Peanut Allergens: An Overview

REFERENCES

• Asero , R. , Mistrello , G. , Roncarolo , D. , Amato , S. , Caldironi , G. , Barocci , F. and van Ree , R. 2002 . Immunological cross-reactivity between lipid transfer proteins from botanically unrelated plant-derived foods: A clinical study . Allergy , 57 : 900 – 906 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asero , R. , Mistrello , G. , Roncarolo , D. , de Vries , S. C. , Gautier , M. F. , Ciurana , L. F. , Verbeek , E. , Mohammadi , T. , Knul-Brettlova , V. , Akkerdaas , J. H. , Bulder , I. , Aalberse , R. C. and van Ree , R. 2000 . Lipid transfer protein: A pan-allergen in plant-derived foods that is highly resistant to pepsin digestion . Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. , 122 : 20 – 32 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Astwood , J. D. and Fuchs , R. L. 1996 . Preventing food allergy: Emerging technologies . Trends Food Sci. Technol. , 7 : 219 – 226 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bannon , G. A. , Cockrell , G. , Connaughton , C. , West , C. M. , Helm , R. , Stanley , J. S. , King , N. , Rabjohn , P. , Sampson , H. A. and Burks , A. W. 2001 . Engineering, characterization and in vitro efficacy of the major peanut allergens for use in immunotherapy . Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. , 124 : 70 – 72 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barre , A. , Borges , J. P. and Rouge , P. 2005 . Molecular modelling of the major peanut allergen Ara h 1 and other homotrimeric allergens of the cupin superfamily: A structural basis for their IgE-binding cross-reactivity . Biochimie. , 87 : 499 – 506 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barre , A. , Sordet , C. , Culerrier , R. , Rance , F. , Didier , A. and Rouge , P. 2008 . Vicilin allergens of peanut and tree nuts (walnut, hazelnut and cashew nut) share structurally related IgE-binding epitopes . Mol. Immunol. , 45 : 1231 – 1240 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beardslee , T. A. , Zeece , M. G. , Sarath , G. and Markwell , J. P. 2000 . Soybean glycinin G1 acidic chain shares IgE epitopes with peanut allergen Ara h 3 . Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. , 123 : 299 – 307 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker , W. M. , Kleber-Janke , T. and Lepp , U. 2002 . “ Peanut allergy: Are clinical symptoms associated with IgE-reactivity to certain (recombinant) peanut allergens? ” . In New Trends in Allergy V , Edited by: Ring , J. and Behrendt , H. , . 159 – 165 . Springer-Verlag, New York .
   Google Scholar
• Bernard , H. , Mondoulet , L. , Drumare , M. F. , Paty , E. , Scheinmann , P. , Thaï , R. and Wal , J. M. 2007 . Identification of a new natural Ara h 6 isoform and of its proteolytic product as major allergens in peanut . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 55 : 9663 – 9669 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blanc , F. , Adel-Patient , K. , Drumare , M. F. , Paty , E. , Wal , J. M. and Bernard , H. 2009 . Capacity of purified peanut allergens to induce degranulation in a functional in vitro assay: Ara h 2 and Ara h 6 are the most efficient elicitors . Clin. Exp. Allergy , 39 : 1277 – 1285 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boldt , A. , Fortunato , D. , Conti , A. , Petersen , A. , Ballmer-Weber , B. , Lepp , U. , Reese , G. and Becker , W. M. 2005 . Analysis of the composition of an immunoglobulin E reactive high molecular weight protein complex of peanut extract containing Ara h 1 and Ara h 3/4 . Proteomics , 5 : 675 – 686 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowman , C. C. and Selgrade , M. K. 2009 . Utility of rodent models for evaluating protein allergenicity . Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. , 54 : S58 – S61 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breiteneder , H. and Radauer , C. 2004 . A classification of plant food allergens . J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. , 113 : 821 – 830 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burks , A. W. , Cockrell , G. , Stanley , J. S. , Helm , R. M. and Bannon , G. A. 1995 . Recombinant peanut allergen Ara-H-i expression and ige binding in patients with peanut hypersensitivity . J. Clin. Invest. , 96 : 1715 – 1721 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burks , A. W. , King , N. and Bannon , G. A. 1999 . Modification of a major peanut allergen leads to loss of IgE binding . Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. , 118 : 313 – 314 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burks , W. , Sampson , H. A. and Bannon , G. 1998 . Peanut allergens . Allergy , 53 : 725 – 730 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burks , A. W. , Shin , D. , Cockrell , G. , Stanley , J. S. , Helm , R. M. and Bannon , G. A. 1997 . Mapping and mutational analysis of the IgE-binding epitopes on Ara h 1, a legume vicilin protein and a major allergen in peanut hypersensitivity . Eur. J. Biochem. , 245 : 334 – 339 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Burks , A. W. , Williams , L. W. , Connaughton , C. , Cockrell , G. , Obrien , T. J. and Helm , R. M. 1992 . Identification and characterization of a 2nd major peanut allergen, Ara h II, with use of the sera of patients with atopic-dermatitis and positive peanut challenge . J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. , 90 : 962 – 969 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burks , A. W. , Williams , L. W. , Helm , R. M. , Connaughton , C. , Cockrell , G. and Obrien , T. 1991 . Identification of a major peanut allergen, Ara-h-I, in patients with atopic-dermatitis and positive peanut challenges . J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. , 88 : 172 – 179 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Careri , M. , Costa , A. , Elviri , L. , Lagos , J. B. , Mangia , A. , Terenghi , M. , Cereti , A. and Garoffo , L. P. 2007 . Use of specific peptide biomarkers for quantitative confirmation of hidden allergenic peanut proteins Ara h 2 and Ara Ill 3/4 for food control by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry . Anal. Bioanal. Chem. , 389 : 1901 – 1907 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chassaigne , H. , Brohee , M. , Norgaard , J. V. and van Hengel , A. J. 2007a . Investigation on sequential extraction of peanut allergens for subsequent analysis by ELISA and 2D gel electrophoresis . Food Chem. , 105 : 1671 – 1681 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chassaigne , H. , Norgaard , J. V. and van Hengel , A. J. 2007b . Proteomics-based approach to detect and identify major allergens in processed peanuts by capillary LC-Q-TOF (MS/MS) . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 55 : 4461 – 4473 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chassaigne , H. , Tregoat , V. , Norgaard , J. V. , Maleki , S. J. and van Hengel , A. J. 2009 . Resolution and identification of major peanut allergens using a combination of fluorescence two-dimensional differential gel electrophoresis, Western blotting and Q-TOF mass spectrometry . J. Proteomics , 72 : 511 – 526 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chatel , J. M. , Bernard , H. and Orson , F. M. 2003 . Isolation and characterization of two complete Ara h 2 isoforms cDNA . Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. , 131 : 14 – 18 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chu , Y. , Faustinelli , P. , Ramos , M. L. , Hajduch , M. , Stevenson , S. , Thelen , J. J. , Maleki , S. J. , Cheng , H. and Ozias-Akins , P. 2008 . Reduction of IgE binding and nonpromotion of aspergillus flavus fungal growth by simultaneously silencing Ara h 2 and Ara h 6 in Peanut . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 56 : 11225 – 11233 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chung , S. Y. and Champagne , E. T. 2001 . Association of end-product adducts with increased IgE binding of roasted peanuts . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 49 : 3911 – 3916 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarke , M. C. A. , Kilburn , S. A. , Hourihane , J. O. , Dean , K. R. , Warner , J. O. and Dean , T. P. 1998 . Serological characteristics of peanut allergy . Clin. Exp. Allergy , 28 : 1251 – 1257 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Jong , E. C. , Van Zijverden , M. , Spanhaak , S. , Koppelman , S. J. , Pellegrom , H. and Penninks , A. H. 1998 . Identification and partial characterization of multiple major allergens in peanut proteins . Clin. Exp. Allergy , 28 : 743 – 751 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Leon , M. P. , Drew , A. C. , Glaspole , I. N. , Suphioglu , C. , O'Hehir , R. E. and Rolland , J. M. 2007 . IgE cross-reactivity between the major peanut allergen Ara h 2 and tree nut allergens . Mol. Immunol. , 44 : 463 – 471 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dodo , H. W. , Konan , K. N. , Chen , F. C. , Egnin , M. and Viquez , O. M. 2008 . Alleviating peanut allergy using genetic engineering: The silencing of the immunodominant allergen Ara h 2 leads to its significant reduction and a decrease in peanut allergenicity . Plant Biotechnol. J. , 6 : 135 – 145 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dodo , H. W. , Konan , K. N. and Viquez , O. M. 2005 . A genetic engineering strategy to eliminate peanut allergy . Curr. Allergy Asthma Rep. , 5 : 67 – 73 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dodo , H. W. , Viquez , O. M. , Maleki , S. J. and Konan , K. N. 2004 . cDNA clone of a putative peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) trypsin inhibitor has homology with peanut allergens Ara h 3 and Ara h 4 . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 52 : 1404 – 1409 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunwell , J. M. , Purvis , A. and Khuri , S. 2004 . Cupins: The most functionally diverse protein superfamily? . Phytochemistry , 65 : 7 – 17 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edreva , A. 2005 . Pathogenesis-related proteins: Research progress in the last 15 years . Gen. Appl. Plant Physiology , 31 ( 1–2 ) : 105 – 124 .
   Google Scholar
• Flinterman , A. E. , van Hoffen , E. , Jager , C. F. D. , Koppelman , S. , Pasmans , S. G. , Hoekstra , M. O. , Bruijnzeel-Koomen , C. A. , Knulst , A. C. and Knol , E. F. 2007 . Children with peanut allergy recognize predominantly Ara h2 and Ara h6, which remains stable over time . Clin. Exp. Allergy , 37 : 1221 – 1228 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallo , M. and Richard , S. 2009 . Removing allergens and reducing toxins from food crops . Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. , 20 : 191 – 196 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hales , B. J. , Bosco , A. , Mills , K. L. , Hazell , L. A. , Loh , R. , Holt , P. G. and Thomas , W. R. 2004 . Isoforms of the major peanut allergen Ara h 2: IgE binding in children with peanut allergy . Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. , 135 : 101 – 107 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrer , A. , Egger , M. , Gadermaier , G. , Erler , A. , Hauser , M. , Ferreira , F. and Himly , M. 2010 . Characterization of plant food allergens: An overview on physicochemical and immunological techniques . Mol. Nutr. Food Res. , 54 ( 1 ) : 93 – 112 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang , A. H. C. 1992 . Oil bodies and oleosins in seeds . Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. , 43 : 177 – 200 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jin , T. , Guo , F. , Chen , Y. W. , Howard , A. and Zhang , Y. Z. 2009 . Crystal structure of Ara h 3, a major allergen in peanut . Mol. Immunol. , 46 : 1796 – 1804 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kader , J. C. 1997 . Lipid-transfer proteins: A puzzling family of plant proteins . Trends Plant Sci. , 2 : 66 – 70 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang , I. H. and Gallo , M. 2007 . Cloning and characterization of a novel peanut allergen Ara h 3 isoform displaying potentially decreased allergenicity . Plant Sci. , 172 : 345 – 353 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khuri , S. , Bakker , F. T. and Dunwell , J. M. 2001 . Phylogeny, function, and