Ergot on cereal grains

References

• Agurell , S. 1965 . Thin‐layer chromatographic and thin‐layer electrophoretic analysis of ergot alkaloids: relations between structure, RM value, and electrophoretic mobility in the clavine series . Acta Pharm. Suec. , 2 : 357
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ames , A. J. 1973 . Ergot—recent work reduces risks . J. Flour Anim. Feed Milling , 155 : 26
   Google Scholar
• 1951 . File charges against miller and baker in poison bread deaths . Chicago Daily Tribune , September 1 Anon.
   Google Scholar
• 1951 . Bread of madness infects a town . Life , 31 (11) : 25 Anon.
   Google Scholar
• 1951 . U.S. wheat, rye products free of ergot, FDA official declares . Northwest. Miller , September 11 : 13 Anon.
   Google Scholar
• 1972 . Environmentalists ready to pounce on any real or imagined contamination in cereals . Northwest. Miller , February : 7 Anon.
   Google Scholar
• ApSimon , J. W. , Hannaford , A. J. and Whalley , W. B. 1965 . The chemistry of fungi: aliphatic amides from ergot . J. Chem. Soc. , 7 : 4164
   Google Scholar
• Bailey , J. , Wrathall , A. E. and Mantle , P. O. 1973 . The effect of feeding ergot to gilts during early pregnancy . Br. Vet. J. , 129 : 127
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barger , G. and Can , F. H. 1907 . The alkaloids of ergot . J. Chem. Soc. , 91 : 337
   Google Scholar
• Barger , G. 1931 . Ergot and Ergotism , London : Gurney and Jackson .
   Google Scholar
• Barron , N. S. and Kidd , A. A. 1947 . A case of ergotism in calves resembling foot‐ and‐mouth disease . Vet. Rec. , 59 : 575
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Böswart , J. and Blazek , Z. 1962 . Qualitative Spektralanalyse der Bioelemente von Sklerotien des Mutter‐koms, der Mutterpflanze und des Bodens . Phannazie , 17 : 99
   Google Scholar
• Bové , F. J. 1970 . The Story of Ergot , Basel : S. Karger .
   Google Scholar
• Brady , L. R. 1962 . Phylogenetic distribution of parasitism by Claviceps species . Lloydia , 25 : 1
   Google Scholar
• Bragg , D. B. , Salem , H. A. and Devlin , T. J. 1970 . Effect of dietary triticale ergot on the performance and survival of broiler chicks . Can. J. Anim. Sci. , 50 : 259
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brazeau , P. 1970 . “ Drugs affecting uterine motility: oxytocics, oxytocin, and ergot alkaloids ” . In The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics , Edited by: Goodman , L. S. and Gilman , A. New York : Macmillan . chap. 42
   Google Scholar
• Burfening , P. J. 1975 . Feeding ergot to pregnant ewes . Theriogenology , 3 : 193
   Google Scholar
• Bush , R. H. and Wilkins , H. D. 1972 . Agronomic performance of triticale in North Dakota . N.D. Farm Res. , 29 (3) : 29
   Google Scholar
• Campbell , C. A. and Burfening , P. J. 1972 . Effects of ergot on reproductive performance in mice and gilts . Can. J. Anim. Sci. , 52 : 567
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carew , D. P. and Schwarting , A. E. 1959 . The infection of rye callus with C. purpurea . J. Am. Pharm. Assoc. , 48 : 499
   Google Scholar
• Carlson , R. A. , Zeilmaker , G. H. and Shelesnyak , M. C. 1961 . Termination of early (prenidation) pregnancy in the mouse by single injection of ergocornine methane sulphonate . J. Reprod. Fertil. , 2 : 369
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• CIMMYT — International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center . Field Manual of Common Wheat Diseases , Bull. 29 Mexico, D.F., Mexico
   Google Scholar
• Cooke , R. C. and Mitchell , D. T. 1967 . Germination pattern and capacity for repeated stroma formation in Claviceps purpurea . Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. , 50 : 275
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooke , R. C. and Mitchell , D. T. 1969 . Sugars and polyols in sclerotia of Claviceps purpurea, C. Nigricans and Sclerotinia curreyana during germination . Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. , 52 : 365
