 21 : 1
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Benjamin , R. M. , Halpern , B. P. , Moulton , D. G. and Mozell , M. M. 1965 . The chemical senses . Ann. Rev. Psychol. , 16 : 381
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Blakeslee , A. F. and Salmon , R. 1931 . Odour and taste blindness . Eugen. News , 16 : 105
   Google Scholar
• Borg , G. , Diamant , H. , Strom , L. and Zotterman , Y. 1967 . The relation between neural and perceptual intensity: A comparative study on the neural and psychophysical response to taste stimuli . J. Physiol. , 192 : 13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boring , E. G. 1942 . Sensation and Perception in the History of Experimental Psychology , New York : Appleton‐Century‐Crofts .
   Google Scholar
• Bruvold , W. H. and Gaffey , W. R. 1965 . Subjective intensity of mineral taste in water . J. Psychol. , 69 : 369
   Google Scholar
• Bujas , Z. , Majer , D. and Ostojcic , A. 1939 . Beobachtungen uber den Restitutions vorgans beim Geschmacksinn . Acta Inst. Psychol., Univ. Zageb , 3 : 1
   Google Scholar
• Byrd , E. 1968 . Taste sensitivity in aging . J. Gerontol. , 13 : 435
   Google Scholar
• Byrd , E. and Gertman , S. 1959 . Taste sensitivity in aging persons . Geriatrics , 14 : 381
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cameron , A. T. 1945 . The relative sweetness of various sweet compounds and of their mixtures . Can. J. Res. , 23 : 139
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cohen , J. and Ogden , D. P. 1951 . Concerning taste‐blindness to PTC . Psychol. Bull. , 48 : 419
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cohen , T. and Gitman , L. 1959 . Oral complaints and taste perception in the aged . J. Gerontol. , 14 : 294
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cooper , P. M. , Bilash , J. and Zubek , J. P. 1959 . The effect of age on taste sensitivity . J. Gerontol. , 14 : 56
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dahlberg , A. C. and Penczek , E. S. 1941 . The relative sweetness of sugars as affected by concentration . N.Y. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. (Cornell Univ.) , 258 : 1
   Google Scholar
• Dallenbach , J. W. and Dallenbach , K. M. 1943 . The effects of bitter adaptation on sensitivity to the other taste qualities . Am. J. Psychol. , 56 : 21
   Google Scholar
• Dzendolet , E. 1969 . Theory for the mechanism of action of “miracle fruit,”; . Percept. Psychophys. , 6 : 187
   Google Scholar
• Dzendolet , E. 1968 . A structure common to sweet‐evoking compounds . Percept. Psychophys. , 3 : 65
   Google Scholar
• Dzendolet , E. 1969 . “ Basis for taste quality in man ” . In Olfaction and Taste III , Edited by: Pfaffmann , C. M. 420 New York : Rockefeller University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Dzendolet , E. and Meiselman , H. L. 1967 . Gustatory quality changes as a function of solution concentrations . Percept. Psychophys. , 2 : 29
   Google Scholar
• Dzendolet , E. and Meiselman , H. L. 1967 . Cation and anion contributions to gustatory quality of simple salts . Percept. Psychophys. , 2 : 601
   Google Scholar
• Ekman , G. 1961 . Methodological note on scales of gustatory intensity . Scand. J. Psychol. , 2 : 185
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekman , G. and Akesson , C. 1965 . Saltiness, sweetness, and preference: A study of quantitative relations in individual subjects . Scand. J. Psychol. , 6 : 241
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engen , T. E. 1971 . “ Psychophysics. I. Discrimination and detection. II. Scaling Methods ” . In Woodworth and Schlosberg's Experimental Psychology , Edited by: Kling , J. W. and Riggs , L. A. 11 New York : Holt, Rinehart and Winston .