evolution of the cupins, a structurally conserved, functionally diverse superfamily of proteins . Mol. Biol. Evol. , 18 : 593 – 605 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim , H. U. , Hsieh , K. , Ratnayake , C. and Huang , A. H. C. 2002 . A novel group of oleosins is present inside the pollen of Arabidopsis . J. Biol. Chem. , 277 : 22677 – 22684 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kleber-Janke , T. , Crameri , R. , Appenzeller , U. , Schlaak , M. and Becker , W. M. 1999 . Selective cloning of peanut allergens, including profilin and 2S albumins, by phage display technology . Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. , 119 : 265 – 274 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kleber-Janke , T. , Crameri , R. , Scheurer , S. , Vieths , S. and Becker , W. M. 2001 . Patient-tailored cloning of allergens by phage display: Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) profilin, a food allergen derived from a rare mRNA . J. Chromatogr. B , 756 : 295 – 305 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Konan , K. N. , Viquez , O. M. , Chen , F. C. and Dodo , H. M. 2008 . “ Success towards alleviating peanut allergy: The major allergen Ara h 2 is silenced via RNA interfere (RNAi) ” . In Biotechnology and Sustainable Agriculture 2006 and Beyond , Edited by: Xu , Z. , Li , J. , Xue , Y. and Yang , W. Vol. 11 , 261 – 264 . New York : Springer-Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Konan , K. N. , Viquez , O. M. and Dodo , H. M. 2003 . Towards the development of a hypoallergenic peanut through genetic transformation . Appl. Biotech. Food Sci. Pol. , 1 : 159 – 168 .
   Google Scholar
• Koppelman , S. J. , de Jong , G. A. H. , Laaper-Ertmann , M. , Peeters , K. A. B. M. , Knulst , A. C. , Hefle , S. L. and Knol , E. F. 2005 . Purification and immunoglobulin E-binding properties of peanut allergen Ara h 6: Evidence for cross-reactivity with Ara h 2 . Clin. Exp. Allergy , 35 : 490 – 497 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koppelman , S. J. , Knol , E. F. , Vlooswijk , R. A. A. , Wensing , M. , Knulst , A. C. , Hefle , S. L. , Gruppen , H. and Piersma , S. 2003 . Peanut allergen Ara h 3: Isolation from peanuts and biochemical characterization . Allergy , 58 : 1144 – 1151 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koppelman , S. J. , Vlooswijk , R. A. A. , Knippels , L. M. J. , Hessing , M. , Knol , E. F. , van Reijsen , F. C. and Bruijnzeel-Koomen , C. A. F. M. 2001 . Quantification of major peanut allergens Ara h 1 and Ara h 2 in the peanut varieties Runner, Spanish, Virginia, and Valencia, bred in different parts of the world . Allergy , 56 : 132 – 137 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koppelman , S. J. , Wensing , M. , Ertmann , M. , Knulst , A. C. and Knol , E. F. 2004 . Relevance of Ara h1, Ara h2 and Ara h3 in peanut-allergic patients, as determined by immunoglobulin E Western blotting, basophil-histamine release and intracutaneous testing: Ara h2 is the most important peanut allergen . Clin. Exp. Allergy , 34 : 583 – 590 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kopper , R. A. , Odum , N. J. , Sen , M. , Helm , R. M. , Stanley , J. S. and Burks , A. W. 2004 . Peanut protein allergens: Gastric digestion is carried out exclusively by pepsin . J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. , 114 : 614 – 618 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krause , S. , Reese , G. , Randow , S. , Zennaro , D. , Quaratino , D. , Palazzo , P. , Ciardiello , M. A. , Petersen , A. , Becker , W. and Mari , A. 2009 . Lipid transfer protein (Ara h 9) as a new peanut allergen relevant for a Mediterranean allergic population . J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. , 124 : 771 – 778 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krishnan , K. and Moens , P. D. J. 2009 . Structure and functions of profilins . Biophys Rev. , 1 : 71 – 81 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lauer , I. , Dueringer , N. , Pokoj , S. , Rehm , S. , Zoccatelli , G. , Reese , G. , Miguel-Moncin , M. S. , Cistero-Bahima , A. , Enrique , E. , Lidholm , J. , Vieths , S. and Scheurer , S. 2009 . The non-specific lipid transfer protein, Ara h 9, is an important allergen in peanut . Clin. Exp. Allergy , 39 : 1427 – 1437 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lehmann , K. , Schweimer , K. , Reese , G. , Randow , S. , Suhr , M. , Becker , W. M. , Vieths , S. and Rosch , P. 2006 . Structure and stability of 2S albumin-type peanut allergens: Implications for the severity of peanut allergic reactions . Biochem. J. , 395 : 463 – 472 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lehrer , S. B. and Bannon , G. A. 2005 . Risks of allergic reactions to biotech proteins in foods: Perception and reality . Allergy , 60 : 559 – 564 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leprince , O. , van Aelst , A. C. , Pritchard , H. W. and Murphy , D. J. 1998 . Oleosins prevent oil-body coalescence during seed imbibition as suggested by a low-temperature scanning electron microscope study of desiccation-tolerant and -sensitive oilseeds . Planta , 204 : 109 – 119 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maleki , S. J. , Chung , S. Y. , Champagne , E. T. and Raufman , J. P. 2000 . The effects of roasting on the allergenic properties of peanut proteins . J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. , 106 : 763 – 768 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maleki , S. J. , Viquez , O. , Jacks , T. , Dodo , H. , Champagne , E. T. , Chung , S. Y. and Landry , S. J. 2003 . The major peanut allergen, Ara h 2, functions as a trypsin inhibitor, and roasting enhances this function . J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. , 112 : 190 – 195 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marsh , J. , Rigby , N. , Wellner , K. , Reese , G. , Knulst , A. , Akkerdaas , J. , van Ree , R. , Radauer , C. , Lovegrove , A. , Sancho , A. , Mills , C. , Vieths , S. , Hoffmann-Sommergruber , K. and Shewry , P. R. 2008 . Purification and characterisation of a panel of peanut allergens suitable for use in allergy diagnosis . Mol. Nutr. Food Res. , 52 : S272 – S285 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Millichip , M. , Tatham , A. S. , Jackson , F. , Griffiths , G. , Shewry , P. R. and Stobart , A. K. 1996 . Purification and characterization of oil-bodies (oleosomes) and oil-body boundary proteins (oleosins) from the developing cotyledons of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L) . Biochem. J. , 314 : 333 – 337 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mittag , D. , Akkerdaas , J. , Ballmer-Weber , B. K. , Vogel , L. , Wenising , M. , Becker , W. M. , Koppelman , S. J. , Knulst , A. C. , Helbling , A. , Hefle , S. L. , van Ree , R. and Vieths , S. 2004 . Ara h 8, a Bet v 1-homologous allergen from peanut, is a major allergen in patients with combined birch pollen and peanut allergy . J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. , 114 : 1410 – 1417 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mittag , D. , Batori , V. , Neudecker , P. , Wiche , R. , Friis , E. P. , Ballmer-Weber , B. K. , Vieths , S. and Roggen , E. L. 2006 . A novel approach for investigation of specific and cross-reactive IgE epitopes on Bet v 1 and homologous food allergens in individual patients . Mol. Immunol. , 43 : 268 – 278 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohan , B. S. and Prem , L. B. 2008 . Genetic engineering for removing food allergens from plants . Trends Plant Sci. , 13 : 257 – 260 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mondoulet , L. , Paty , E. , Drumare , M. F. , Ah-Leung , S. , Scheinmann , P. , Willemot , R. M. , Wal , J. M. and Bernard , H. 2005 . Influence of thermal processing on the allergenicity of peanut proteins . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 53 : 4547 – 4553 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moverare , R. , van Odijk , J. , Sjolander , S. , Poorafshar , M. , Ahlstedt , S. , Borres , M. and Bengtsson , U. 2009 . Evaluation of specific IgE antibodies to Ara h 1, Ara h 2, Ara h 3 and Ara h 8 as risk markers for severe allergic reactions to peanut . Allergy , 64 : 942
   Google Scholar
• Murphy , D. J. and Cummins , I. 1989 . Purification and immunogold localization of the major oil-body membrane-protein of oilseed rape . Plant Sci. , 60 : 47 – 54 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicolau , N. , Poorafshar , M. , Murray , C. , Simpson , A. , Winell , H. , Kerry , G. , Härlin , A. , Woodcock , A. , Ahlstedt , S. and Custovic , A . 2010 . Allergy or tolerance in children sensitized to peanut: Prevalence and differentiation using component-resolved diagnostics . J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. , 125 ( 1 ) : 191 – 197 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozias-Akins , P. , Ramos , M. L. , Faustinelli , P. , Chu , Y. , Maleki , S. , Thelen , J. J. , Huntley , J. , Arias , K. and Jordana , M. 2009 . Spontaneous and induced variability of allergens in commodity crops: Ara h 2 in peanut as a case study . Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. , 54 : S37 – S40 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palmer , G. W. , Dibbern , D. A. , Burks , A. W. , Bannon , G. A. , Bock , S. A. , Porterfield , H. S. , McDermott , R. A. and Dreskin , S. C. 2005 . Comparative potency of Ara h 1 and Ara h 2 in immunochemical and functional assays of allergenicity . Clin. Immunol. , 115 : 302 – 312 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petersen , A. , Krause , S. , Latendorf , T. , Schmidt , H. , Janssen , O. and Becker , W. 2009 . Identification of Ara h 7 in peanut extract . Allergy , 64 ( Suppl. 90 ) : 109
   Google Scholar
• Poms , R. E. and Anklam , E. 2004 . Effects of chemical, physical, and technological processes on the nature of food allergens . J. AOAC Int. , 87 : 1466 – 1474 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pons , L. , Chery , C. , Mrabet , N. , Schohn , H. , Lapicque , F. and Gueant , J. L. 2005 . Purification and cloning of two high molecular mass isoforms of peanut seed oleosin encoded by cDNAs of equal sizes . Plant Physiol. Biochem. , 43 : 659 – 668 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pons , L. , Chery , C. , Romano , A. , Namour , F. , Artesani , M. C. and Gueant , J. L. 2002 . The 18 kDa peanut oleosin is a candidate allergen for IgE-mediated reactions to peanuts . Allergy , 57 : 88 – 93 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pons , L. , Olszewski , A. and Gueant , J. L. 1998 . Characterization of the oligomeric behavior of a 16.5 kDa peanut oleosin by chromatography and electrophoresis of the iodinated form . J. Chromatogr. B , 706 : 131 – 140 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porterfield , H. S. , Murray , K. S. , Schlichting , D. G. , Chen , X. , Hansen , K. C. , Duncan , M. W. and Dreskin , S. C. 2009 . Effector activity of peanut allergens: A critical role for Ara h 2, Ara h 6, and their variants . Clin. Exp. Allergy , 39 : 1099 – 1108 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rabjohn , P. , Helm , E. M. , Stanley , J. S. , West , C. M. , Sampson , H. A. , Burks , A. W. and Bannon , G. A. 1999 . Molecular cloning and epitope analysis of the peanut allergen Ara h 3 . J. Clin. Invest. , 103 : 535 – 542 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rabjohn , P. , West , C. M. , Connaughton , C. , Sampson , H. A. , Helm , R. M. , Burks , A. W. and Bannon , G. A. 2002 . Modification of peanut allergen Ara h 3: Effects on IgE binding and T cell stimulation . Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. , 128 : 15 – 23 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramos , M. L. , Huntley , J. J. , Maleki , S. J. and Ozias-Akins , P. 2009 . Identification and characterization of a hypoallergenic ortholog of Ara h 2.01 . Plant Mol. Biol. , 69 : 325 – 335 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riascos , J. J. , Weissinger , A. K. , Weissinger , S. M. and Burks , A. W. 2010 . Hypoallergenic legume crops and food allergy: Factors affecting feasibility and risk . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 58 : 20 – 27 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riecken , S. , Lindner , B. , Petersen , A. , Jappe , U. and Becker , W. M. 2008 . Purification and characterization of natural Ara h 8, the Bet v 1 homologous allergen from peanut, provides a novel isoform . Biol. Chem. , 389 : 415 – 423 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rouge , P. , Culerrier , R. , Sabatiera , V. , Granier , C. , Rance , F. and Barre , A. 2009 . Mapping and conformational analysis of IgE-binding epitopic regions on the molecular surface of the major Ara h 3 legumin allergen of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) . Mol. Immunol. , 46 : 1067 – 1075 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Röder , M. , Vieths , S. and Holzhauser , T. 2009 . Commercial lateral flow devices for rapid detection of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) and hazelnut (Corylus avellana) cross-contamination in the industrial production of cookies . Anal. Bioanal. Chem. , 395 : 103 – 109 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt , H. , Gelhaus , C. , Latendorf , T. , Nebendahl , M. , Petersen , A. , Krause , S. , Leippe , M. , Becker , W. M. and Janssen , O. 2009 . 2-D DIGE analysis of the proteome of extracts from peanut variants reveals striking differences in major allergen contents . Proteomics , 9 : 3507 – 3521 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shewry , P. R. , Napier , J. A. and Tatham , A. S. 1995 . Seed storage proteins: Structures and biosynthesis . Plant Cell. , 7 : 945 – 956 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanley , J. S. , King , N. , Burks , A. W. , Huang , S. K. , Sampson , H. , Cockrell , G. , Helm , R. M. , West , C. M. and Bannon , G. A. 1997 . Identification and mutational analysis of the immunodominant IgE binding epitopes of the major peanut allergen Ara h 2 . Arch. Biochem. Biophys. , 342 : 244 – 253 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suhr , M. , Wicklein , D. , Lepp , U. and Becker , W. M. 2004 . Isolation and characterization of natural Ara h 6: Evidence for a further peanut allergen with putative clinical relevance based on resistance to pepsin digestion and heat . Mol. Nutr. Food Res. , 48 : 390 – 399 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valenta , R. , Duchene , M. , Ebner , C. , Valent , P. , Sillaber , C. , Deviller , P. , Ferreira , F. , Tejkl , M. , Edelmann , H. , Kraft , D. and Scheiner , O. 1992 . Profilins constitute a novel family of functional-plant pan-allergens . J. Exp. Med. , 175 : 377 – 385 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valenta , R. , Duchene , M. , Pettenburger , K. , Sillaber , C. , Valent , P. , Bettelheim , P. , Breitenbach , M. , Rumpold , H. , Kraft , D. and Scheiner , O. 1991 . Identification of profilin as a novel pollen allergen – IgE autoreactivity in sensitized individuals . Science , 253 : 557 – 560 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Boxtel , E. L. , Van Beers , M. M. C. , Koppelman , S. J. , Van den Broek , L. A. M. and Gruppen , H. 2006 . Allergen Ara h 1 occurs in peanuts as a large oligomer rather than as a trimer . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 54 : 7180 – 7186 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viquez , O. M. , Konan , K. N. and Dodo , H. W. 2004 . Genomic organization of peanut allergen gene, Ara h 3 . Mol. Immunol. , 41 : 1235 – 1240 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wen , H. , Borejsza-Wysocki , W. , DeCory , T. R. and Durst , R. A. 2007 . Peanut allergy, peanut allergens, and methods for the detection of peanut contamination in food products . Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Safety , 6 : 47 – 58 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wichers , H. J. , De Beijer , T. , Savelkoul , H. F. J. and van Amerongen , A. 2004 . The major peanut allergen Ara h 1 and its cleaved-off N-terminal peptide: Possible implications for peanut allergen detection . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 52 : 4903 – 4907 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar