Phenolic Compounds and Bioactivities of Pigmented Rice

REFERENCES

• Abdel-Aal , E. S. M. , Young , J. C. and Rabalski , I. 2006 . Anthocyanin composition in black, blue, pink, purple, and red cereal grains . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 54 : 4696 – 4704 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Acquaviva , R. , Russo , A. , Galvano , F. , Galvano , G. , Barcellona , M. L. , Li-Volti , G. and Vanella , A. 2003 . Cyanidin and cyanidin 3-O-β-D-glucoside as DNA cleavage protectors and antioxidants . Cell Biol. Toxicol. , 19 : 243 – 252 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asamarai , A. M. , Addis , P. B. , Epley , R. J. and Krick , T. P. 1996 . Wild rice hull antioxidants . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 44 : 126 – 130 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayala , R. S. and Castro , L. 2001 . Continuous subcritical water extraction as a useful tool for isolation of edible essential oils . Food Chem , 75 : 109 – 113. .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berente , B. , Garcia , D. D. L. , Reichenbacher , M. and Danzer , K. 2000 . Method development for the determination of anthocyanins in red wines by high-performance liquid chromatography and classification of German red wines by means of multivariate statistical methods . J. Chromatogr. A. , 871 : 95 – 103 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang , W. , Mi , M. T. , Gu , Y. Y. , Yuan , J. L. , Ling , W. H. and Lin , H. 2008 . Effects of anthocyanin-rich extract from black rice on ROS and mitochondrial membrane potential of leukemia HL-60 cells and human lymphocytes . Acta Acad. Med. Mlitaris. , 30 : 585 – 587 .
   Google Scholar
• Chang , W. , Mi , M. T. and Ling , W. H. 2007 . Effects of anthocyanin-rich extract from black rice alone or combined with chemotherapeutic agents on proliferation of different cancer cells . Acta Acad. Med. Mlitaris. , 29 : 1943 – 1946 .
   Google Scholar
• Chen , P. N. , Kuo , W. H. , Chiang , C. L. , Chiou , H. L. , Hsieh , Y. S. and Chu , S. C. 2006 . Black rice anthocyanins inhibit cancer cells invasion via repressions of MMPs and u-PA expression . Chem. Biol. Interact , 163 : 218 – 229 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen , Q. , Ling , W. H. , Ma , J. and Mei , J. 2000 . Effects of black and red rice on the formation of aortic plaques and blood lipids in rabbits . J. Hyg. Res. , 29 : 170 – 172 .
   Google Scholar
• Chen , R. C. , Wang , L. Y. , Wang , C. H. , Ho , W. J. and Chang , C. M. J. 2008 . Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of rice bran oil and column partition fractionation of γ-oryzanols . Sep. Purif. Technol. , 61 : 358 – 365 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiang , A. , Wu , H. L. , Yeh , H. I. , Chu , C. S. , Lin , H. C. and Lee , W. C. 2006 . Antioxidant effects of black rice extract through the induction of superoxide dismutase and catalase activities . Lipids , 4 : 797 – 803 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cho , M. K. , Kim , M. H. and Kang , M. Y. 2008 . Effects of rice embryo and embryo jelly with black rice bran pigment on lipid metabolism and antioxidant enzyme activity in high cholesterol-fed rats . J. Korean Soc. Appl. Biol. Chem. , 51 : 200 – 206 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi , S. P. , Kang , M. Y. , Koh , H. J. , Nam , S. H. and Friedman , M. 2007 . Antiallergic activities of pigmented rice bran extracts in cell assays . J. Food Sci. , 2 : S719 – S726 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chung , H. S. 1999 . Cytotoxicity from some Korean edible plants . Korean J. Soc. Food Sci. , 15 : 108 – 113 .
   Google Scholar
• Chung , H. S. 2001 . Guaianolide sesquiterpene lactone from Ixeris sonchifolia Hance with cytotoxicity in cultured human stomach and colon cancer cell lines . Food Sci. Biotechnol , 10 : 433 – 436 .