   Google Scholar
• Cooke , R. C. and Mitchell , D. T. 1970 . Carbohydrate physiology of sclerotia of Claviceps purpurea during dormancy and germination . Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. , 54 : 93
   Google Scholar
• Cunfer , B. , Mathre , D. E. and Hockett , E. A. 1975 . Factors influencing the susceptibility of male‐sterile barley to ergot . Crop Sci. , 15 : 194
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cunningham , I. J. , Swan , J. B. and Hopkirk , C. S. M. 1944 . The symptoms of ergot poisoning in sheep . N.Z.J. Sci. Technol., Sect. A , 26 : 121
   Google Scholar
• Cunningham , I. J. 1949 . A note on the cause of tall fescue lameness in cattle . Aust. Vet. J. , 25 : 27
   Google Scholar
• Darlington , L. C. and Mathre , D. E. 1976 . Resistance of male‐sterile wheat to ergot as related to pollination and host genotype . Crop Sci. , 16 : 728
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis , M. E. , Adair , F. L. and Pearl , S. 1936 . The present status of oxytocics in obstetrics . J. A. M. A. , 107 : 261
   Google Scholar
• Deufel , J. 1952 . Die Züchtung von Mutterkorn (Claviceps purpurea) auf tetraploidem Roggen . Naturwis‐senschaften , 39 (18) : 432
   Google Scholar
• Deufel , J. 1952 . Der Alkaloidgehalt von auf tetraploidem Roggen gewachsenen Mutterkornsklerotien . Na‐turwissenschaften , 39 (18) : 433
   Google Scholar
• Dickerson , A. G. 1972 . A β‐D‐fructofuranosidase from Claviceps purpurea . Biochem. J. , 129 : 263
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dinnusson , W. E. , Haugse , C. N. and Knutson , R. D. 1971 . Ergot in rations for fattening cattle . N. D. Farm Res. , 29 (2) : 20
   Google Scholar
• Drews , E. and Seibel , W. 1976 . “ Bread‐baking and other uses around the world ” . In Rye: Production, Chemistry, and Technology , Edited by: Bushuk , W. Vol. 5 , American Association of Cereal Chemists . Mono. Ser.
   Google Scholar
• Drink , J. C. 1955 . Ergot poisoning in cattle . Vet. J. , 10 : 14
   Google Scholar
• Edmunds , L. K. , Futrell , M. C. and Frederiksen , R. A. 1970 . “ Sorghum diseases ” . In Sorghum Production and Utilization , Edited by: Wall , J. S. and Ross , W. M. Westport, Conn. : AVI Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• Edwards , C. M. 1953 . Ergot poisoning in young cattle . Vet. Rec. , 65 : 158
   Google Scholar
• Fisher , L. J. 1972 . Evaluation of triticale silage for lactating cows . Can. J. Anim. Sci. , 52 : 373
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franck , B. and Reschke , T. 1959 . Clavoxanthin and clavorubin, zwei neue Mutterkorn‐Farbstoffe . An‐gew. Chem. , 71 : 407
   Google Scholar
• Franck , B. and Reschke , T. 1960 . Isolierung der Hydroxy‐anthraquinon‐carbon‐säuren Endocronin und Clavorubin aus Roggenmutterkorn . Chem. Ber. , 93 : 347
   Google Scholar
• Franck , B. 1960 . Die Farbstoffe des Mutterkorns . Plants Med. , 8 : 420
   Google Scholar
• Friend , D. W. and Maclntyre , T. M. 1969 . Digestibility of rye and its value in pelleted rations for pigs . Can. J. Anim. Sci. , 49 : 375
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friend , D. W. and Maclntyre , T. M. 1970 . Effect of rye ergot on growth and N‐retention in growing pigs . Can. J. Comp. Med. , 34 : 198
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fuchs , L. and Pöhm , M. 1953 . Zur Kenntnis des Honigtaues . Sci. Phann. , 21 : 239
   Google Scholar
• Fuentes , S. F. , de Lourdes de la Isla , M. , Ullstrup , A. J. and Rodriquez , A. E. 1964 . Claviceps gigantea a new pathogen of maize in Mexico . Phytopathology , 54 : 379
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuentes , S. F. Triticale diseases review . Triticale, Proc. Int. Symp. Edited by: MacIntyre , R. and Campbell , M. Ottawa, , Canada : International Development Research Center .