   Google Scholar
• Erickson , R. P. 1965 . Duplexity theory of taste . Science , 147 : 890
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Erickson , R. P. 1968 . Stimulus coding in topographic and nontopographic afferent modalities: On the significance of the activity of individual sensory neurons . Psychol. Rev. , 75 : 447
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Emits , T. 1967 . “ unpublished undergraduate research project ” . Brown University
   Google Scholar
• Faull , J. R. , Meiselman , H. L. and Halpern , B. P. 1971 . Tastelessness: A poorly defined concept ‐ The example of quinine ethylcarbonate . Psychol. Rec. , 21 : 219
   Google Scholar
• Feallock, J. B. unpublished doctoral thesis, University of Virginia, 1966
   Google Scholar
• Fischer , R. L. 1967 . “ Genetics and gustatory chemoreception in man and other primates ” . In The Chemical Senses and Nutrition , Edited by: Kare , M. R. and Maller , O. 61 Baltimore : Johns Hopkins Press .
   Google Scholar
• Fischer , R. , Griffin , F. and Rockey , M. A. 1966 . Gustatory chemoreception in man: multidisciplinary aspects and perspectives . Perspect. Biol. Med. , 9 : 549
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fox , A. L. 1932 . Relationship between chemical constitution and taste . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. , 18 : 115
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Geldard , F. A. 1953 . The Human Senses , New York : John Wiley & Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Glanville , E. V. , Kaplan , A. R. and Fischer , R. 1964 . Age, sex, and taste sensitivity . J. Gerontol. , 19 : 474
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gregson , R. A. M. 1965 . Representation of taste mixture cross‐modal matching in a Minkowski R‐metric . Aust. J. Psychol. , 17 : 195
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gregson , R. A. M. 1966 . Theoretical and empirical multidimensional scaling of taste mixture matchings . Br. J. Stat. Psychol. , 19 : 57
   Google Scholar
• Gregson , R. A. M. and Russell , P. N. 1965 . Psychophysical power law exponent value for sucrose intensity . Percept. Mot. Skills , 20 : 294
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hahn , H. 1934 . Die adaptation des Geschmachsinnes . Z. Sinnesphysiol. , 65 : 104
   Google Scholar
• Harper , H. W. , Jay , J. R. and Erickson , R. P. 1967 . Chemically evoked sensations from single human taste papillae . Physiol. Behav. , 1 : 319
   Google Scholar
• Harris , H. and Kalmus , H. 1949 . The measurement of taste sensitivity to phenylthiourea (P.T.C.) . Ann. Eugen. , 15 : 24
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hayashi , T. , ed. 1967 . Olfaction and Taste II , New York : Pergamon .
   Google Scholar
• Henkin , R. I. 1967 . “ Abnormalities of taste and olfaction in various diseases states ” . In The Chemical Senses and Nutrition , Edited by: Kare , M. R. and Maller , O. 95 Baltimore : The Johns Hopkins Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hinchcliffe , R. 1958 . The pattern of the threshold of perception for hearing and other special senses as a function of age . Gerontologia , 2 : 311
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hinchcliffe , R. 1962 . Aging and sensory thresholds . J. Gerontol. , 17 : 45
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hooper , D. 1887 . An examination of the leaves of Gymnema sylvestre . Nature , 35 : 565
   Google Scholar
• Jones , F. N. and Marcus , M. J. 1961 . The subject effect in judgments of subjective magnitude . J. Exp. Psychol. , 61 : 40
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kalmus , H. and Trotter , W. R. 1962 . Direct assessment of the effect of age on P.T.C. . Ann. Hum. Genet. , 26 : 145
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamen , J. 1959 . Interaction of sucrose and calcium cyclamate and perceived intensity of sweetness . Food Res. , 24 : 279
   Google Scholar
• Kaplan , A. R. , Glanville , E. V. and Fischer , R. 1964 . Taste thresholds for bitterness and cigarette smoking . Nature , 202 : 1366
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiesow , F. 1894 . Ueber die Wirkung des Cocain und der Gymnemasaure aufdie Schleimhautder Zunge und des Mundraums . Philos. Stud. , 9 : 510
   Google Scholar
• Kiesow , F. 1894 . Beiträge zur physiologischen Psychologue des Geschmacksinnes . Philos. Stud. , 10 : 523
   Google Scholar
• Kiesow , F. 1898 . Schmeck versuche an einzelnen Papillen . Philos. Stud. , 14 : 591
   Google Scholar
• Kionka , H. and Strätz , F. 1922 . Setzt der Geschmack eines Salzes sich suzammen aus dem Geschmack der einzelnen Ionen oder schneckt man jedes Salz also Gesamtmolekul? . Arch. Exp. Pathol. Pharmakol. , 95 : 241
   Google Scholar
• Kocher , E. C. and Fisher , G. L. 1969 . Subjective intensity and taste preference . Percept. Mot. Skills , 28 : 735
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krakauer , D. and Dallenbach , K. M. 1937 . Gustatory adaptation to sweet, sour, and bitter . Am. J. Psychol. , 49 : 469
   Google Scholar
• Kurihara , Y. 1969 . Antisweet activity of gymnemic acid A, and its derivatives . Life Sci. , 8 : 537
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kurihara , K. and Beidler , L. M. 1969 . Mechanism of the action of taste‐modifying protein . Nature , 222 : 1176
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lewis , R. 1948 . Psychological scales of taste . J. Psychol. , 26 : 437
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacLeod , S. 1952 . A construction and attempted validation of sensory sweetness scales . J. Exp. Psychol. , 44 : 316
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McBurney , D. H. 1966 . Magnitude estimation of the taste of sodium chloride after adaptation to sodium chloride . J. Exp. Psychol. , 72 : 869
   Google Scholar
• McBurney , D. H. 1969 . “ Effects of adaptation on human taste function ” . In Olfaction and Taste III , Edited by: Pfaffmann , C. M. 407 New York : Rockefeller University Press .
   Google Scholar
• McBurney , D. H. and Bartoshuk , L. M. “ Water taste in mammals ” . In Olfaction and Taste IV Edited by: Schneider , D. in press
   Google Scholar
• McBurney , D. H. , Kasschau , R. A. and Bogart , L. M. 1967 . The effect of adaptation on taste jnds . Percept. Psychophys. , 2 : 175
   Google Scholar
• McBurney , D. H. and Lucas , J. A. 1966 . Gustatory cross adaptation between salts . Psychon. Sci. , 4 : 301
   Google Scholar
• McBurney , D. H. and Pfaffmann , C. M. 1963 . Gustatory adaptation to saliva and sodium chloride . J. Exp. Psychol. , 65 : 523
   Google Scholar
• McCutcheon , N. B. and Saunders , J. 1972 . Human taste papilla stimulation: Stability of quality judgments over time . Science , 175 : 214
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Meiselman , H. L. 1968 . Magnitude estimations of the course of gustatory adaptation . Percept. Psychophys. , 4 : 193
   Google Scholar
• Meiselman , H. L. 1968 . Adaptation of cross‐adaptation of the four gustatory qualities . Percept. Psychophys. , 4 : 368
   Google Scholar
• Meiselman , H. L. 1971 . Effect of presentation procedure on taste intensity functions . Percept. Psychophys. , 10 : 15
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meiselman, H. L. Bose, H. E. and Nykvist, W. unpublished manuscript.
   Google Scholar
• Meiselman, H. L. Bose, H. E. and Nykvist, W. unpublished manuscript.
   Google Scholar
• Meiselman , H. L. and Dzendolet , E. 1967 . Variability in gustatory quality identification . Percept. Psychophys. , 2 : 496
   Google Scholar
• Meiselman , H. L. and Halpein , B. P. 1970 . Human judgments of Gymnema sylvestre and sucrose mixtures . Physiol. Behav. , 5 : 945
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Meiselman , H. L. and Halpern , B. P. 1971 . Effects of Gymnema sylvestre on complex tastes elicited by amino acids and sucrose . Physiol. Behav. , 5 : 1379
   Google Scholar
• Mohr , J. 1951 . Taste sensitivity to phenylthiourea in Denmark . Ann. Eugen. , 16 : 282
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moncrieff , R. W. 1967 . The Chemical Senses , Cleveland : C.R.C. Press .
   Google Scholar
• Moskowitz , H. R. 1968 . “ unpublished doctoral dissertation ” . Harvard University
   Google Scholar
• Moskowitz , H. R. 1970 . Sweetness and intensity of artificial sweeteners . Percept. Psychophys. , 8 : 40
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moskowitz , H. R. 1971 . The sweetness and pleasantness of sugars . Am. J. Psychol. , 84 : 387
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moskowitz , H. R. 1971 . Ratio scales of acid sourness . Percept. Psychophys. , 9 : 371
   Google Scholar
• Moskowitz , H. R. 1972 . Perceptual changes in taste mixtures . Percept. Psychophys. , in press
   Google Scholar
• Moskowitz, H. R. unpublished manuscript.
   Google Scholar
• Moskowitz, H. R. unpublished manuscript.
   Google Scholar
• Moskowitz , H. R. and Arabie , P. 1970 . Texture intensity as a function of stimulus for concentration and solvent viscosity . J. Texture Stud. , 1 : 502
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Oehrwall , H. 1891 . Untersuchungen uber den Geschmackssin . Skand. Archiv. Physiol. , 2 : 1
   Google Scholar
• Pangborn , R. M. 1965 . “ Taste interrelationships of organic acids and selected sugars ” . In Proc. 1st Cong. Food Sci. and Technol. , Edited by: Leitch , J. M. Vol. III , 291 New York : Quality, Analysis, and Composition of Foods Gordon and Breach .
   Google Scholar
• Pangborn , R. M. , Chrisp , R. B. and Bertolero , L. 1970 . Gustatory, salivary, and oral thermal responses to solutions of sodium chloride at four temperatures . Percept. Psychophys. , 8 : 69
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pangborn , R. M. , Trabue , I. M. and Baryelko Pikielna , N. 1967 . Taste, odor, and tactile discrimination before and after smoking . Percept. Psychophys. , 2 : 529
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfaffmann , C. M. 1941 . Gustatory afferent impulses . J. Cell. Comp. Physiol. , 17 : 243
   Google Scholar
• Pfaffmann , C. M. 1951 . “ Taste and smell ” . In Handbook of Experimental Psychology , Edited by: Stevens , S. S. 1143 New York : John Wiley & Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Pfaffmann , C. M. 1959 . “ The sense of taste ” . In Handbook of Physiology , Section 1: Neurophysiology Edited by: Field , J. , Magoun , H. W. and Hall , V. E. Vol. I , 507 Washington, D. C. : American Physiological Society .
   Google Scholar
• Pfaffmann , C. M. , ed. 1969 . Olfaction and Taste III , New York : Rockefeller University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Pfaffmann , C. M. 1969 . “ Summary of taste round table ” . In Olfaction and Taste III , Edited by: Pfaffmann , C. M. 527 New York : Rockefeller University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Pfaffmann , C. M. , McBurney , D. H. and Bartoshuk , L. M. 1971 . “ Taste Psychophysics ” . In Handbook of Physiology , Edited by: Beidler , L. Berlin : Springer‐Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Richter , C. P. and Campbell , K. H. 1940 . Sucrose taste thresholds of rats and humans . Am. J. Physiol. , 128 : 291
   Google Scholar
• Rikimaru , J. 1936 . Taste deficiency of Japanese and other races in Formosa . Am. J. Psychol. , 48 : 649
   Google Scholar
• Russell , P. N. and Gregson , R. A. M. 1966 . A comparison of intermodal and intramodal methods in the multidimensional scaling of three component taste mixtures . Aust. J. Psychol. , 18 : 244
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sato , M. 1967 . “ Gustatory responses as a temperature‐dependent process ” . In Contributions to Sensory Physiology , Edited by: Neff , W. D. 223 New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Sato , M. , Yamashita , S. and Ogawa , H. 1967 . “ Patterns of impulses produced by MSG and 5'‐ribonucleotides in taste units of the rat ” . In Olfaction and Taste II , Edited by: Hayashi , T. New York : Pergamon Press .
   Google Scholar
• Schiffman , S. S. and Erickson , R. P. 1971 . A psychophysical model for gustatory quality . Physiol. Behav. , 7 : 617
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schutz , H. G. and Pilgrim , F. J. 1957 . Sweetness of various compounds and its measurement . Food Res. , 22 : 206
   Google Scholar
• Shallenberger , R. S. and Acree , T. E. 1969 . Molecular structure and sweet taste . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 17 : 701
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shore , L. E. 1892 . A contribution to our knowledge of taste sensations . J. Physiol. , 13 : 192
   Google Scholar
• Sinot , J. J. and Rauth , J. E. 1937 . Effect of smoking on taste thresholds . J. Gen. Psychol. , 17 : 151
   Google Scholar
• Skramlik , E. Von . 1963 . “ The fundamental substrates of taste ” . In Olfaction and Taste I , Edited by: Zotterman , Y. 125 New York : Pergamon, Press .
   Google Scholar
• Smith, D. V. unpublished doctoral thesis, University of Pittsburgh, 1969
   Google Scholar
• Smith , D. V. and McBurney , D. H. 1969 . Gustatory cross‐adaptation: Does a single mechanism code the salty taste? . J. Exp. Psychol. , 80 : 101
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Snyder , L. H. 1931 . Inherited taste deficiency . Science , 74 : 151
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stevens , S. S. 1951 . “ Mathematics, measurement and psychophysics ” . In Handbook of Experimental Psychology , Edited by: Stevens , S. S. New York : John Wiley & Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Stevens , S. S. 1960 . Psychophysics of sensory function . Am. Sci. , 48 : 226
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevens , S. S. 1969 . Sensory scales of taste intensity . Percept. Psychophys. , 6 : 302
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevens , S. S. and Greenbaum , H. B. 1964 . Regression effect in psychophysical judgment . Percept. Psychophys. , 1 : 439
   Google Scholar
• Stone , H. and Oliver , S. 1969 . Measurement of the relative sweetness of selected sweeteners and sweetener mixtures . J. Food Sci. , 34 : 215
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stone , H. , Oliver , S. and Kloehn , J. 1969 . Temperature and pH effects on the relative sweetness of suprathreshold mixtures of dextrose fructose . Percept. Psychophys. , 5 : 257
   Google Scholar
• Tucker , D. and Smith , J. 1969 . The chemical senses . Ann. Rev. Psychol. , 20 : 129
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Warren , R. M. and Pfaffmann , C. M. 1959 . Suppression of sweet sensitivity by potassium gymnemate . J. Appl. Physiol. , 14 : 40
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Warren , R. P. , Warren , P. M. and Weninger , M. G. 1969 . Suppression of the sweet taste by Gymnema sylvestre . Nature , 223 : 94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woodworth , R. S. and Schlosberg , H. 1938 . Experimental Psychology , 1st ed. , New York : Holt, Rinehart, and Winston .
   Google Scholar
• Yackzan , K. S. 1966 . Biological effects of Gymnema sylvestre fractions . Ala. J. Med. Sci. , 3 : 1
   Google Scholar
• 1963 . Yoshida, Similarity among different kinds of taste near the threshold region . Jap. J. Psychol. , 34 : 25
   Google Scholar
• Zotterman , Y. , ed. 1963 . Olfaction and Taste I , New York : Pergamon Press .
   Google Scholar
• The author wishes to thank Drs. Howard Moskowitz, Linda Bartoshuk, and Bruce Halpern for their review of the manuscript. Responsibility for the content, however, rests solely with the author.
   Google Scholar