   Google Scholar
• Chung , H. S. and Woo , W. S. 2001 . A quinolone alkaloid with antioxidant activity from the aleurone layer of anthocyanin-pigmented rice . J. Nat. Prod. , 64 : 1579 – 1580 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper , D. J. , Merrit , D. M. , Anderson , D. C. and Chimner , R. A. 1999 . Factors controling the establishment of fremont cotton wood seedlings on the uppergreen river, USA regulated rivers: Research & Management . Regul. Rivers: Res. Manag. , 15 : 419 – 440 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di-Mauro , A. , Arena , E. , Fallico , B. , Passerini , A. and Maccarone , E. 2002 . Recovery of anthocyanins from pulp wash of pigmented oranges by concentration on resins . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 50 : 5968 – 5974 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dong , B. , Xu , H. , Zheng , Y. X. , Xu , X. , Wan , F. J. and Zhou , X. M. 2008 . Effect of anthocyanin-rich extract from black rice on the survival of mouse brain neuron . Cell Biol. Int. , 32 : S8 – S8 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fang , J. J. , Meng , P. S. and Yi , Y. H. 1991 . The effects of extract of purple black rice pigment on recovery of hematopoiesis of mice treated with radiation and chemical drugs . Chin. J. Hemat. , 12 : 22 – 24 .
   Google Scholar
• FAOSTAT . 2007 . “ FAO Statistics, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy ” . http://faostat.fao.org/
   Google Scholar
• Fimognari , C. , Berti , F. , Nüsse , M. , Cantelli-Forti , G. and Hrelia , P. 2004 . Induction of apoptosis in two human leukemia cell lines as well as differentiation in human promyelocytic cells by cyanidin-3-O-β-glucopyranoside . Biochem. Pharm. , 67 : 2047 – 2056 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finocchiaro , F. , Ferrari , B. and Gianinetti , A. 2010 . A study of biodiversity of flavonoid content in the rice caryopsis evidencing simultaneous accumulation of anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins in a black-grained genotype . J. Cereal Sci. , 51 : 28 – 34 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finocchiaro , F. , Ferrari , B. , Gianinetti , A. , Dall’asta , C. , Galaverna , G. , Scazzina , F. and Pellegrini , N. 2007 . Characterization of antioxidant compounds of red and white rice and changes in total antioxidant capacity during processing . Mol. Nutr. Food Res. , 51 : 1006 – 1019 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fukumoto , L. R. and Mazza , G. 2000 . Assessing antioxidant and prooxidant activity of phenolic compounds . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 48 : 3597 – 3604 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goffman , F. D. and Bergman , C. J. 2004 . Rice kernel phenolic content and its relationship with antiradical efficiency . J. Sci. Food Agric. , 84 : 1235 – 1240 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gu , D. F. , Lee , J. , Yi , Y. H. , Zheng , Q. Y. and Shen , Y . 1996 . Study on seed coat extracts of purplish black glutinous rice with ethylalcohol to the differentiation of precursor cell and the proliferation of spleen lymphocyte . Chin. J. Rice Sci. , 10 : 250 – 252 . , A. (
   Google Scholar
• Guo , H. H. , Ling , W. H. , Wang , Q. , Liu , C. , Hu , Y. , Xia , M. , Feng , X. and Xia , X. D. 2007 . Effect of anthocyanin-rich extract from black rice (Oryza sativa L. indica) on hyperlipidemia and insulin resistance in fructose-fed rats . Plant Food Hum. Nutr , 62 : 1 – 6 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haghighat-Khajavi , S. , Ota , S. , Kimura , Y. and Adachi , S. 2006 . Kinetics of maltooligosaccharide hydrolysis in subcritical water . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 54 : 3663 – 3667 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han , H. K. , Choi , S. S. , Shin , C. J. and Chung , S. H. 2008 . Lipid lowering effect of anthocyanin-pigmented rice bran in streptozotocin-induced diabetic male rats . J. Food Sci. Nutr. , 13 : 276 – 280 .
   Google Scholar
• Harukaze , A. , Murata , M. and Homma , S. 1999 . Analyses of free and bound phenolics in rice . Food Sci. Technol. Res. , 5 : 74 – 79 .
   Google Scholar
• Herrero , M. , Cifuentes , A. and Ibanez , E. 2006 . Sub- and supercritical fluid extraction of functional ingredients from different natural sources: Plants, food-by-products, algae and microalgae . Food Chem , 98 : 136 – 148 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hiemori , M. , Koh , E. and Mitchell , A. E. 2009 . Influence of cooking on anthocyanins in black rice (Oryza sativa L. japonica var. SBR) . J. Agric. Food Chem , 57 : 1908 – 1914 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu , Q. L. 1997 . A research report on the pharmacologic test of black rice pigment . J. Wuhan Food Ind. Coll. , 3 : 10 – 12 .
   Google Scholar
• Hu , C. , Zawistowski , J. , Ling , W. and Kitts , D. D. 2003 . Black rice (Oryza sativa L. indica) pigmented fraction suppresses both reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide in chemical and biological model systems . J. Agric. Food Chem , 51 : 5271 – 5277 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hudson , E. A. , Dinh , P. A. , Kokubun , T. , Simmonds , M. S. J. and Gescher , A. 2000 . Characterization of potentially chemopreventive phenols in extracts of brown rice that inhibit the growth of human breast and colon cancer cells . Cancer Epidem. Biomar. , 9 : 1163 – 1170 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hyun , J. W. and Chung , H. S. 2004 . Cyanidin and malvidin from Oryza sativa cv. Heungjinjubyeo mediate cytotoxicity against human monocytic leukemia cells by arrest of G(2)/Mphase and induction of apoptosis . J. Agric. Food Chem , 52 : 2213 – 2217 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hyun , J. W. , Yang , Y. M. , Sung , M. S. , Chung , H. S. , Paik , W. H. , Kang , S. S. and Park , J. G. 1996 . The cytotoxic activity of sterol erivatives from Pulsatilla chinensis Regal . J. Korean Cancer Assoc , 8 : 145 – 150 .
   Google Scholar
• Ichikawa , H. , Ichiyanagi , T. , Xu , B. , Yoshii , Y. , Nakajima , M. and Konishi , T. 2001 . Antioxidant activity of anthocyanin extract from purple black rice . J. Med. Food , 4 : 211 – 218 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Iqbal , S. , Bhanger , M. I. and Anwar , F. 2005 . Antioxidant properties and components of some commercially available varieties of rice bran in Pakistan . Food Chem , 93 : 265 – 272 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jang , S. and Xu , Z. 2009 . Lipophilic and hydrophilic antioxidants and their antioxidant activities in purple rice bran . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 57 : 858 – 862 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jayaprakasam , B. , Olson , L. K. , Schutzki , R. E. , Tai , M. H. and Nair , M. G. 2006 . Amelioration of obesity and glucose intolerance in high-fat-fed C57BL/6 mice by anthocyanins and ursolic acid in cornelian cherry (Cornus mas) . J. Agric. Food Chem , 54 : 243 – 248 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jung , E. H. , Kim , S. R. , Hwang , I. K. and Ha , T. Y. 2007 . Hypoglycemic effects of a phenolic acid fraction of rice bran and ferulic acid in C57BL/KsJ-db/db mice . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 55 : 9800 – 9804 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahkonen , M. P. and Heinonen , M. 2003 . Antioxidant activity of anthocyanins and their aglicons . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 51 : 628 – 633 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaneda , I. , Iwai , K. , Kubo , H. and Sakurai , H. 2004 . Antioxidative properties of extracts from ancient rice brans . Food Sci. Technol. Res. , 10 : 374 – 382 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaneda , I. , Iwai , K. , Kubo , H. and Sakurai , H. 2007 . Relationship between trace metal concentration and antioxidative activity of ancient rice bran (red and black rice) and a present-day rice bran (Koshihikari) . J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol. , 21 : 43 – 51 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim , J. Y. , Do , M. H. and Lee , S. S. 2006 . The effects of a mixture of brown and black rice on lipid profiles and antioxidant status in rats . Ann. Nutr. Metab. , 50 : 347 – 353 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim , H. M. , Kang , C. S. , Lee , E. H. and Shin , T. Y. 1999a . The evaluation of the antianaphylactic effect of Oryza sativa L. subsp. hsien Ting in rats . Pharmacol. Res , 40 : 31 – 36 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim , H. J. , Lee , S. B. , Park , K. A. and Hong , I. K. 1999b . Characterization of extraction and separation of rice bran oil rich in EFA using SFE process . Sep. Purif. Technol. , 15 : 1 – 8 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koide , T. , Kamei , H. , Hashimoto , Y. , Kojima , T. and Hasegawa , M. 1996 . Antitumor effect of hydrolyzed anthocyanin from grape rinds and red rice . Cancer Biother. Radiopharm. , 11 : 273 – 277 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazze , M. C. , Pizzala , R. , Savio , M. , Stival , L. A. , Prosperi , E. and Bianchi , L. 2003 . Anthocyanins protect against DNA damage induced by tert-buty-hidroperoxide in rat smooth muscle and hepatoma cells . Mut. Res. , 535 : 103 – 115 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee , G. H. 2010 . Identification and quantification of anthocyanins from the grains of black rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties . Food Sci. Biotechnol. , 19 : 391 – 397 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee , S. C. , Kim , J. H. , Jeong , S. M. , Kim , D. R. , Ha , J. U. , Nam , K. C. and Ahn , D. U. 2003 . Effect of far infrared radiation on the antioxidant activity of rice hulls . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 51 : 4400 – 4403 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee , H. J. , Oh , S. K. , Choi , H. C. and Kim , S. U. 1988 . Identification of anthocyanins from pigmented rice seed . Agric. Chem. Bio. Technol. , 41 : 257 – 262 .