   Google Scholar
• Gabbai , D. , Lisbonne , D. and Pourquier , D. 1951 . Ergot poisoning at Pont St. Esprit . Br. Med. J. , 1 : 650
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilles , K. A. , Sibbitt , L. D. and Kiesling , R. L. 1972 . Ergot causes in wheat crop analyzed: guide on handling . Southwest. Miller , February 29 : 40
   Google Scholar
• Gilles , K. A. , Sibbitt , L. D. and Kiesling , R. L. 1972 . Ergot: a recurring problem of grasses and small grains . N. D. Farm Res. , 29 : 12
   Google Scholar
• Graham , J. R. and Wolff , H. G. 1938 . Mechanism of migraine headache and action of ergotamine tar‐trate . Arch. Neurol. Psychiatry , 39 : 737
   Google Scholar
• Greatorex , J. C. and Mantle , P. G. 1973 . Experimental ergotism in sheep . Res. Vet. Sci. , 15 : 337
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greatorex , J. C. and Mantle , P. G. 1974 . Effect of rye ergot on the pregnant sheep . J. Reprod. Fertil. , 37 : 33
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gröger , D. and Mothes , U. 1956 . Über das Vorkommen von Aminosauren und Aminen im Mutterkom . Phannazie , 11 : 323
   Google Scholar
• Gyenes , I. and Szász , K. 1958 . The fluorimetric determination of ergot alkaloids . Chem. Abstr. , 52 : 11361
   Google Scholar
• Gyenes , I. and Bayer , J. 1961 . Über verschiedene Verfahren zur quantitativen Bestimmung der Mutterkor‐naldaloide . Phannazie , 16 : 211
   Google Scholar
• Harrold , R. L. , Dinnusson , W. E. , Haugse , C. N. and Buchanan , M. L. 1971 . Triticale as feed for growing‐finishing swine . N. D. Agric. Exp. Stn. Farm Res. , 28 (3) : 34
   Google Scholar
• Harrold , R. L. and Nalewaja , J. D. 1974 . Proximate and amino acid analysis of ergot and weed seeds . N. D. Farm Res. , 32 (1) : 15
   Google Scholar
• Hilger , A. 1885 . Über die Erkennung von Mutterkom in Mehlsorten . Arch. Phann. (Weinheim, Ger.) , 223 : 828
   Google Scholar
• Hofmann , A. 1964 . Die Mutterkornalkaloide , Stuttgart, , Germany : F. Enke Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Hofmann , A. 1965 . Gehaltsbestimmung und Pharmakologie des Mutterkorns und seiner Zubereitungen . Pharm. Weekbl. , 100 : 1261
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hofmann , A. 1972 . “ Ergot — a rich source of pharmacologically active substances ” . In Plants in the Development of Modern Medicine , Edited by: Swain , T. 235 Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hughes , L. E. 1947 . A peculiar syndrome in cattle (with acute lameness) grazing on seeded white wild clover . Vet. Rec. , 59 : 391
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ingalls , J. R. , Devlin , T. J. and McKirdy , J. A. 1970 . Triticale in diets for young dairy calves, Can . J. Anim. Sci. , 50 : 199
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ingalls , J. R. and Phillips , G. D. 1971 . Effect of triticale ergot on calf growth . Can. J. Anim. Sci. , 51 : 819
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobs , W. A. and Craig , L. C. 1936 . The ergot alkaloids, XI. Isomeric dehydrolysergic acids and the structure of lysergic acid . J. Biol. Chem. , 115 : 227
   Google Scholar
• Jacobs , W. A. and Craig , L. C. 1938 . Position of the carbonyl group in lysergic acid . J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 60 : 1701
   Google Scholar
• Jatzkewitz , H. and Mehl , E. 1960 . Thin‐layer chromatography of brain lipids — hydrolytic and breakdown products . Z. Physiol. Chem. , 320 : 251
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jones , H. L. 1947 . Lameness of undetermined cause in cattle associated with gangrene . Vet. Rec. , 59 : 54
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jones , E. B. 1953 . Poisoning in young cattle . Vet. Rec. , 65 : 156
   Google Scholar
• Kawatani , T. , Katayanagi , M. and Kiyooka , S. 1950 . Free amino acids and amines of Ergot . Agric. Chem. Soc. Jpn. , 71 : 385
   Google Scholar
• Kirchoff , H. 1929 . Beiträge zur Biologie und Physiologie des Mutterkornpilzes . Zentralb. Bakteriol. Par‐asitenk. Abt. , 2 ( 77 ) : 310
   Google Scholar
• Kossobutzky , M. I. 1930 . Ergot in the Votyak's Autonomous Region in the years 1926–1928 . Rev. Appl. Mycol. , 9 : 103
   Google Scholar
• Kröller , E. 1970 . Zur Problematik der Mutterkornbestimmung in Getriedeerzeugnissen . Dtsch. Lebensm. Rundsch. , 66 : 115
   Google Scholar
• Kybal , J. and Brejcha , V. 1955 . Problematik der Rassen und Stämme des Mutterkorns C. purpurea Tu‐lasne . Phannazie , 10 : 752
   Google Scholar
• Kybal , J. , Horak , P. , Brejcha , V. and Kudmac , S. 1956 . Monokonidienisolation und deren Bedeutung bei der Selektion von Rassen und Stämmen des Mutterkorns . Abh. Dtsch. Akad. Wiss. Berlin K1. , 7 : 236
   Google Scholar
• Kybal , J. 1963 . Response of ergot fungus to the nutrition available from the host plant . Phytopathology , 53 : 363
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kybal , J. 1964 . Changes in N and P content during growth of ergot sclerotia due to nutrition supplied by rye . Phytopathology , 54 : 244
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kybal , J. , Majer , J. , Komersová , I. and Wani , W. D. 1968 . Phosphorus content during development of Clariceps purpurea . Phytopathology , 58 : 647
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langdon , R. F. N. 1954 . The origin and differentiation of Claviceps species . Univ. Queensl. Papers, Dep. Bot. , 3 : 61
   Google Scholar
• Lorenz , K. 1978 . Ergot from triticale — Chemical composition and rheological characteristics . Lebensm. Wiss. Technol. , 11 : 70
   Google Scholar
• Lorenz, K., Baking properties of ergot‐containing flours, unpublished data
   Google Scholar
• Loveless , A. R. 1967 . A new species of Claviceps on Cuperaceae . Transp. Br. Mycol. Soc. , 50 : 19
   Google Scholar
• Loveless , A. R. 1967 . Claviceps fusiformis sp. Nov., the causal agent of an agalactia of sows . Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. , 50 : 15
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mantle , P. G. 1969 . The role of alkaloids in the poisoning of mammals by sclerotia of Claviceps spp . J. Stored Prod. Res. , 5 : 237
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mantle , P. O. , Morris , L. J. and Hall , S. W. 1969 . Fatty acid composition of sphacelial and sclerotial growth forms of Claviceps purpurea in relation to the production of ergoline alkaloids in culture . Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. , 53 : 441
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marine Font , A. , Moreno Martin , F. and Costes , C. 1972 . Investigation de cornezuelo en harinas . Circ. Farm. , 30 : 187
   Google Scholar
• Matthes , H. and Kürscher , O. H. 1931 . Constitution of hydroxyoleic acid from oils of ergot . Arch. Pharm. (Weinheim, Ger. , 269 : 88
   Google Scholar
• McCloy , A. W. , Sherrod , L. B. , Albin , R. C. and Hansen , K. R. 1971 . Nutritive value of triticale for ruminants . J. Arum. Sci. , 32 : 534
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCrea , A. 1931 . The reactions of Claviceps purpurea to variations of environment . Am. J. Bot. , 18 : 50
   Google Scholar
• Michelon , L. E. and Kelleher , W. J. 1963 . The spectrophotometric determination of ergot alkaloids: a modified procedure employing paradimethyl aminobenzaldehyde . Lloydia , 26 : 192
   Google Scholar
• Morris , L. J. and Hall , S. W. 1966 . The structure of the glycerides of ergot oils . Lipids , 1 : 188
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mothes , K. and Silber , A. 1954 . Über die Variabilität des Mutterkorns . Forsch. Fortschr. , 28 : 101
   Google Scholar
• Mower , R. L. and Hancock , J. G. 1975 . Sugar composition of ergot honeydews . Can. J. Bot. , 53 : 2813
   Google Scholar
• Mower , R. L. 1970 . A possible mechanism for honeydew production and carbohydrate assimilation by Claviceps species . Phytopathology , 60 : 1536
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nickerson , M. 1970 . “ Drugs inhibiting adrenergic nerves and structures innervated by them ” . In The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics , 4th ed. , Edited by: Goodman , L. S. and Gilman , A. New York : Macmillan .
   Google Scholar
• Nordskog , A. W. and Clark , R. T. 1945 . Ergotism in pregnant sows, female rats, and guinea pigs . Am. J. Vet. Res. , 6 : 107
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohtani , F. 1928 . Über Künstliche Kultur des Mutterkorns . J. Pharm. Soc. Jpn. , 48 : 376
   Google Scholar
• O'Neil , J. B. and Rae , W. J. 1965 . Ergot tolerance in chicks and hens . Poult. Sci. , 44 : 1404
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pantidou , M. E. 1959 . Can. J. Bot. , 37 : 1233
   Google Scholar
• Perlin , A. S. and Taber , W. A. 1963 . A glucan produced by Claviceps purpurea . Can. J. Chem. , 41 : 2278
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petch , T. 1937 . More about Claviceps . Naturalist , 961 : 25
   Google Scholar
• Platford , R. G. and Bernier , C. C. 1970 . Resistance to Claviceps purpurea in spring and durum wheat . Nature (London) , 226 : 770
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pomeranz , Y. , Robbins , G. S. and Briggle , L. W. 1975 . Amino acids in sound and ergot‐infected cereals and grasses . Cereal Chem. , 52 : 108
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puranik , S. B. and Mathre , D. E. 1971 . Biology and control of ergot on male sterile wheat and barley . Phytopathology , 61 : 1075
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramstad , E. and Gjerstad , G. 1955 . The parasitic growth of Claviceps purpurea (Fries). Tulasne on rye and its relation to alkaloid formation . J. Am. Pharm. Assoc. , 44 : 741
   Google Scholar
• Ramstad , E. 1968 . Chemistry of alkaloid formation in ergot . Lloydia , 31 : 327
   Google Scholar
• Reitz , L. P. and Lucken , K. A. 1972 . Hybrid wheat — a review of its status and prospects . Agric. Sci. Rev. , 10 : 7
   Google Scholar
• Rojdestvensky , N. A. 1929 . The epidemic of ergotism in the Sarapoul District in 1926 . Rev. Appl. Mycol. , 8 : 304
   Google Scholar
• Schwarting , A. E. and Hiner , L. D. 1945 . A study of domestic ergot of wheat and rye . J. Am. Pharm. Assoc. , 34 : 11
   Google Scholar
• Seymour , E. K. and McFarland , F. T. 1921 . Loss from rye ergot . Phytopathology , 11 : 285
   Google Scholar
• Shelesnyak , M. C. 1955 . Disturbance of hormone balance in the female rat by the single injection of ergotoxine ethanesulphonate . Am. J. Physiol. , 180 : 47
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shuey , W. C. , Connelly , F. J. and Maneval , R. D. 1973 . Distribution of ergot in mill streams . Northwest. Miller , 280 (3) : 10
   Google Scholar
• Shuey , W. C. , Connelly , F. J. and Maneval , R. D. 1974 . Verteilung von Mutterkorn in Mahlgutfrakti‐onen . Muehle Mischfuttertechn. , 111 (4) : 208
   Google Scholar
• Shuey , W. C. , Sibbitt , L. D. and D'Appolonia , B. L. 1975 . Influence of ergot on spring wheat, milling and baking quality . Cereal Chem. , 52 : 101
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shone , D. K. , Philip , J. R. and Christie , G. J. 1959 . Agalactia of sows caused by feeding the ergot of the bulrush millet Pennisetum typhoides . Vet. Rec. , 71 : 129
   Google Scholar
• Süber , A. and Bischoff , W. 1954 . Die Konstanz des Alkaloidgehaltes bei verschiedenen Rassen von Mutterkorn . Pharmazie , 9 : 46
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sinner , G. T. and Schramm , L. C. 1968 . Preliminary phytochemical investigations of wild rice ergot . J. Pharm. Sci. , 57 : 889
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sosulslki , F. W. and Curran , W. A. 1975 . Gazelle spring rye . Can. J. Plant Sci. , 55 : 629
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sosulsld , F. and Bernier , C. C. 1975 . Ergot tolerance in spring rye . Can. Plant Dis. Sur. , 55 : 155
   Google Scholar
• Spratling , F. R. 1972 . Ergotism in lambs . Vet. Rec. , 90 : 166
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein v. Kamienski , E. 1958 . Untersuchungen über die flüchtigen Amine der Pflanzen III. Die Amine von Pilzen. Uber den Weg der Aminbildung in Pflanzen . Planta , 50 : 331
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steiner , M. and Stein v. Kamienski , E. 1955 . Neue Alkylamine in Mutterkorn . Naturwissenschatten , 42 : 345
   Google Scholar
• Stoll , A. and Brack , A. 1944 . Zum feldmässigen Anbau von Mutterkorn . Pharm. Acta Helv. , 19 : 118
   Google Scholar
• Stoll , A. , Hofmann , A. and Petrzilka , T. 1951 . Die Konstitution der Mutterkornalkaloide . Helv. Chim. Acta , 34 : 1544
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoll , A. , Renz , J. and Brack , A. 1952 . Über gelbe Farbstoffe im Mutterkorn . Helv. Chim. Acta , 35 : 2022
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoskopf , N. C. and Rai , R. K. 1972 . Cross‐pollination in male‐sterile wheat in Ontario . Can. J. Plant Sci. , 52 : 387
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suneson , C. A. and Houston , B. R. 1942 . Male‐sterile barley for study of floral infection . Phytopathology , 32 : 431
   Google Scholar
• Swarbrick , O. and Swarbrick , J. T. 1968 . Suspected ergotism in ducks . Vet. Rec. , 80 : 76
   Google Scholar
• Tanret , C. 1875 . Sur la présence d'un nouvel alcaloide, l'ergotinine, dans le seigle ergoté . C. R. Acad. Sci. , 81 : 896
   Google Scholar
• Thiele , O. W. 1964 . Die Fettsäuren des Fettes aus Mutterkorn (Claviceps purpurea) . Biochim. Biophys. Acta , 84 : 483
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• U.S. Department of Commerce . 1965–1975 . U.S. Foreign Trade — Imports, TS USA Commodity by Country . FT , : 240
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Department of Agriculture . 1977 . U.S. Standards for Triticale . Fed. Reg. , February 16 : 42 F.R. 9377
   Google Scholar
• van Urk , H. W. 1929 . A new sensitive reaction for the ergot alkaloids, ergotamine, ergotoxine and ergo‐tinine, and its adaptation to the examination and colorimetric determination of ergot preparations . Pharm. Weekbl. , 66 : 473
   Google Scholar
• Vining , L. C. and Taber , W. A. 1959 . Estimation of alkaloids in cultures of Claviceps purpurea . Can. J. Microbiol. , 5 : 441
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weniger , W. 1924 . Ergot and its control . N.D. Agric. Exp. Stn. Bull. , 172 : 23
   Google Scholar
• Wenzell , W. T. 1864 . An assay on the active constituents of ergot on rye . Am. J. Pharm. , 12 : 193
   Google Scholar
• Weygand , F. and Floss , H. G. 1963 . the biogenesis of ergot alkaloids . Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. , 2 : 243
   Google Scholar
• Whittemore , C. T. , Macer , R. C. F. , Miller , J. K. and Mantle , P. G. 1976 . Some consequences of the ingestion by young growing pigs of feed contaminated with ergot . Res. Vet. Sci. , 20 : 61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whittemore , C. T. , Miller , J. K. and Mantle , P. G. 1977 . Further studies concerning the toxicity of ingested ergot sclerotia (Claviceps purpurea) to young and growing pigs . Res. Vet. Sci. , 22 (2) : 146
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woods , A. J. , Bradley Jones , J. and Mantle , P. G. 1966 . An outbreak of gangerous ergotism in cattle . Vet. Rec. , 78 : 742
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Youngken , H. W. Jr. 1947 . Ergot — a blessing and a scourge . Econ. Bot. , 1 : 372
   Google Scholar
• Zeleny , L. 1971 . “ Criteria of wheat quality ” . In Wheat — Chemistry and Technology , Edited by: Pomeranz , Y. St. Paul, Minn. : American Association of Cereal Chemists . chap. 2
   Google Scholar