   Google Scholar
• Li , H. B. and Chen , F. 2004 . Preparative isolation and purification of gastrodin from the Chinese medicinal plant Gastrodia elata by high-speed counter-current chromatography . J. Chromatogr. A , 1052 : 229 – 232 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li , H. B. and Chen , F. 2005 . Isolation and purification of baicalein, wogonin and oroxylin A from the medicinal plant Scutellaria baicalensis by high-speed counter-current chromatography . J. Chromatogr. A , 1074 : 107 – 110 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li , H. B. and Chen , F. 2009 . Separation and purification of epimedin A, B, C, and icariin from the medicinal herb Epimedium brevicornum Maxim by dual-mode HSCCC . J. Chromatogr. Sci. , 47 : 337 – 340 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li , H. B. , Jiang , Y. and Chen , F. 2004 . Separation methods used for Scutellaria baicalensis active components . J. Chromatogr. B , 812 : 277 – 290 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin , M. C. , Tsai , M. J. and Wen , K. C. 1999 . Supercritical fluid extraction of flavonoids from Scutellariae Radix . J. Chromatogr. A , 830 : 387 – 395 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ling , W. H. , Cheng , Q. X. , Ma , J. and Wang , T. 2001 . Red or black rice decrease atherosclerotic plaque and increase antioxidant status in rabbits . J. Nutr. , 131 : 1421 – 1426 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ling , W. H. , Wang , L. L. and Ma , J. 2002 . Supplementation of the black rice outer layer fraction to rabbits decreases atherosclerotic plaque formation and increases antioxidant status . J. Nutr. , 132 : 20 – 26 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu , S. G. , Guo , W. Y. , Zhong , L. and Fu , H. L. 2003 . The application of macroporous resin adsorption in traditional Chinese medicine preparations . Pharm. J. Chin. PLA. , 19 : 452 – 455 .
   Google Scholar
• Ma , J. , Chen , W. X. and Ling , W. H. 2000 . The health efficacy of red rice and black rice . J. Food Sci. , 21 : 139 – 140 .
   Google Scholar
• Matsumoto , H. , Nakamura , Y. , Tachibanaki , S. , Kawamura , S. and Hirayama , M. 2003 . Stimulatory effect of cyanidin 3-glycosides on the regeneration of rhodopsin . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 51 : 3560 – 3563 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazza , G. , Cacace , J. E. and Kay , C. D. 2004 . Methods of analysis for anthocyanins in plants and biological fluids . J. AOAC Int. , 87 : 129 – 145 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meiers , S. , Kemeny , M. , Weyand , U. , Gastpar , R. , Von-Angerer , E. and Marko , D. 2001 . The anthocyanidins cyanidin and delphinidin are potent inhibitors of the epidermal growth-factor receptor . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 49 : 958 – 962 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merken , H. M. and Beecher , G. R. 2000 . Measurement of food flavonoids by high-performance liquid chromatography: A review . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 48 : 577 – 599 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Min , B. , Chen , M. H. and Green , B. W. 2009 . Antioxidant activities of purple rice bran extract and its effect on the quality of low-NaCl, phosphate-free patties made from channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) belly flap meat . J. Food Sci , 74 : 268 – 277 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyazawa , M. , Oshima , T. , Koshio , K. , Itsuzaki , Y. and Anzai , J. 2003 . Tyrosinase inhibitor from black rice bran . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 51 : 6953 – 6956 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moreno , Y. S. , Sanchez , G. S. , Hernandez , D. R. and Lobato , N. R. 2005 . Characterization of anthocyanin extracts from maize kernels . J. Chromatogr. Sci. , 43 : 483 – 487 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakornriab , M. , Sriseadka , T. and Wongpornchai , S. 2008 . Quantification of carotenoid and flavonoid components in brans of some Thai black rice cultivars using supercritical fluid extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry . J. Food lipid , 15 : 488 – 503 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nam , S. H. , Choi , S. P. , Kang , M. Y. , Koh , H. J. , Kozukue , N. and Friedman , M. 2005a . Bran extracts from pigmented rice seeds inhibit tumor promotion in lymphoblastoid B cells by phorbol ester . Food Chem. Toxicol. , 43 : 741 – 745 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nam , S. H. , Choi , S. P. , Kang , M. Y. , Kozukue , N. and Friedman , M. 2005b . Antioxidative, antimutagenic and anticarcinogenic activities of rice bran extracts in chemical and cell assays . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 53 : 816 – 822 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nam , S. H. , Choi , S. P. , Kang , M. Y. , Koh , H. J. , Kozukue , N. and Friedman , M. 2006 . Antioxidative activities of bran extracts from twenty one pigmented rice cultivars . Food Chem , 94 : 613 – 620 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oki , T. , Masuda , M. , Kobayashi , M. , Nishiba , Y. , Furuta , S. , Suda , I. and Sato , T. 2002 . Polymeric procyanidins as radical-scavenging components in red-hulled rice . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 50 : 7524 – 7529 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osawa , T. , Ramarathnam , N. , Kawakishi , S. and Namiki , M. 1992 . Antioxidative defense systems generated by phenolic plant constituents . ACS Sym. Ser. , 507 : 122 – 134 .
   Google Scholar
• Parrado , J. , Miramontes , E. , Jover , M. , Márquez , J. C. , Angeles-Mejias , M. , Collantes-De , T. L. , Absi , E. and Bautista , J. 2003 . Prevention of brain protein and lipid oxidation elicited by water-soluble oryzanol enzymatic extract derived fromrice bran . Eur. J. Nutr. , 42 : 307 – 314 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rapisarda , P. , Fanella , F. and Maccarone , E. 2000 . Reliability of analytical methods for determining anthocyanins in blood orange juices . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 48 : 2249 – 2252 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogalinski , T. , Herrmann , S. and Brunner , G. 2005 . Production of amino acid from bovine serum albumin by continuous sub-critical water hydrolysis . J. Supercrit. Fluid. , 36 : 49 – 58 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russo , A. , Acquaviva , R. , Campisi , A. , Sorrenti , V. , Di Giacomo , C. , Virgata , G. , Barcellona , M. L. and Vanella , A. 2000 . Bioflavonoids as antiradicals, antioxidants and DNA cleavage protectors . Cell Biol. Toxic. , 16 : 91 – 98 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryu , S. N. , Park , S. Z. and Ho , C. T. 1998 . High performance liquid chromatographic determination of anthocyanin pigments in some varieties of black rice . J. Food Drug Anal. , 6 : 729 – 736 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saulnier , L. , Guillon , F. and Sado , P. E. 2007 . “ Plant cell wall polysaccharides in storage orgams: xylans (food applications) ” . In Comprehensive Glycoscience , Edited by: Kamerling , J. , Boons , G.-J. , Lee , Y. , Suzuki , A. , Taniguchi , N. and Voragen , A. G. J. 653 – 689 . Amsterdam : Elsevier .
   Google Scholar
• Scordino , M. , Di-Mauro , A. , Passerini , A. and Maccarone , E. 2004 . Adsorption of flavonoids on resins: Cyanidin-3-glucoside . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 52 : 1965 – 1972 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serafino , A. , Sinibaldi-Vallebona , P. , Lazzarino , G. , Tavazzi , B. , Rasi , G. , Pierimarchi , P. , Andreola , F. , Moroni , G. , Galvano , G. , Galvano , F. and Garaci , E. 2004 . Differentiation of human melanoma cells induced by cyanidin-3-O-β-glucopyranoside . FASEB J. , 18 : 1940 – 1942 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shim , S. , Chung , J. , Lee , J. , Hwang , K. , Sone , J. , Hong , B. , Cho , H. and Jun , W. 2006 . Hepatopotective effects of black rice on superoxide anion radicals in HepG2 cells . J. Food Sci. Bio. , 15 : 993 – 996 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sim , G. S. , Lee , D. H. , Kim , J. H. , An , S. K. , Choe , T. B. , Kwon , T. J , Pyo , H. B. and Lee , B. C. 2007 . Black rice (Oryza sativa L. var. japonica) hydrolyzed peptides induce expression of hyaluronan synthase 2 gene in HaCaT keratinocytes . J. Microbiol. Biotechnol , 17 : 271 – 279 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simmons , D. and Williams , R. 1997 . Dietary practices among Europeans and different South Asian groups in coventry . Br. J. Nutr. , 78 : 5 – 14 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skrede , G. , Wrolstad , R. E. and Durst , R. W. 2000 . Changes in anthocyanins and polyphenolics during juice processing of highbush blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) . J. Food Sci , 65 : 357 – 364 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun , L. , Zhang , M. W. , Ch , J. , Lai , L. Z. and Zhang , X. Q. 2000 . The antioxidation activity of black rice and its correlation with flavonoids and pigment . Chin. Acta Nutr. Sinica , 22 : 246 – 249 .
   Google Scholar
• Takahashi , K. , Sugimoto , T. , Miura , T. , Washizu , Y. and Yoshizawa , K. 1989 . Isolation and identification of red rice pigments . J. Brew. Soc. Jpn. , 84 : 807 – 812 .
   Google Scholar
• Terahara , N. , Saigusa , N. , Ohba , R. and Ueda , S. 1994 . Composition of anthocyanin pigments in aromatic red rice and its wine . Nippon Shokuhin Kogyo Gakkaishi , 41 : 519 – 522 .
   Google Scholar
• Tian , S. , Nakamura , K. and Kayahara , H. 2004 . Analysis of phenolic compounds in white rice, brown rice, and germinated brown rice . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 52 : 4808 – 4813 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toyokuni , S. , Itani , T. , Morimitsu , Y. , Okada , K. , Ozeki , M. , Kondo , S. , Uchida , K. , Osawa , T. , Hiai , H. and Tashiro , T. 2002 . Protective effect of colored rice over white rice on Fenton reaction-based renal lipid peroxidation in rats . Free Radic. Res. , 36 : 583 – 592 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsai , P. J. , McIntosh , J. , Pearce , P. , Camden , B. and Jordan , B. R. 2002 . Anthocyanin and antioxidant capacity in roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) extract . Food Res. Int , 35 : 351 – 356 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsuda , T. , Horio , F. , Kitoh , J. and Osawa , T. 1999 . Protective effects of dietary cyaniding-3-O-β-D-glucoside on liver ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats . Arch. Biochem. Biophys. , 368 : 361 – 366 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsuda , T. , Horio , F. , Uchida , K. , Aoki , H. and Osawa , T. 2003 . Dietary cyanidin 3-O-β-D-glucoside-rich purple corn color prevents obesity and ameliorates hyperglycemia in mice . J. Nutr. , 133 : 2125 – 2130 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vichapong , J. , Sookserm , M. , Srijesdaruk , V. , Swatsitang , P. and Srijaranai , S. 2010 . High performance liquid chromatographic analysis of phenolic compounds and their antioxidant activities in rice varieties . LWT-Food Sci. Technol. , 43 : 1325 – 1330 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang , H. , Cao , G. and Prior , R. L. 1997 . Oxygen radical absorbing capacity of anthocyanins . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 45 : 304 – 309 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang , J. and Mazza , G. 2002 . Effects of anthocyanins and other phenolic compounds on the production of tumor necrosis factor R in LPS/IFN-ç-activated RAW 264.7 macrophages . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 50 : 4183 – 4189 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang , Q. , Guo , H. H. , Zhang , M. W. , Xia , X. D. , Deng , B. , Xia , M. and Ling , W. H. 2006 . Determination of anthocyanins from black rice outlayer and human metabolites by HPLC . Chin. J. Food. Sci. , 27 : 212 – 215 .
   Google Scholar
• Wang , Q. , Han , P. , Zhang , M. , Xia , M. , Zhu , H. L. , Ma , J. , Hou , M. J. , Tang , Z. and Ling , W. H. 2007 . Supplementation of black rice pigment fraction improves antioxidant and anti-inflammatory status in patients with coronary heart disease . Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr. , 16 : 295 – 301 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang , H. , Nair , M. G. , Strasburg , G. M. , Chang , Y C. , Booren , A. M. , Gray , J. I. and DeWitt , D. L. 1999 . Antioxidant and antiinflammatory activities of anthocyanins and their aglycon, cyanidin, from tart cherries . J. Nat. Prod. , 62 : 294 – 296 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiboonsirikul , J. , Hata , S. , Tsuno , T. , Kimura , Y. and Adachi , S. 2007 . Production of functional substances from black rice bran by its treatment in subcritical water . LWT—Food Sci. Technol. , 40 : 1732 – 1740 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson , T. A. , Nicolosi , R. J. , Woolfrey , B. and Kritchevsky , D. 2007 . Rice bran oil and oryzanol reduce plasma lipid and lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations and aortic cholesterol ester accumulation to a greater extent than ferulic acid in hypercholesterolemic hamsters . J. Nutr. Biochem. , 18 : 105 – 112 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xia , M. , Ling , W. H. , Ma , J. , Kitts , D. D. and Zawistowsk , J. 2003 . Supplementation of diets with black rice pigment fraction attenuates atherosclerotic plaque formation in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice . J. Nutr. , 133 : 744 – 751 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xia , X. D , Ling , W. H. , Ma , J. , Xia , M. , Hou , M. J. , Wang , Q. , Zhu , H. L. and Tang , Z. H. 2006 . An anthocyanin-rich extract from black rice enhances atherosclerotic plaque stabilization in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice . J. Nutr. , 136 : 2220 – 2225 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu , Z. M. , Hua , N. and Godber , J. S. 2001 . Antioxidant activity of tocopherols, tocotrienols, and γ-oryzanol components from rice bran against cholesterol oxidation accelerated by 2,2′-azobis(2-methylp ropionamidine)dihydrochloride . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 49 : 2077 – 2081 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu , F. and Wang , E. M. 1989 . The effects of pigmented rice on hemoglobin regeneration in anemic rats . Acta Nutr. Sin. , 11 : 120 – 125 .
   Google Scholar
• Xue , X. L. 2009 . Determination of the main component and its content of anthocyanins in black rice by HPLC . J. Anhui. Agric. Sci. , 37 : 4854 – 4855 .
   Google Scholar
• Yang , Y. M. , Hyun , J. W. , Sung , M. S. , Chung , H. S. , Kim , B. K. , Paik , W. H. , Kang , S. S. and Park , J. G. 1996 . The cytotoxicity of psoralidin from Psoralea corylifolia . Plan. Med , 62 : 353 – 354 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yawadio , R. , Tanimori , S. and Morita , N. 2007 . Identification of phenolic compounds isolated from pigmented rices and their aldose reductase inhibitory activities . Food.Chem. , 101 : 1616 – 1625 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoshinaga , K. 1986 . Liquor with pigments of red rice . J. Brew. Soc. Jpn. , 81 : 337 – 342 .
   Google Scholar
• Zhang , M. W. , Guo , B. J. , Chi , J. W. , Wei , Z. C. , Xu , Z. H. , Zhang , Y. and Zhang , R. F. 2005 . Antioxidations and their correlations with total flavonid and anthocyanin contents in different black rice varieties . Sci. Agric. Sin. , 38 : 1324 – 1331 .
   Google Scholar
• Zhang , M. W. , Guo , B. J. , Zhang , R. F. , Chi , J. W. , Wei , Z. C. , Xu , Z. H. and Zhang , Y. 2006b . Separation, purification and identification of antioxidant compositions in black rice . Sci. Agric. Sin. , 39 : 153 – 160 .
   Google Scholar
• Zhang , M. W. , Zhang , R. F. , Guo , B. J. , Chi , J. W. , Wei , Z. C. , Xu , Z. H. and Zhang , Y. 2006a . Hypolipidemic and antioxidative effects of black rice pericarp extracts accompanied by its components analysis . Sci. Agric. Sin. , 39 : 2368 – 2373 .
   Google Scholar
• Zhou , Z. K. , Robards , K. , Helliwell , S. and Blanchard , C. 2004 . The distribution of phenolic acids in rice . Food. Chem. , 87 : 401 – 406 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu , F. , Cai , Y. Z. , Bao , J. S. and Corke , H. 2010 . Effect of γ-irradiation on phenolic compounds in rice grain . Food. Chem. , 120 : 74 – 77 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar